Philosophy and Culture - rubric Philosophical anthropology

Abstract: this article is devoted to one of the most challenging problems in modern philosophical and religious anthropology, — building the image of the human in religious neo modernism. Modern humankind has encountered the anthropological crisis on the threshold of and “within” the new century. Representatives of post-structuralism call this crisis “death of a human”. Levinas and Batay (postmodernism) have obviously demonstrated the crisis of traditional views on the human but haven’t shown the ways to overcome the crisis. Since anthropological knowledge is so contradictory and uncertain now, searching and developing new images of the human is becoming of great interest to modern philosophical and religious anthropologists.

Keywords: philosophy, human, postmodernism, religion, anthropological crisis, esotery, mysticism, theosophy, evolution.

Abstract: Resume: the article is devoted to the role of the Russian philosophy in the 19th – early 20th century for the modern age. It is noted that besides being interesting as it is, the legacy of the Russian philosophers has a very practical value. On one hand, they raised very important questions and on the other hand, they declared ideas and conceptions which can help us to solve political issues of the modern age and to overcome the anthropological crisis.

Keywords: history, philosophy, relevancy, modern age, significance, politics, culture, democracy, Russia.

Abstract: Review: the article is devoted to the change of anthropological conceptions and paradigms over the past century. The author introduced and analyzed such religious terms as “truly Orthodox movement” and “movement against the codes”. By the example of the latter, the author showed the conflict between anthropological views related to self-realization and “practices of the self” performed by an insane man and virtual man.
Key words: philosophy, anthropology, religious studies, apocalypse, virtual world, unconsciousness, confessions, globalization, mysticism, ecstasy.

Abstract: Review: the author analyzed anthropological views of a famous positivist Auguste Comte. The article considers his conception of human nature. Special attention is given to the social context of anthropological reflection

Keywords: philosophy, philosophical anthropology, human being, human nature, organism, biological nature of a human, society, politics, government

Abstract: Review: the article contains a philosophical and anthropological analysis of a documentary about the Eskimo’s life ‘Nanuk from the North’. According to the author, the main hero has a gift to become part of the nature and move with the natural powers, still remaining human. That movement is marked with the encounter of the material things and their meanings, when things are moved by the meanings and the meanings are moved by the material things

Keywords: Nanuk, Flarety, cult, corporeity, simplicity, language, understanding, culture, totem, human being

Abstract: The author introduced the term ‘prognostic experience’ defining it as a systematized combination of various knowledge and special activities oriented at receiving, understanding and processing information about future produced by various social and cultural prognostic practices

Keywords: philosophy, philosophy of science, philosophical anthropology, future, prognosis, prognostic practices, experience, prognostic experience, integration, integrative model

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of a person’s name in Pavel Florenksy’s philosophy. What is a name? Is it just a way to call a person in order to ease communication or is it something which actually defines our fate? According to the author, Florensky tried to answer those questions and gave a solid foundation for the theory of habitus by Pierre Bourdieu.

Keywords: philosophy, Name, word, sign, Florensky, habitus, human, family line, Bourdieu, anthropology, family name

Abstract: Idealism and materialism are viewed as the extreme points, the opposites of an initially predetermined (by the Ancient World and the East) and essentially true hylozoistic paradigm. Successively matching with existentialism, hylozoism conceptually opposes to depreciation of human as a psychophysical subject.

Keywords: philosophy, human, subject, psychophysical, depreciation, idealism, materialism, cynicism, hylozoism, existentialism

Abstract: The report proves the idea that Nietzsche’s conception appeared after Kierkegaard’s but not vice versa. In his article the author made an attempt to reconstruct Nietzsche’s anthropological conception. He noted that dramatic and overall criticism of the essentialists’ model of human eventually made Nietzsche to deconstruct the essentialistic subject created by Aristotle, Boetius and Descartes. Such a ‘death of the subject’ became the key topic of Nietzsche’s later works.

Keywords: philosophy, philosophical anthropology, anthropological values, existentialism, human, subject, ontology, discourse

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2013.6.6018

Abstract: According to the author of the article, until 2565 neotenics will take turns with the accelerators but then rigid neotenics will reign.

Keywords: philosophy, acceleration, demographic and technological dependence, cultural revolution, matrix of the superstring, time machine, neoteny, causality, theory of everything, technological revolution, universal program.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2019.1.28512

Abstract: This article claims that the philosophy of symbolic forms of Ernst Cassirer is an indispensable philosophical-anthropological partner of rhetoric. The author assumes that the rhetoric’s acquisition of Cassirer’s theory of symbolic forms will bring rhetoric outside its dominant interpretation as a theory oriented towards language expression and allow it to fully comply with the broad understanding of rhetoric as a doctrine that explains the creation, establishment and transformation of social meaning. To clarify the extensive understanding of the rhetorical-philosophical-anthropological approach, the author structured their discourse partially on the criticism of recent attempt of Thomas A. Discenna (Discenna, Rhetorica 32/3, 2014) to include E. Cassirer to the rhetorical tradition in the course of analysis of Davos Debates of 1929 between E. Cassirer and M. Heidegger; and partially on explanation of the aspects of Cassirer’s thought that are considered as crucial for the development of rhetorical-philosophical anthropology of social meaning. The main conclusion lies in the thesis that the philosophy of symbolic forms of Cassirer creates the theoretical bases for the modern rhetorical philosophical anthropology as the teaching about the formation of social meaning.

Keywords: philosophy of culture, social meaning, symbolic forms, philosophical anthropology, rhetorical theory, the Davos debate, Heidegger, Cassirer, symbolic function, Swedish philosophy

Abstract: The article shows that modern philosophy is not interested in origins of being or human any more. Now modern philosophy is starting to address the limits of the possible where cognition turns into the basics of human nature. The author discusses the idea that the thought comes before the word, from one hand, and it is the basis of silence, on the other hand. This is why it can be said that the thought is in ‘pre-word’ and ‘in the word’ at the same time. When it is in the pre-word, the thought does not have any full or complete meaning and it is paradoxical. This is why the thought is mysterious as silence itself

Keywords: philosophy, human, silence, image, literal, pause, thought, naivety

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2023.6.40924

Abstract: The subject of the study is the human potential in the conditions of transformation of the socio-cultural space of the PRC. The modern anthropological crisis causes the need to search for new value foundations of human potential development and actualizes the study of cultural regional-country specifics of its implementation practices. The heterogeneous nature of the socio-cultural space of the PRC makes it necessary to know specific regional practices for developing human potential. China is forming an effective system for developing and attracting human potential within the country and in interaction with the outside world. The success of the PRC largely determines a new vision of the place and role of man in socio-cultural transformations. Human potential forms a dynamic, rapidly changing image of the socio-cultural environment in China, determining the speed and direction of internal and external modernization processes. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that in the PRC regionality acts as a cultural and spatial characteristic of activity, which in turn has a concrete expression - in practices. The philosophical and anthropological analysis of practices involves an appeal to a regionological approach that contributes to the identification of specifics at the level of regions – "internal" and "external". At the national level, the process of building human potential, which is an element of "soft power", occurs at all levels of the multilevel hierarchy of regional development management, starting from the level of large regions, ending with local-regional communities at the level of cities, towns, villages and individual enterprises.

Keywords: Human, Confucian values, modernization, Confucianism, morality, culture, human potential, China, practices, soft power

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of various approaches to the question of origin of human soul in Western and Eastern Patristics as well as their sources in philosophy. The author defines the basic theories such as preexistence of souls, creationism and mixed theory of origin of souls. It is concluded that philosophical and theological methods cannot answer this question fully

Keywords: philosophy, anthropology, psychology, theology, patristics, human, soul, creationism, preexistence

Abstract: Based on N. A. Berdyaev’s teaching about paradoxical ethics of creativity, the author of the article views the problem of creative mission of human and plans a concrete research in philosophical anthropology which would help to determine personal traits and qualities of human as a creating subject.

Keywords: philosophical anthropology, paradoxical ethics of creativity, ethics of law, spiritual creativity, personality, love, creation, humanity

Abstract: The article provides the idea that conception of a symbol s a special phenomenon determined philosophical interpretation of human in many ways. In Antique culture human was mostly thought to be a biological creature. Another interpretation of a symbol as a sign of another world invisibly connected with the earth changed the concept of human, too. From now then, according to medieval concepts, human is interesting and significant not only for what he shows but also for what he hides. The symbol shows that human is not a mere connection of soul, body and spirit. Human unites opposites and incompatibilities.

Keywords: philosophy, human, allegory, symbol, image, biological creature, philosophical anthropology, sing, soul, mythology.

Abstract: F. M. Dostoevsky’s views on human nature and personality can be viewed from the point of view of transfusion and interaction between European and Russian cultures. Integration of European metaphysical conceptions and Russian Orthodoxy allowed to create a conception of human as the phenomenon of godly absolute free of rational theomachy. Being part of the godly absolute, god-and-man is considered to be the next stage in the development of humankind. Based on such approach, personality is a phenomenon possessing an independent enternal value which is beyond the borders of a particular religion, on one hand, but closely connected with religion due to its spirituality, on the other hand. Dostoevsky’s works are analyzed from the point of view of the conflict between different Christian confessions and a traditional conflict between a religious society and a new world created by the technological progress. The conception of the unity of all humankind helps to better understand the principles of multiculturalism and cross-cultural communication. The results of this study can be used by researchers in order to better understand modern social processes and formation of human values. Further study and interpretation of M. F. Dostoevsky’s legacy may help to create new models of spiritual and moral development.

Keywords: philosophy, human, personality, absolute, ‘all humankind’, ‘god-and-man’, individuality, being, universal values, Christianity

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2018.7.26987

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the history of evolution of philosophy of the gift. The goal of this work is to trace how the topic of gift and reciprocity of gifts, formulated within the framework of ethnographic studies in the early XX century, eventually exceeded the limits of ethnography and social anthropology, and became the subject of philosophical reflection on the background of widely different intellectual traditions – from structuralism to post-phenomenology. The author demonstrated that the attempts to solve the “riddle of gift” lead to the emergence of a specific dorealogical pattern in the modern philosophy. The author comes to a conclusion that on evolutionary path of dorealogy, the philosophers proposed the four key interpretations of the gift: 1) the gift was discovered as an archaic, but at the same time the best and most preferable principle of organization of the public relations; 2) the gift was viewed as a source of the relations of power; 3) the experience of gift giving was associated with the procedure of mutual recognition between people; 4) the grounds have been detected for aligning the concepts of “gift” with suc important concept of phenomenology as “givenness”.

Keywords: Paul Ricoeur, Georges Bataille, Marcel Mauss, givenness, recognition, reciprocity, dorealogy, gift, Marcel Henaff, Jean-Luc Marion

Abstract: In this article the author raised the question of succession of culture. As an object of his analysis the author defined the subjectless forms of translation of culture. The author also introduced the term ‘cultural filter’ and marked the approaches to studying the mechanisms of self-regulation of culture.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, self-consciousness, subject, subjectlessness, novation, succession, filter, mechanism of succession, morphology

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of symbol in Pavel Florensky’s philosophy. Usually a symbol means an arbitrary sign, a result of a contract or an allegory; a symbol is what imprints an image or resemblance of the superior realities and what points out at them or expresses them; a symbol is also an intermediate between the stimulus and reaction prohibiting against automatism of nature. Florensky suggested his own formula of a symbol: according to him, symbol is what it symbolizes.

Keywords: philosophy, symbol, sign, Florensky, anthropology, human, Medea, cult, symbolism, antinomy

Abstract: The author of the article tries to view philosophical and anthropological terms ‘transformation’ and ‘mask’ introduced by Elias Canetti from the point of view of existential phenomenological concept of diversified ‘Self’ (D. G. Trunov). Transfer from transformation to mask making is understood as a discursive fixation of diversity and spontaneity of the productive ‘Self’ and resulting polypersonality of empiric ‘Self’. Fixation of transformations of the productive Self to numerous mask roles of the empiric Self is realized through mandatory presence of the Other which in this case becomes the controller over transformations and the donor of social definitions that are viewed as some kind of ‘fixers’ in transformation process and the basis for creating a social mask. At the same time, mask making is not the dictate of the Other over personality freedom but an essential condition of social co-existence.

Keywords: philosophy, transformation, mask, productive Self, empiric Self, polypersonality, diversified Self, mask making, discourse, fixation.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2018.9.27361

Abstract: This work examines the experience of developing the concepts and teachings about human in anthropology not from the standpoint of their content, but rather the conceptual structure, method and way of development. The author conducts a conceptual inventory of these ways and methods. The article introduces a certain conceptual construct consisting of the ontological paradigm, basic principles, ontology of the world, logical procedure and conceptual-terminological structure. Using this construct, the author provides the versions of reflexive analysis of what means to analyze the anthropological teachings about human, as well as determines five reflexive ways of analysis of such teachings: inventory of the concepts, description of logical discourses, typology of sciences, metaphoric work, presentation of author’s opinion. The author applies the method of reflexive analysis and methodological inventory of the ways and methods of framing the anthropological discourse of anthropological concepts of the XX century. The contribution lies in introduction of methodological grounds and principles of structuring the anthropological discourse in framing the anthropological concepts, which gives a chance for overcoming the various types of reductions and overgeneralization in in terms of conceptual work in anthropological field. This methodological framework helps the author to develop the authorial concept of anthropological guidance.

Keywords: logical discourse, navigation, paradigmatic orientation, human ontology, method, anthropology, utterance, ontological setting, orientation, author

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2018.5.26164

Abstract: The subject of this research is the anthropological crisis in modern medicine. The object of this research is the anthropological crisis of modernity. The author examines such aspect of the topic as the blurring of customary “natural” image of a patient until the “transformed” and the “subject of biological design” in modern medicine that lead to shift of the principles of its ethical regulation from the traditional medical ethics based on the humanistic orientations of Hippocratic Oath to bioethics aligning itself with the legal rules. A benchmark for this research is the phenomenon of transhumanism. A conclusion is formulated that in terms of the shift of scientific paradigms in medicine, expressed in disposition of its humanistic principles towards naturalistic alongside the existing anthropological crisis in culture, emerges the need for reconsideration of the system of medical education that suggests the increase in the volume of humanitarian disciplines in curriculums of the medical universities. The author’s special contribution lies in the review of anthropological crisis of modernity involving the theoretical apparatus of medicine. The scientific novelty consists in the examination of human image in medicine as an anthropological concept of health in a particular culture.

Keywords: transhumanism, Hippocratic oath, bioethics, medical ethics, human image, medicine, anthropological crisis, health, norm, anthropological reduction

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2017.12.24904

Abstract: The author examines the category of activity in the context of its anthropological meaning. Although activity within the framework of national philosophy and psychology is traditionally considered as specifically inherent to human, its application in speculative dialectics of Hegel and natural language exceeds the indicated boundaries. The goal of this article lies in clarification of the traditional Marxist approach towards determination of the human essence, due to which it is suggested to use the category of calling for emphasizing the subjective character of definition of a human as an ensemble of social relations. Methodology implies the methods of analysis and synthesis for examining the content of the category of “activity” and its relation to other adjacent notions. The scientific novelty consists in identification of heuristic potential of the category of “calling”: as a personal choice of activity that reveals the creative, undisposed and free character of activity of a human engaged in his socio-historical being, in other words, from the perspective of his individual, rather than social being. Only in this existential realm, the activity carries an actual anthropometric rather than sociologizing character. The category of calling can be used as explanatory in the studies in the category of activity within philosophical anthropology and psychology.

Keywords: topos, spirit, social relations, subjectivity, dialectic, act, status, calling, activity, anthropomorphism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2018.6.25589

Abstract: The subject of this research is the philosophical analysis of formation of the new sociocultural type – a technogenic person. Comprehension of the new sociocultural type is presented with consideration of its social, anthropological and other grounds. An important aspect of research is the philosophical analysis of virtual space of the social networks, in other words, the direct space of functionality of a technogenic person. The subject of analysis is defined through examination of the self-identification processes of a technogenic person, which introduce the new features into the joint processes of information exchange. Methodology is based on the sociocultural approach that allows determining the specificity of virtual space of the social networks. Studying of the problem of formation of a new sociocultural type – a technogenic person – is conducted by the means anthropological approach. Examination of the distinctness of modern culture leans on the capabilities of the information society paradigm, which links the key factors of social dynamics with the technological innovations. The scientific novelty consists in the following: 1) substantiation of the fact that special place in the process of self-identification of a technogenic person holds the worldwide web and the virtual social networks emerging within, which in turn, introduce the specific features into the joint processes of information exchange; 2) proof that in technological society a significant portion of interpersonal relations is built through the prism of technological device, which leads to transformation in the social structure, and thus public consciousness itself; 3) substantiation that due to the wireless information channels is created a countless number of interpersonal contacts, which changes the quality of communication. Concurrently, the direct communication is reduced to the minimum, and a physical object represents an audio and video phantom.

Keywords: culture, consciousness, self-identification, cultural identity, technogenic human, social networks, virtualization, virtual space, society, people

Abstract: The article is devoted to interpretation of Judas Iscariot’s image studied by philosophers and theologists of the 20th century as well as interpretation of those concepts from the point of view of art anthropology. The author analyzes the topic of Judas betrayal and makes a conclusion that this topic is some kind of a dominant idea in culture and psychology. As for the fact that there are many different interpretations of Judas image in the 20th c entury, the author e xplains it w ith an active appeal to hermeneutics methods of interpretation of Holy scripts as well as denial from traditional Christian values. In conclusion, the author says that Judas is interesting for art anthropology not only as a ‘man who betrayed’, but also as a ‘man who denied spiritual for the sake of material’, unforgiven man and, finally, a man who perishes.

Keywords: philosophy, Jesus, Judas, anthropology, art, law, court, betrayal, image, interpretation.

Abstract: Extensive researches show how inconvertible psychophysical changes happening inside a body of an elderly person. However, no theories can actually explain man’s fundamental attitude to his own physicality and such changes. Besides personality peculiarities, these changes also have an element set forth by cultural stereotypes that play some kind of a basis for perceiving certain properties of the body depending on his As a result of the change in spiritual paradigms in European culture the world is turned into an aggregative, a construct of human mind and human loses his integrity and mostly acts as the actor of the cogitation process. Therefore, philosophical and anthropological analysis shows that the old age makes the problems of human existence more acute and reveals the true nature of existence. One of the crises of modern Western civilization is based on their attempt to achieve long years of life and perhaps even immortality passing by the old age that is viewed as the failure and impairment but not personal and social cultural achievement. It raises the importance of traditional cultures that respected the old age and long life was considered to be the result of spiritual and personality growth.

Keywords: philosophy, old age, spiritual paradigm, physicality, existential, gender aspect, death and immortality, fear, value of the old age, overcoming the old age.

Abstract: The type of causality and the type of collective memory dominating in a society complete each other because they keep order (collective memory, in particular, based on a ritual and archetype – in mythology, causality principles and the idea of a regular pattern of phenomena – in analytics) and enable natural changeability at the same time (consequently, mythological principles of causality and analytical collective memory, i. e. writing. In a more general case, they ensure psychological adaptation of human to all kinds of situations, both stable and instable ones. Consciousness and unconsciousness play a compensating role here: if the concept of causality is based on the concept of order (as it is in analytics) than the collective memory assumes fixation of exclusions and demand further development of writing. However, if the concept of causality is related to the concept of exclusivity (which is typical for mythology) , then the collective memory, on the contrary, shall assume fixation of the homogenous elements (time cycles, organization in space, types and archetypes of behavior and etc.) and be based on verbal tradition.

Keywords: philosophy, principle, causality, memory, complementarity, letter, mythology, analytics, dominating, perception of the world.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2022.2.37550

Abstract: The theoretical gap with the action actually performed is one of the fundamental problems of anthropology and the theory of action. To understand it, it is worth turning to the antitheoretical and anti-formalist pathos of the "late" Wittgenstein, which opposes all attempts to describe action and language (understood as activity) in terms of rules and abstract structures. A critical analysis of the assumptions of intellectualism borrowed from simple common sense (for example, about following a rule) allows us to show that the logical analysis of action and language deals not with a real language, but with an artificially created abstraction. The article attempts to show the positive significance of this criticism. The main conclusion of the study is that a thinker is able to adequately understand action and language if he also makes his own scientific attitude to them the subject of his analysis. Only in this way can we hope to transform Wittgenstein's antitheoretical pathos into the basis of a constructive study of action and language. The tools of scientific analysis are often much more rigorous and logical than its subject. Wittgenstein's analysis of language games and the life form behind them is an attempt to avoid such too strict and too logical methods and constructions in anthropology, philosophy of action and philosophy of language. The novelty of the research lies in the application of Wittgenstein's ideas to clarify the weaknesses and difficulties faced by the humanities (linguistics, anthropology) in the XX century and today, as well as to find a way out of these difficulties. The relevance of the work is connected with the great interest of modern logicians and philosophers in Wittgenstein's work, with the urgent need to identify new ways of developing philosophical anthropology.

Keywords: formalism, anti - formalism, antitheoretical pathos, language games, academic attitude, philosophy of language, philosophy of action, philosophical anthropology, Wittgenstein, life form

Abstract: We a re o ffering y ou t he fi rst R ussian t ranslation o f Marcel Mauss’ w ork – t wo s ections o f h is ‘Ethnography Study Book’ (1967, Edition Payot, Paris), in particular, the main concepts of the esthetics and religion sections with detailed information about games and rituals.

Keywords: philosophy, ethnography, anthropology, religion, ritual, esthetics, games, society, tradition, culture.

Abstract: The present article views the problem of construction of human by the socio-cultural environment from the point of view of factors determining subjective perception and understanding of such phenomena as health and sickness. Good will and non-violent nature of such construction is in many ways supported by mass media, the latter being an efficient tool in formation of a mass human — passive object of socio-cultural metamorphoses. Health is shown as a social institution that determines universal norms and pathologies at all levels of life supporting activity of human (bodily, psychic and social). The research of life style in mass media as some kind of ‘anthropological measure’ allows to outline certain coordinates for a modern human to construct his body and psyche.

Keywords: philosophy, medicalization, health, biomedicine, human, technologies, artificial environment, nature, body, psyche.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2022.7.38501

Abstract: The article proposes to consider the phenomena of life and death within the framework of philosophical and scientific discourse. The author does not aim to explain the origin of life, he seeks to conceive of life and death on the basis of the methodology developed by him and the research conducted. The main way of understanding these phenomena is the hypothesis about the nature of the mechanism of life (the assumption of a "vital organization" responsible for activity and other life reactions is introduced), as well as cultural–historical and semiotic analysis of the evolution of life. In evolution, the author distinguishes three main stages: the formation of life, biological evolution and the evolution of social life. An important role in the latter is assigned, on the one hand, to the use of signs denoting not observable realities, but necessary for the management of the "primary team", on the other hand, technology. The technique performed two main functions: it expanded the capabilities of hominids in terms of creating the right environment (fire, tools, clothing, housing, etc.) and confirmed the use of signs, since it created a reality corresponding to their meanings. In social life, as well as in biological, two spheres need to be distinguished in the vital organization: one belongs to individuals (psyche, activity, corporeality, etc.), and the other, actually social (culture, sociality with its institutions, communication, collectives that include individuals), encompassing, without which the first cannot exist and function. Having asked the provisions indicated here, the author characterizes what death is and considers the cognitive dissonance that occurs when we try to rationally think about these phenomena.

Keywords: organization, integrity, system, development, evolution, sociality, culture, individual, death, life

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2016.1.16832

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the determination of the aesthetic anthropology as a specific philosophical direction, which most vividly asserted itself over the last 15 years. The object of this research is the space of the aesthetic-anthropological search, which was formed namely in Russia, based on the local cultural traditions. The subject is the specificity and regularity of the Russian “footprint” in the nature of such type of anthropology, which takes its roots in the depth of aesthetic experience. The author thoroughly examines this regularity, which is traced not only in the very ideas of the Russian philosophers over the last two centuries, but also in the peculiarities of the ethic and aesthetic “beginning” in the Russian art, first and foremost in the Russian literature. It is demonstrated that aesthetic anthropology owes its name and origin to Russian literature (N. V. Gogol) and Russian philosophy (V. V. Zenkovsky). The specific aesthetic-anthropological methods are the following: allegory, embodiment, creative intuition, principle of reflectiveness of self-consciousness, “exponentiation”, anticipation, self-discovery through creativity and adventure, and others. Among the main conclusions are the following substantiations: the philosophical theoretical synthesis, carried out in the form of aesthetic philosophy, required a lengthy preparation of the Russian philosophy and art culture; such platform became the synthesis of feelings, emotions, experience, thoughts, and actions, as well as the “axiological synthesis” of the most fundamental values of the Russian culture. The author suggests a quite deep insight into the Russian philosophical humanology, and justifies a thesis on the limitation of self-consciousness within the framework of a pure logical synthesis of mind. It is demonstrates that the Russian philosophy appeals to the prepared and inspired reason, that represents the pinnacle, but at the same time is in need of truths of moral and ethical culture.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2016.1.67435

Keywords: Paphos, human essence, self-cognition, beauty, Sofia, beauty, axiological synthesis, vague knowledge, Logos, creative thought

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2024.3.40556

Abstract: The current stage of the development of amateur stayer running practices can be characterized as personality-building, since the main goals of runners (especially marathon runners and super marathon runners) are not so much related to strengthening health, as to the sphere of personal improvement and self-knowledge: the development of will, character, testing yourself in an extreme situation, testing previously inaccessible emotions and states of consciousness. The object of the study is ego texts (books for a wide audience, including the online "samizdat") of modern Russian running enthusiasts. The method of studying these texts is the biographical method, which makes it possible to determine the multidimensional influence of running activity on fundamental changes in personality development and the formation of her life path. The analyzed biographies inherit both the confessional tradition of Augustine (the contrast of the aimless and vicious "pre-race" life, as well as the traumatic experience of running neophyte and significant achievements in many areas of personal development after the adoption of the values expressed through running Coubertin's "religio athleticae"), and the adventurous and heroic biographical tradition noted by M. M. Bakhtin, inherent in the Renaissance, as well as romanticism and Nietzscheanism with their focus on the formation (in our case, through a stayer run) of a new (or "super-") person. The qualitative result of running activity is the achievement by the subject of a new stage of development – a person running (homo currens), which is characterized by activity, mobility, heroism, asceticism, striving for maximum self-realization, achieving harmony of body and spirit. Homo currens opposes both virtual pastime and the fetishization of comfort culture, suggesting, referring to the concept of Viktor Frankl, filling life with new meanings and values through overcoming the inevitable suffering for a stayer run. Amateur running is considered by writers as a publicly available and effective means of gaining physical, mental and social well-being, which expresses its humanistic essence and gives philosophical and anthropological significance to the works under study.

Keywords: sports philosophy, amateur sports, biography, personality, humanism, marathon, endurance, run, values, self-development

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.1.10103

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.1.63778

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes ethnomethodological concept offered by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The author underlines that the philosopher had a very singular concept of the phenomenology of ethnos. His views on that matter differed from the Eurocentristic concept created during the age of Enlightenment in the XVIII century. Based on ethnographic researchers, Rousseau created a completely different definition of human self-identity. The French philosopher disagreed with Descartes who believed the internal efforts towards improvement of «Self» to be the grounds for the process of self-identity formation. Rousseau assumed that human’s self-concept of himself and an ethnos’ concept of its essence could not exist without other humans or ethnic units. The concept of «Self» is narrowed because by accepting the image of the other person, an individual realizes that his concepts and ideals are limited. It is true for an ethnos, too. Human tries to see himself as a reflection of the other creature or culture. This is why Claude Levi-Strauss used to say that Rousseau was the founder of the humanities. The idea of self-recognition of human himself as well as the other culture described by Rousseau was then developed in terms of Post-Modernism philosophy.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, identity, ethnos, human, ethnography, ethnomethodology, Eurocentrism, difference, rationalism.

Abstract: The author of the article views a symbol as an anthropological concept. The word ‘symbol’ is usually interpreted in the ontological and the sense. However, according to the author Ancient philosophers already believed that it was possible to understand a human only through a symbol. It is the symbol which reveals the mystery of a human: the human is interested not only for what is real but also for what is hidden and twinkles in a symbol.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, sign, symbol, ontology, gnoseology, meaning, humanities knowledge, hermeneutics, reality.

Abstract: The problem of an adequate interpretation of a traditional culture is still unsolved due to inadequate theoretical evidence. The latter was composed by the Western anthropologists on the basis of their perceptions of the world. In non- European cultures nature is a fundamental ground of life while European cultures view human and his problems outside the context of nature.

Keywords: philosophy, cultural studies, nature, traditional culture, theory of culture, cultural genesis, modernization, westernization.

Abstract: The article analyzes Abraham Maslow’s humanistic approach to studying human destructiveness. Maslow offered an integrated approach t o s tudying human b ehavior and s howed t hat human destructiveness is not an instinct but a multi-factor phenomenon and human beings are capable of greater deeds than wars, prejudices and hatred. One of the most important reasons of human destructiveness is a blocked selfactualization or self-realization which can be caused by one of t he following: f rustrated b asic needs (such as a need in respect by others, safety and love); personal fixation on the needs of the lower level (physiological); and unfavorable socio-cultural conditions. If, a normal self-actualization through love, creative activity or spirituality is impossible for any reason, it can be replaced by the self-actualization through destructive behavior.

Keywords: philosophy, destructiveness, aggression, humanism, multiple-factor, self-actualization, needs, behavior, integrity, frustration.

Abstract: Existential is viewed as the skill to live and keep mutual understanding outside one’s ethnic and territorial borders. Personal (democratic) aristocratism has played a great communication role in it. Being created by the mechanisms of reproduction of the humankind through a family, aristocratism has a biotechnological nature. Consequently, it fully corresponds to human nature. The author gives great and original materials as a proof of his point of view.

Keywords: philosophy, existential, hermeneutics, aristocratism, mentality, biotechnology, family, virtue, risk.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2023.4.40417

Abstract: The subject of this study is a set of alleged contradictions in the development of artificial intelligence, pursued in order to achieve their overcoming. Philosophical anthropology contains the potential to analyze complex interactions, to articulate the problems that arise between artificial intelligence and humans. The philosophical and anthropological analysis of artificial intelligence is aimed at understanding this human phenomenon, human presence and its experience. The article is an attempt to identify and outline the trajectories for the possible resolution of the contradiction in the development of artificial intelligence, the analysis of the parameters proposed by philosophical anthropology to solve their problems in the modern socio-cultural situation. The relevance of the proposed problem arises in the fact that artificial intelligence qualitatively changes the existence of a person, and in philosophical anthropology there is a potential to outline the prospects for the development of artificial intelligence, while preserving the languid human in a person. To study this perspective is very important in society. The novelty of the topic raised in the article is the analysis of solving the problems of artificial intelligence from the standpoint of philosophical anthropology, in the articulation of contradictions in the development of artificial intelligence, in the search for solutions to overcome these contradictions. Philosophical anthropology provides tools for a balanced decision on the development of artificial intelligence, the degree of its impact on human existence.

Keywords: interdisciplinary cooperation, ethics, dialogue, consciousness, free will, contradictions, technology, artificial intelligence, human, philosophical anthropology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.2.9964

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.2.63927

Abstract: This is the translation of B. Kilborn’s article ‘Anthropology and human imagination’. Kilborn’s article is devoted to the history of anthropology that had been thought to be the natural science for quite a long time. Kilborn establishes that anthropology will never be anything else but humanities just like other social studies. The subject matter of anthropology is the humankind and experts in anthropology are humans, too. Kilborn stresses out the important role of human imagination in social and anthropological researches. In this regard he analyzes Giambattista Vico’s work ‘On the Grounds of New Science about the Common Nature of Nations’ where Vico explained the fundamental difference between, on one hand, knowing and understanding and, on the other hand, knowledge and science. This is nothing else but the radical epistemological gap between natural sciences, on one hand, and social studies and humanities, on the other hand. This is the gap the history of anthropology of the XX century tried to overcome.

Keywords: anthropology, human imagination, natural science, humanities, social studies, social anthropology, cultural anthropology.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2013.3.62428

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes Erik Erikson’s theory of identity and reveals philosophical and anthropological prerequisites of this theory. Based on the author, this theory is based on the concept of chaotic and fragmentary human nature. Human starts with the fear for his own existence because there is nothing else in the world which would create a ready for and basis for him. In order to survive, human has to have certain benchmarks in the world and act and live together in order to create such basis. Erikson thought identity to be such basis.

Keywords: philosophy, identity, Erikson, anthropology, consciousness, ego, the Other, religion, self-identity, totality.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2016.3.18256

Abstract: This article examines the human essence and its ontological foundations, through the prism of interrelation between freedom and duty, faith and reason. The author determines two concepts of human essence: inside the actual human, as well as outside. It is noted that in our times a new type of human is being formed – human without essence; certain features of such human are being revealed; attention is focused on the processes of dehumanization characteristic to the contemporary society, as well as on the danger of idealization of Medieval times, and improperness of noncritical approach to history. Conclusion is made that taking of human essence outside (delegation of it to God, Absolute idea, etc.) gives birth to a person of duty, who strives to carry out the given to him essence from outside, and limit his freedom. A similar type of human we can observe in Medieval culture. A second type of human essence – is inside human; and initially it implies a freer human.

Keywords: Human, Essence, Duty, Freedom, Antiquity, Medieval times, Reason, Human without essence, Dullness, Existence

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2016.3.67731

Keywords: Human, Essence, Duty, Freedom, Antiquity, Medieval times, Reason, Human without essence, Dullness, Existence

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.3.10988

Abstract: The article is devoted to the main models of physicality in ethics and philosophy. The author of the article describes the following approaches ('paradigms') to the concepts of 'body' and 'physicality' in modern philosophy: 1) the 'paradigm' of existence (existential or holisti approach to body); 2) the 'paradigm' of possession (instrumental or functional concepts of body); 3) the 'paradigm' of construction (body as a project or a technological artefact). Each model involves particular standards and sets a certain type of formation of anthropological borders and anthropological norms. By applying the historical-philosophical approach and ethical analysis, the author demonstrates that in a life of a modern man there is always the dialectics of existence, possession and construction. The author concludes that at the epoch of the intensive technological development, body technologies created as a result of the external socio-cultural transformation of the biotic substrate ('physicality') are gradually turning into the body techologies that are the results of the symbiosis between life and technology. Potential integration of biotechnologies into a human body that have the effects of socialization and education creates new forms of 'self-care'.

Keywords: body, physicality, philosophy of body, ethics of physicality, anthropological borders, cyborgization of man, self-care, construction of man, designing of man, body-oriented researches

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.3.66388

Keywords: body, physicality, philosophy of body, ethics of physicality, anthropological borders, cyborgization of man, self-care, construction of man, designing of man, body-oriented researches

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.5.9818

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.5.64930

Abstract: The author of the present article views the feeling and experience of pleasure as a tool for reconstruction of human’s essential nature by using a special construct called ‘hedonistic human’. The feeling of pleasure acts as an essential element participating in the genesis of the origin of human, his consciousness and culture. The phenomenon of pleasure goes beyond the scope of direct psychological and ethnic interpretations and acts as the central feature of human being, social and cultural processes and axiological field of a modern society. The author of the article also analyzes cultural values related to the feeling and experience of pleasure as well as consequences of actualization of hedonistic artifacts in the society and forms of their transmission and interpretation. The methodological base of the research is presented by works and researches carried out in the spheres of phenomenology, philosophical anthropology and philosophy of culture. The author also describes psychoanalytical, phenomenological and post-modernistic approaches to and interpretations of the phenomenon of pleasure. The author also describes how the hedonistic axiology applies to Russian reality. The construct of ‘hedonistic human’ is introduced by the author similarly with other definitions of human reflecting human’s essential nature such as homo sapiens (‘reasonable human’), working human, playing human, laughing human, ashamed human and so on.

Keywords: consumer society, essential definitions of human, Russian value consciousness, emotions, origin of human, phenomenology of consciousness, sexuality, pleasure, hedonistic values, cultural values.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2013.6.62769

Abstract: The article is devoted to the key meanings of humanism in relation to culture. The author shows the contradicting nature of humanism as the love for mankind. Humanism is shown as a search of a human for his own self. The author also discusses the questions about relations between a human as a subject and being in history of culture. Humanism, as a discovery of a human of his being and discover of human as being are opposed to human anti-humanism (subject-without-being).

Keywords: philosophy, humanism, culture, human, love for mankind, subject, activity, being, existence, subjectivism.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.6.12128

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.6.65125

Abstract: The subject under review of the present research article is Chizhevsky’s philosophical and anthropological views that are presented in his two metaphysical works ‘The First Principles of the Universe. The Cosmic System.The Problems’ and ‘ElectronicTheoryandGenesisofForms.TheProblem’.Much attention is paid not only to the general description of the aforesaid works and reconstruction of Alexander Chizhevsky’s philosophical concept of human but also to touching upon questions that may arise in understanding these theories. Philosophical and anthropological views of Alexander Chizhevsky are studied taking into account the fact that his scientific research was conducted according to the tradition of the Russian cosmism. This allows to demonstrate how the ideas of ‘Leonardo da Vinci of the 20th century’ contribute to the particular philosophical tradition as well as to describe their singularity. The following methods were used in the research: analysis of text- based sources (including materials from the funds of the 1703 Archive of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation), comparison, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, classification, generalization and historical method. The scientific novelty of the research is in reconstruction of Chizhevsky’s philosophical and anthropological views presented in his works as well as pointing out the problems and contradictions of these views. Based on the statement that Alexander Chizhevsky’s metaphysical concept of human is the part of his world view, the latter influencing Chizhevksy’s creative work in general, the author emphasizes the need for studying Chizhevsky’s metaphysical views in order to adequately evaluate and describe the heuristic potential of the cultural heritage of Leonardo da Vinci of the 20th century’.

Keywords: Chizhevsky, philosophy, cosmism, philosophical anthropology, monism, electronic theory, Palingenesis, holism, mind, evolution.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.15089

Abstract: The present article is the continuation of the research of the anthropological meaning of the 'living metaphor' in the heritage of a great French philosopher. The subject under review is the paradoxical nature of the 'living metaphor' which anthropological role is being interpeted in terms of the historically presented time 'intrigue' in Paul Ricoeur's most fundamental and largest work 'Time and Narrative'. Special attention is also paid to the development of the general definitions of such terms as mimesis and poesis wherefore the intrigue of the living metaphor receives a better anthropological evaluation with reference to its development in the author's work. Therefore, in his article Cholanyuk makes an attempt to describe the anthropological meaning of the 'living metaphor' through recognition of implicated images in Paul Ricoeur's discourse during which the historical and poetic intrigue is assigned by a person who does the interpreting. Methodological and theoretical grounds of this research consist of the provisions of philosophical hermeneutics just like the grounds of the previous research. Thus, the main research method is the hermeneutic method that involves anthropological and philosophical interpretation of additional meanings of a text with reference to the ‘living metaphor’ described by Paul Ricoeur. The scientific novelty of the research and the main theoretical concept thereto are based on the following provisions: 1) the present research is the first one in Russian philosophy to trace back the development of the anthropological definition of the phenomenon of the ‘living metaphor’ in Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutics; 2) the researcher establishes to which degree the intrigue of the 'living metaphor' relates to the historico-philosophical and anthropological focus of Paul Ricoeur's works and constitutes an promising approach to understanding the time-related and narrative identity of human being; 3) the researcher analyzes the theoretical basis of the philosophico-historical and popular scientific literature that can be related to the intrigue of the ‘living metaphor’ in Paul Ricouer's 'Time and Narrative' from the point of view of modern anthropology; 4) the researcher also makes his own attempt to study the time-related intrique of the 'living metaphor' taking into account the anthropological meaning thereof; 5) the researcher provides philosophical grounds for the creative constituent of the metaphoric activity and describes the progressive role of the metaphor in the development of the society. In this article the researcher comes to the conclusion about the compositional constituent of the 'living metaphor' as an inovative metaphoric activity that was the attribute of the French philosopher disregarding the imitative function of human creativity generally implied by Paul Ricoeur in his 'Time and Narrative'. Paul Ricoeur creates a new language model through structurally relating interpretation of historical facts to the living metaphor, thus giving to a reader to 'think more' based on the 'here and now' way of thinking. Critical anthropological evaluation of such a model of reenactment of historical events does not assume that metaphoric description is nothing else but the reflection of famous peoples of the past. Being a mean of expression and distribution of an idea in general anthropological terms, the historical intrigue described with the help of the 'living metaphor' contains the reference of the author that encourages the continuation of the metaphoric communication.

Keywords: living metaphor, modus operandi, modus vivendi, poesis, mimesis, peripatetic peripeteia, place of time, artistic place, metaphorical light, tightening

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66621

Keywords: living metaphor, modus operandi, modus vivendi, poesis, mimesis, peripatetic peripeteia, place of time, artistic place, metaphorical light, tightening

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2016.7.15100

Abstract: This article analyzes the Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s Christian concept, formulated in his famous “Letters and Papers from Prison”. Bonhoeffer proclaims the beginning of the unreligious era and the need, due to this fact, to reconsider the essence of Christianity, thus counterpointing religion and Christianity. The idea of the “apriority” of religion is considered erroneous by Bonhoeffer. Religion is just a temporary stage of human development, and it should not be identified with Christ. It is possible to overcome religion without overcoming Christianity. Is Christianity possible in a godless world? – wonders Bonhoeffer, and finds the answer in the notion of maturity of the modern Christian. The author distinguishes three conceptual blocks of Bonhoeffer’s theory – man, religion, Christianity, and conducts a philosophical-anthropological analysis of each of them. In the author’s opinion, there us a gap between the anthropological types of traditional Christianity and the anthropological type of Christianity renewed by Bonhoeffer. The measure of this gap serves the figure of God, because according to Bonhoeffer, transcendence of Christ and therewith the essence of Christianity consists in the being for other, i.e. the transcendent becomes immanent. The author underlines that the notion of maturity for Bonhoeffer is associated with elimination of the notion of sin, in other words the inner world of a man, because in Christianity, sin is something that does not allow a man to become one with the world. The proposed by Bonhoeffer model of man is the model, to which the binary oppositions of “body and soul” and “human and world” are foreign. The author notices in Bonhoeffer’s concept the vision of Foucault’s philosophy. Foucault believes that human is a temporary configuration that can vanish as quickly as an image on shore sand, while Bonhoeffer suggests that the inner world and religiousness are transitional phenomena. Both thinkers are turned to the situation of post-humanity, which Bonhoeffer considers to be unreligious.

Keywords: Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Christianity, Conscience, Death of a man, Cult, Religion, Symbolic action, Sin, Theology, Transcendent

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2016.7.68063

Keywords: Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Christianity, Conscience, Death of a man, Cult, Religion, Symbolic action, Sin, Theology, Transcendent

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.7.10259

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.7.65294

Abstract: The article is devoted to the methodological concepts lying in the basis of the solution of philosophical and anthropological tasks based on Homer’s poems and expressions of the ‘first philosophers’ (Heraclitus and Parmenides). These tasks are usually solved by applying later concepts and terms to interpretation of ancient Greek texts. By calling that approach ‘stylization’, the author of the present article points out obvious disadvantages of it and tries to find an alternative approach. The purpose of the article is to establish methodological grounds for another approach which would go beyond the limits of the ‘stylizing’ approach. As a result, the author outlines the approach to studying the ancient man through practices mentioned in speeches and orations of Homer, Heraclitus and Parmenides.

Keywords: human, ancient times, philosophical anthropology, Homer, Heraclitus, Parmenides, stylization, truth, personality.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.8.14885

Abstract: In his article Dolin has identified and compared the substantial elements of platonism and aristotelism in concepts of human nature of oriental patristics, transhumanism and biological conservatism. The main purpose of the article is to define responses of the three concepts to contemporary problems of human nature: (1) the degree of importance of the biological component in human nature; (2) the equivalence of human nature to his mind; (3) the possibility of further evolution of human nature; (4) the level of perfection of human nature. The author bases his research on the methodological triad «structure – functioning – development» in addition to evaluation of perfection in terms of the historical dialogue of platonic and aristotelian perceptions of human nature. In their understanding of structure and functioning of human nature the oriental patristics and transhumanism refer to the provisions of platonism while biological conservatism refers to aristotelism. The mind functioning does not depend on epiphenomenal body in transhumanism. Oriental patristics sees the development of human nature based on the provisions of performationism (platonism) and transhumanism and biological conservatism views the development of human nature based on epigenetic ideas (aristotelism). Ttranshumanism advocates for further evolution of human nature by the means of technological tools (open human nature), biological conservatism and oriental patristics advocate against such tools (closed human nature). In oriental patristics and biological conservatism human nature is understood as perfect and transhumanism regards it to be imperfect. As a result, the author of the article describes the three versions of the conceptual perception of human nature: the perfect closed rational human nature (oriental patristics), the imperfect open rational human nature (transhumanism) and the perfect closed physical and rational human nature (biological conservatism). The research results allow to approach closely to understanding of human nature and to more adequate understanding of the challenges of modern time.

Keywords: platonism, anthropology, human nature, human essence, oriental patristics, transhumanism, biological conservatism, preformationism, epigenesis, aristotelism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.8.66933

Keywords: platonism, anthropology, human nature, human essence, oriental patristics, transhumanism, biological conservatism, preformationism, epigenesis, aristotelism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.8.12025

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.8.65400

Abstract: The conversation of A. Nilogov with P. Gurevich is devoted to the modern trends in Russian philosophical anthropology. They talk about works written by V. Kutyrev, F. Girenokand other philosophers. Each author maintains his own definite position in philosophical understanding of human. V. Kutyrev, for example, shows himself as a consistent critic of innovationism as it was introduced in trans-humanism. V. Kutyrev proves that modern culture demonstrates the death instinct and this creates a threat for the humanity. F. Girenok holds himself as anarcheo-avantgardist and offers his own variants of the concepts that have been formed in philosophy and reflect interpretations of human. In their discussion A. Nilogov and P. Gurevich used the methods of historical analysis allowing to define trends in philosophical anthropology. They also applied the hermeneutic approach that allows to interpret the current situation in Russian philosophical anthropology. The novelty of the discussion is that the participants of the discussion tried to understand current trends in philosophy that are related to human, to discover the main issues of philosophy, to compare different positions and to clarity the meaning of polemic arguments. A. Nilogov and P. Gurevich noted that the range of issues under discussion should be expanded and historical fates of Russian philosophy should be discussed as well as possible influence of philosophy on modern elites.

Keywords: philosophy, philosophical anthropology, human, death instinct, fiction, ‘death of human’, insanity, transhumanism, technology project, cyborg.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2016.9.16703

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the process of determination of existential dimension of illness in the culture of high and late Middle Ages. Based on the material of theological doctrines of this period, it is demonstrated how the illness becomes crucial and inevitable parameter of the human ontology. The analysis of the interconnections between the formed interpretations of bodily disorders and fundamental definitions of Christian anthropology, contributes into accenting the ethical productiveness of the medieval semiotics of illness. The author gives attention primarily to the theological interpretations of suffering in medieval culture, as well as examines how the latter predestined the existential autopoiesis of the sick. The followed in the article genealogy of the existential-phenomenological dimension of the experience of illness is realized by means of methodological orientations of the history of ideas based on the material of the tradition of understanding the sick flash of theological anthropology of the Middle Ages. The author concludes that the European culture owes to the medieval era regarding the discovery of the existential resource of an illness. The article also conceptualizes the formed within the stated chronological framework grounds of the cultural environment of sufferings, within the limits of which such manifestation of illness acts as a cultural constructive power.

Keywords: Metanoia, Personalization of illness, Spiritualization of the fact, Sin, Reflection of viciousness, Ontological dimension of inferiority, Facticity of the vice, Autopoiesis , Suffering, Existential of illness

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2016.9.68210

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the emergence and development of the existential version of culture. The philosophy of culture as a specific sector of philosophical knowledge occurred in the pas millennium. Certainly a long period of the comprehension of culture as a peculiar phenomenon has preceded the emergence of the aforementioned discipline. The new direction of the understanding of culture originated the appearance of the philosophy of history. Having revealed the various opportunities of the cultural being, the historical knowledge contributed into the conception of adjacent area of philosophical reflection. The introduced into the discourse by Müller notion “Kulturphilosophie” has conclusively formed a new discipline. W. Windelband indicated that the academic philosophy of culture stood against positivism on one hand, and philosophy of life on the other. Nevertheless, it does not undermine the achievements in the area of understanding of culture that have established in positivism, as well as philosophy of life. As a result, the two different approaches towards comprehension of culture have formed. Neo-Kantians, having detected the multiplicity of cultures, turned the efforts towards the search of the universal foundations of culture. As far as the philosophy of culture and existentialism, the representatives of these directions based themselves upon the fact that the understanding of culture is impossible without submerging into the existential experience, as well as the roots of the inner world of a human as a creator of this phenomenon. The author uses the principle of historicism for comparison of the various approaches towards culture. This allows observing not only the universalities of culture, but also the unusual versions of the cultural creativity. Many researchers believe that neither philosophy of life nor existentialism did not show interest towards culture. However, it is demonstrated that without revelation of the existential practice it is not possible no analyze the specificity of culture alongside the regularities of the historical-cultural process. These ideas are contained in the philosophical heritage of Søren Kierkegaard, whose views are being examined in this article.

Keywords: Transcendental idealism, Existentialism, Human, History, Universalities, Being, Choice, Existence, Culture, Philosophy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2013.10.6896

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2013.10.63418

Abstract: In our modern Post-Modern age the idea of the absence of gender identity and changeability of gender selfidentification is growing more and more evident. Such attitude to gender is now possible because the internal logic of understanding gender only as a derivative of socio-cultural processes made some researchers narrow down gender to physical properties and others to turn gender into some kind of simulacrum. In the author’s opinion, gender was discredited in both cases. According to the author, gender can be understood as an anthropological style represented in culture, social life and everyday life of men and women. Such approach allows to see all the picture of relations between male and female beginnings in each person. The core of these relations is gender-related life strategies. The latter is shown as the system of preferences and the difference between masculinity-femininity of women and masculinityfemininity of men. Such approach can add additional shades to interpretation of male and female archetypes and ways of realization of the main spiritual values of the mankind.

Keywords: cultural studies, anthropology, gender, sex, masculinity, femininity, simulacrum, strategy, identity.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.10.12942

Abstract: Traditional psychological researches of personality are rather insufficient to undertand personality from the point of view of its integrity and completeness, neither do they allow to create an integral image of genius personality. Within the framework of an original branch of philosophical anthropology developed by the author of the present article and called 'characterology of genius', the author makes another attempt to view the problem of genius in a new light as rather a philosophical and anthropological problem than merely psychological issue. According to the author of the article, without solving this problem it would be impossible to fully understand the essence of human taking into account that the supreme states of spirit including genius throw light on that microcosm which we call 'human'. To prove and substantiate his original approach to studying human genius, the author analyzes creative life of a famous French philosopher and author Honore de Balzac (1799–1850). It was not by accident that the author chose Balzac for his research. Balzac's life presents the most visible phenomena of genius such as the phenomenon of action, peculiarities of a genius mind, values and aspirations of genius, creative genius and mission of a genius. The fact that Balzac also researched the phenomenon of genius in his works is important, too.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.10.67075

Keywords: philosophical anthropology, characteristics of a genious, Honoré de Balzac, creative life of the genius, phenomena of genius, phenomenon of action, values and meanings, peculiarities of a genius mind, creative genius, mission of a genius

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2016.11.20736

Abstract: In the center of Paul Ricœur’s article are problems of philosophical anthropology, studied through the prism of antinomicity of human existence. The inner antinomies of a human, in the thinker’s opinion, are the most specific and demonstrative: voluntary and involuntary, action and trial of impact, autonomy and vulnerability, ability and fragility. Paul Ricœur attempt to examine them dialectically, focusing attention on the two-sidedness of human desire, which is rooted in human love for himself, and simultaneously, open to the limitless horizon. In this regard, the philosopher refers to the notions of character and happiness, which testify to the disproportionality of human in practice: character is the individual way of action that is realizes by a human because of his freedom; happiness is the final point, towards which human aims his motivation. Ricœur is a bright representative of the reflexive philosophy that is based on the ideas of phenomenology and hermeneutics, and at the same time, uses in its research the resources of the sciences about human: ethnology, history, economics, sociology, linguistics, etc. In his teaching, the French thinker raises a question about human, his specificity, and wholeness. He examines human reality taking the path from the myth, philosophical formulations of Plato, Pascal, Kierkegaard to Kant, and then modernity. Although Ricœu considered realization of the project of philosophical anthropology the “project of a lifetime”, but rarely used this term.

Keywords: Culture, History, Action, I-self, Spiritual, Vital, Reason, Sensibility, Human, Philosophical anthropology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2016.11.68366

Keywords: Culture, History, Action, I-self, Spiritual, Vital, Reason, Sensibility, Human, Philosophical anthropology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.11.12990

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.11.65728

Abstract: The author of the article describes the development of bio-socio-cultural model of human nature. Based on this model, the author defines the main historical epochs, tendencies and prospects of the existence and development of human in a modern world. The author predicts an increasingly reinforcement of processes and phenomena indicative of culture-centered modification of human nature. The author underlines that despite the concerns expressed by Margareta Bertilsson and Jean Baudrillard, this circumstance does not mean the end or implosion of social or natural determination of human but transformation of the level of their activity. Based on the critical analysis of the ideas of Russian and foreign philosophers (E. Barkova, V. Davidovich, B. Latour, M. Kagan, Yu. Fedorov and A. Schutz), the author establishes the hypothesis about a particular way of existence and functioning of culture as an internal contradictory unity of an objectified subject and subjectified object. Interpreting ‘item’, ‘standard’, ‘value’ and ‘symbol’ as the main and general forms, the author makes a conclusion about the methodological importance of the subjective (David Durkheim), standard (Claude Levi-Strauss), axiological (Heinrich Rickert) and symbolic (Ernst Cassirer) concepts of culture.

Keywords: methodology, human nature, archaic character, civilization, culture, item, standard, value, symbol, human creating potential.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2016.12.17372

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the analysis of the fundamental for the entire French sociological school as a whole, including the sociological college, the founder of which was Roger Caillois, notions of sacred and profane. Reviewing this dialectical dyad in the context of various spheres and conditions of life the society (holiday, carnival, war, game), Caillois comes to the conclusion that the very attempt of demarcation of the sacred and profane areas is extremely important for the formation of public and religious consciousness of a human and all of the processes of socialization. According to Caillois, sacred and profane depict for the individual and the society the spheres that are holy or cursed, allowed or prohibited, experienced or unexperienced, in control or beyond control of the human influence. The goal of this work consists in the reconstruction of views of the French thinker upon the questions associated with sacred and profane, as well as their impact upon the establishment of the social and religious consciousness. There are very few extensive research within the Russian humanitarian science that are dedicated to such complicated and ambiguous phenomenon as the sacred or holy. Therefore, the analysis of understanding of the phenomenon of an important for the philosophical thought of the XX century persona pf Roger Caillois represents great interest and value. Correlation between the sacred and the secular in R. Caillois’ concept reflects the correlation between the freedom of will (profane, familiar, and usual for a human area, his “living world) and fate, providence, and tradition formed beyond the personal will of an individual (sacred) – the area of the highest and incomprehensible, simultaneously tempting and terrifying. Unlike certain contemporaries, particularly his colleague Georges Bataille, Caillois assesses the separation of the spheres of sacred and profane as a positive phenomenon, which is the guarantor of stability and carries constructive functions for the human community.

Keywords: Prohibition, Return , Myth, Ritual, Religion , Society, Anthropology, College of sociology, Profane, Sacred

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2016.12.68514

Keywords: Prohibition, Return, Myth, Ritual, Religion, Society, Anthropology, College of sociology, Profane, Sacred

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2013.12.9382

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2013.12.63609

Abstract: From the point of view of philosophical anthropology genius is viewed, first of all, as a higher state of human mind and secondly, as a phenomenon of spiritual culture. The author of the article defines the three types of mind, practical mind, positive mind and creative mind. Human is different from other living creatures not because human has a mind but because human has spirits (‘human genius’) presented in mind, consciousness and creative activity as an integrated phenomenon. It is proved that human genius is what triggers human history and develops spiritual culture. In its turn, genius is created by culture in all known forms of culture (religion, art, philosophy, science and education) because it is the main source of spiritual culture.

Keywords: philosophical anthropology, genius, practical mind, positive mind, creative mind, cognition, creative activity, contemplation of ideas, spiritual culture.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.12.10574

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2014.12.65976

Abstract: According to the author of the article, there are the two basic approaches to defining the sacral. Based on the first approach, the sacral is understood as an anthropological structure, the second approach views the sacral as a nonstructured anthropological phenomenon. In her article Rostova analyzes the classification of anthropological space which is the most common in Europe. In this classification the sacral plays the role of the primary shapeless givenness confined by the structure. Based on Rostova, that approach was practiced by Sigmund Freud, Georges Bataille, Roger Caillois, William Turner, Mary Douglas and Rene Girard. Rostova carries out a critical analysis of their theories. Analysis of theories of the sacral has allowed Rostova to find the invariant and define the main conceptual problems associated with it. The common ideas typical for this approach include the concept of taboo as something to be broken; the concepts of holiday as a sacral time for committing a crime, of a victim as a waste not allowed at the usual time and of a rhythm allowing the sacral to happen in the course of time. Among the most serious theoretical issues of this approach, the author names the following: inability to differentiate human from an animal and, therefore, to prove the need for the non-structured within a structure; and combination of the chaos of anti-structure and the concepts of consciousness and sociality.