Law and Politics - rubric International security systems

Abstract: The need for integration is one of the key ideas of modern international relations. The practice seems to show that no nation at the current period is capable to be self-sufficient, especially in the sphere of economics. This article by N.A. Remezova is devoted to the study of Eurasian integration at the post – Soviet territory based on an example of a number of international conventions and practice of their implementation.

Abstract: The determining factor of international terrorism is the deep structural instability in the world, whichi is due to globalization of the world economies. This is globalism, which gives birth to conflicts again and again, and puts world on the verge of conflict. In order to control the processes of globalization, one should first of all, control direction and tempo of economical and technical development. Keywords: terrorism, international terrorism, terrorism threat, terrrorist organizations, globalization, TNK, Western states, globalization of the world economy, determination of terrorism, financing terrorism

Abstract: Globalization of information and communication technologies is an important factor in ensuring confidentiality of personal data, since the globalized information sphere is regulated by a large number of national and international norms and acts, which also provide for various definitions and approaches to confidential information, as well as to means of ensuring confidentiality. In this article the problem of confidentiality is studied based on the analysis of situation in Russia, USA, and a number of the EU states.

Abstract: While the principle of flexibility was first officially introduced into the law of the European Union by the Amsterdam Treaty of 1997, it actually formed long before and took various shapes and forms. As the author of this article points out, having studied the political principle of flexibility, one may single out various concepts of flexibility, and accordingly, various forms, as studied in this article.

Abstract: The information sphere actively influences the life of the modern society, as well as the economic, political and other elements of the Russian security. Currently the national security of the Russian Federation considerably depends upon ensuring the information security. As the author points out, with more technical progress this dependence shall only develop…

Abstract: One of the key goals of the international community in the XXI century is to ensure new deeper understanding of the collective security with all necessary functions, strategies and institutions, so that it shall be effective, economically rational and fair. The universal system of collective security shall allow to preserve peace and prevent wars. What is the role of the UN in its formation and development?

Abstract: Russia is the leader in production of rifle firearms and light firearms in the world, and effective control over its turnover may only be ensured if international standards, including UN standards, are highly regarded…

Abstract: In solving the complex problems of international and regional security that take place in the modern world, the most important role belongs to the PRC and the Russian Federation. The huge political and economic potential of these two countries, which is steadily increasing. In recent years, in the field of political interaction, China and Russia have moved to a new higher level – from constructive cooperation to strategic partnership. Is this level sufficient for new threats and challenges emerging in the modern world, what are the prospects for the development of cooperation?

Abstract: Geopolitical interests of Russia in the Baltic sphere (including Latvia) remain unchanged, and the pro-Western orientation of Latvia only calls for deeper and more detailed monitoring and analysis of the events there, which is necessary to form new political and diplomatic means of cooperation with Latvia, while the same model can be applied to other former USSR states in the future.

Abstract: As the author points out, while viewing the factor of information and psychological influence on conflict resolution, it is important to take into account that the variety of political decisions, which can be achieved by these means is limited, and the above-mentioned technologies as instruments fail to reach outside this limited space.

Abstract: Cooperation of states is a necessary precondition for successfully fighting corruption. In turn, it calls for constant watch over the corruption situation in every state, and in the world as a whole. The evaluation of level of corruption in various states is done by a number of international organizations. This article is devoted to analysis of this issue.

Abstract: In spite of the large number of Russian laws, which touch upon the matter of national and international security, three normative documents have priority: the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, the Concept of National Security of the Russian Federation and the Concept of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation. In the author’s point of view, the these documents fully reflect the existing situation. That is why the study of their contradictions is so topical.

Abstract: Today, when the UN is past its 63th anniversary, one of the key dillemas of its activity is finding the border between the obligation to protect the sovereignty of the states and the need to protect particulary vulnerable groups of people. This article takes genocide as an example.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the defi nition of neutrality as an international legal status, as well as of permanent neutrality as a highest form of development of neutrality. At the same time the article includes analysis of the topical issue of establishing the status of permanent neutrality, and upholding it, its guarantees. The author then provides legal analysis of the possibilities to recognize the status of permanent neutrality by the UN, evaluates the points of view of various legal scholars.

Keywords: jurisprudence, neutrality, permanent neutrality, establishing the permanent neutrality, recognition, international treaty, support, guarantees, the UN, international legal status.

Abstract: The article is devoted to analysis of international terrorism as an international criminal act, based on analysis of scientifi c works of renowned Russian and foreign international law scholars.

Keywords: jurisprudence, international terrorism, terrorist act, international security, fi ghting international terrorism, the ICC, international crime, state sovereignty, territorial integrity, the UN Security Council

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2020.2.30332

Abstract: The goal of this article consists in comprehensive analysis of the domestic and foreign security policy of Norway in the regions of Norwegian Arctic and Northern Norway. This work explores the geographical peculiarities and economy of the regions; questions of international cooperation, impacting the domestic policy as a whole and Arctic policy in particular; Norway’s military interests and military presence of NATO and the United States in the region of Norwegian Arctic. Attention is given to the relations between Norway and Russia, since they influence the overall balance between countries in the Arctic region. The conducted analysis demonstrates that Arctic region is strategically important for Norway from the perspectives of both, domestic and foreign policy. Norway plans to pay attention to respect nation’s sovereignty, which is necessary for successful development of the region, its economy, security, and conducting scientific research in the Arctic. Norway’s Arctic policy is closely tied to relations with Russia and NATO member-states, and its further development on this vector can play a positive role for the entire global community. Carrying out dual policy with regards to Russia, Norway welcomes the strengthening of military presence of the NATO countries in the region.

Keywords: the continental shelf of the Arctic, northern sea route, Arctic coastal States, Norway, NATO, Arctic, international relations, international security, security, Arctic Council

Abstract: From the late 90s of the XX century many “new formation” international judicial bodies appeared. They cannot be called international courts, however, they are not fully national judicial institutions. One may then speak of the “mixed character” tribunals. They are sometimes called “quasi international courts”, “internationalized domestic tribunals», “sui generis court of mixed jurisdiction», “hybrid courts”. As the title of the article clearly shows, the author prefers to call them internationalized tribunals, and this article is devoted to the study of such tribunals.

Abstract: The OSCE, while maintaining stability and cooperation in the European space, nevertheless found itself on the sidelines of solving really urgent and important security problems, which led to the question of revising its political agenda, improving its institutions and significantly strengthening it as an international organization.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the topical issue of the political process in the framework of globalization and role of regional organizations in establishment and upholding of the security in the APR. The SCO is one of such organizations. Its activities provide for prevention of terrorism, extremism, separatism at the territory of the ATR, establishment of the general concepts of the activities of the SCO, broadening its infl uence on the global community.

Keywords: jurisprudence, the SCO, international terrorism, terrorism, the APR, fi ghting terrorism, terrorist threat, the Summit of the SCO, the history of the SCO, security in the APR.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2016.1.16955

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the research of the civil war in Syria, which broke out as a result of the project of “color revolutions” and “controlled chaos” executed by the United States in the Middle East and North Africa. The article presents a detailed analysis of the goals, tasks, format, and methods of the fight in the Syrian conflict by the Syrian government, as well as those who belong to the irreconcilable “Islamic State” (condemned by the Russian Federation) and the “moderate” opposition. A special attention is given to the role of the United States, Turkey, and the royalty of the Persian Gulf. A separate place is dedicated to Russia’s foreign policy with regards to Syria in the fight against international terrorism within the context of complicated relations with the United States who also conduct their own antiterrorist operation in the region. The author states that it is namely Russia’s participation in the Syrian conflict effectively put the stop to the color revolution of Arab Spring, preserving Syrian statehood, and consequently enabling the Syrian people to choose their own future.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2016.1.52574

Keywords: international conflicts, diplomacy, coup d’état, , U.S. foreign policy, world politics, Russia, geopolitics, state, security, color revolutions

Abstract: The necessity to solve the problem with the military cadres arose right after the breakup of the Soviet Union, since 80% of military schools and colleges, as well as the only Military Academy of the General Staff (in Moscow) remained in the Russian Federation. The other former USSR states found the way out by revamping existing military colleges into military academies and combining teaching all necessary specialists within the same academy, however the issue of quality retained its topicality… What would the solution be as part of the OCSA?

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2016.2.16324

Abstract: The object of this study is volunteering as a socio-political phenomenon and as a factor influencing the global political process, the evolution of local armed conflicts and small wars. The subject of this study is the trends and patterns of the evolution of the role of volunteerism and volunteer movement in opposition to punitive force. The author draws attention to the fact that over the past few decades, the Russian volunteer movement convincingly proven effective in numerous small wars, local armed conflicts and peacekeeping operations. The methodological basis of the research is a systemic, structural and functional, comparative political approaches, methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, observation. High morale of the volunteers, their ideological, moral of values motivation allow us to speak about their high combat value, especially in reconnaissance and sabotage, guerrilla and civil wars, where relatively small, but well-coordinated teams of volunteers are able to withstand the far superior punitive forces. High resistance of volunteers manifested in the defense leads to the fact that the wars with their participation become especially intense, the pressure of which is usually unsustainable by the punitive forces; initiative in the offensive and willingness to sacrifice makes assault troops of volunteers essential in breaching fortified enemy positions, as well as raids deep into their base.

Keywords: politica, society, science, state, hybrid war, color revolutions, democracy, interests, values, security

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2016.2.52589

Keywords: interests, democracy, color revolutions, hybrid war, state, science, society, politics, values, security

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2016.3.14768

Abstract: This work discloses institutional and legal significance of the involvement of forensic database and criminal record in the system of cooperation European Union member states in criminal cases. Analyzes the process of creating an information system automated exchange of criminal information, principles, foundation and entities, and institutional mechanism to ensure the implementation of the Treaty of Prum. Providing an interstate process of exchange criminal information, to promote the positive and minimize the negative effects of storage and transmission of personal information. Using the dialectical method, as well as the traditional importance of comparative legal methods of studying legislation to implement the fight against crime, this work presents an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of Treaty of Prum. Since the Treaty of Prum entry into force the process forward harmonization of legislation for the protection of human rights and freedoms was further developed. Conclusions of this work may be useful to law enforcement authorities in the detection and investigation of cross-border crimes.

Keywords: System of international security, Information security, Criminal database, Cooperation, Treaty of Prum, Protection of personal data, Criminal information, Automated exchange, Unification of legislation, Criminal investigation, international security system, information security, forensic database, cooperation, The Treaty of Prum, protection of personal data, criminal records, automated exchange, harmonization of legislation, investigation of crimes

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2016.3.52603

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2016.4.17984

Abstract: The subject of this research is the state of international law pertaining to definition (concept) of international terrorism, i.e. the subject comprises the combination of international legal norms associated with development and passing of a unified comprehensive UN convention on international terrorism. The object of this research is a complex and complete analysis of the most important theoretical issues in the area of fight against international terrorism as an international crime, establishment of the means of resolution of these problems, as well as contribution to the formation of legal definition of international terrorism and its composition as an international crime within a comprehensive convention on international terrorism. Since 1937 the global community has not set the definition (concept) of international terrorism that would contribute to activation of the fight against international terrorism.

Keywords: International terrorism, challenge, third millennium, threats, convention, crime, terrorist activity, international cooperation, comprehensive convention, definition

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2016.4.52614

Keywords: International terrorism, challenge, third millennium, threats, convention, crime, terrorist activity, international cooperation, comprehensive convention, definition

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.4.14973

Abstract: This research is dedicated to the Eastern Europe and its current geopolitical status. The political query explores the period that includes the post-war times. The author examines the cultural, social, economic, and political aspects that shape the Eastern Europe and its current development. Attention is given to the uniqueness of this region. An important part of this research is dedicated to the ongoing crisis in Ukraine. The author looks at the evolution of the role of UN in Europe, which in author’s opinion represents one of the key causes for the present Ukrainian crisis. The author illustrates the modern development of the Eastern Europe on the example of Pakistanization and characterizes it as Urkainianization. The author claims that Ukraine and Europe became a hostage to the politically aggressive United States. The author also notes that by annexing Crimea Moscow has shown the United States and Europe that Ukraine remains the key geostrategic element of Russia’s security; Ukraine is tied to Russia by the historico-civilizational heritage – the Russian policy in Ukraine is aimed at maintaining Christian and European values.

Keywords: politics, Europe, Eastern Europe, United States, Ukraine, UN, Russia, crisis, political beliefs, geopolitics

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.4.52398

Keywords: politics, Europe, Eastern Europe, United States, Ukraine, UN, Russia, crisis, political beliefs, geopolitics

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.5.11762

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.5.52194

Abstract: The guarantees of international security remain the priority of the global international political process. At the same time contradictions in the processes of globalization, as well as the new forms of spreading the geopolitical influence by economic, technological, cultural and other expansions, cause the mutual dependency of the key actors in the international relations upon each other. One of the characteristic examples of this situation is technological dependency of the leading states on the USA in the spheres, such as consumer software, IT solutions, production of the semiconductors, as well as wide spread of the GPS services around the world. In this respect the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) is of special interest for the successful functioning of the global checks and balances system, in addition to keeping a large missile and nuclear potential. It is the only direct analog to the GPS. In the far perspective one may expect also the European project “Galileo” and the Chinese “Compass” project. The methodological basis for this study was formed by the political neo-realism paradigm from the standpoint of guarantees of national security of the state and relevant international activities by exploitation and use of the GNSS. Speaking of the main conclusions of the study, it seems obvious that confrontation of the key power centers in the framework of the global political process did not vanish. In the context of development of the GNSS and the competition among their developing states for the frequency spectrum, it becomes especially obvious. However, while the technological contours of GPS, Galileo and Compass remain closed, Russia purposefully partially opens the contour of GLONASS to other states, such as India, providing for the continuous and sustainable quality, as no other state does. It should be regarded by the consumer states for navigation services as the proof of reliability of the Russian partner, and factor for the guarantees of international security in general, being an important element of the global checks and balances system against the domination of the USA.

Keywords: global international process, international space law, system of international security, national security, GLONASS, GPS, Galileo, Compass, international relations, national interests.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.5.11816

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.5.52195

Abstract: The article contains analysis of the role of controlled chaos technologies in the formation of the image of the multi-polar world and re-formatting of the modern system of the international relations, which in turn submerges into anarchy, to which the American constructivists pointed out previously. In this context the author studies the topical issues of formation of the modern global order, and the problems of transition from the unipolar world to the multipolar world. Taking an example of the color revolution in Ukraine, which was also called the Euromaidan, the author studies the issues of the essential applicability of the Anglo-Saxon technologies of controlled chaos for the dissembly of the political regimes in the CIS territory in the interests of “democratization” in its North American understanding. The author substantiates the conclusion that the modern global structure is rapidly changing and transforming before our very eyes, making us participant observers of this process. At the same time the current political reality is to greater and greater extent of global political instability, which the world has fallen into due to the erosion of the Westphalia system. The article contains recommendations for the stabilization of the political situation in Ukraine taking into account the modern methods of counteractions against the color revolution and controlled chaos technologies.

Keywords: international relations, law, foreign policy, geopolitics, political stability, diplomacy, state, interests, values, security.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.6.9733

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.6.52212

Abstract: The article contains analysis of the current situation in the sphere of activities of the APEC as a pan-Asian- Pacific economic organization, and its expected future due to its possible transformation into the regional institutions dealing with the security issues. The author evaluates new challenges and threats, which may cause significant damage to the interests of the Member States due to the growing scale of their public danger and internationalization. The agenda of the summits and meetings of competent ministers within the framework of the organization, as well as the documents resulting from these events visibly show and proof that collective actions in this direction may only be successful if they are based upon close cooperation among the states. At the same time there are still problems, such as lack of legally binding means within the general political and legal mechanisms of functioning of the APEC, which is due to lack of united approach to their regulation and application by the participants of the Forum. Finally, based upon the analysis the author formulates some conclusions of long-term relevance for the development of the security dimension in the APEC activities.

Keywords: APEC, international law, economic cooperation, Member States, summits, regional security, new threats, terrorism, military and political situation, critical sectors.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the role of the USA in the system of global security based on the works of the Z. Bzhezinsky, which are to a large extent are devoted to the hegemony of the USA. The author analyzes the role of the system of world security, in which in Z. Bzhezinsky’s opinion, the US policy plays an important role. The author also studies relations and roles of various global regions (such as the Eurasia, the Islamic world, the Eastern Asia, the Europe), and their infl uence on global security, as well as various models of global security and mechanisms of their implementation. A separate part of the article is devoted to cooperation with the NATO-integrated Europe, as well as to possibilities of development of NATO in the Eastern direction in order to ensure global world order.

Keywords: political science, globalization, security, world order, leadership, hegemony, super-power, super-state, community, democracy, regions.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.9.15420

Abstract: The subject of this research is the question of Iran’s nuclear policy. Many analysts that support the theories of realism and neorealism, in their research note that by actively and persistently defending their nuclear program, Iran intends to create nuclear weapons to defend itself in the conditions of tensions in the Middle East. Based on the analysis of actual materials, this article examines the theoretical foundation of these researches. A special attention is given to the facts that cast doubts on the possibility of a military nature of Iran’s nuclear program. The authors meticulously investigates such aspects of this topic as: Iran being among the countries who have signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT); presence International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) reports on the lack of science confirming that Iran is developing nuclear weapons; rejection of use of nontraditional military means from the Islamic point of view; Iran’s concentration on traditional methods of deterrence in their military strategy; Iran’s use of their nuclear program for peaceful purposes. The theoretical-methodological foundation of this research is the theory of “Neorealism” and its outlook on “deterrence theory” in the Middle East. The main conclusion is that due to the tensions in the Middle Eastern region, as well as Iran’s geographical proximity to several countries that possess nuclear weapons and animosity towards the United States, the determination of the Islamic Republic of Iran to develop their own nuclear program seems logical.

Keywords: Kenneth Neal Waltz, Middle East, USA, traditional deterrence, nuclear program, Iran, nuclear deterrence, neorealism, realism, IAEA

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.9.52495

Keywords: Kenneth Neal Waltz, Middle East, USA, traditional deterrence, nuclear program, Iran, nuclear deterrence, neorealism, realism, IAEA

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issue of historic formation and development of neutrality as an institution of international law, from the ancient times and to the modern times. The evaluation of historical formation is done within the political context, which is due to the strong link between legal and political facets of neutrality. The author also reviews the ways of development of neutrality in order to make it more effi cient as means for supporting international peace and security.

Keywords: jurisprudence, neutrality, historic formation, ways of development, international legal status, international law, international peace, international security, rights and obligations, common threats.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.10.15308

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the role of the color revolutions technologies in the modern hybrid warfare which under the conditions of crisis of the unipolar world system and chaotization of the international relations became the newest forms of armed conflict. Hybrid warfare are waged using non-military forms of influence upon the enemy, such as technologies of information warfare and psychological operations, instruments of economic isolation and blockade, mechanisms of political destabilization inside the country; and namely these means force him to comply with the aggressor. Military force in hybrid wars is usually applied only after the outcome of the fight is clear, and is used to demonstratively “punish” the losing side. The color revolutions however, despite implementing same instruments to destroy the enemy in their schemes and scenarios, considerably differ from hybrid wars in their tasks and goals, and play an independent role in the modern processes of desovereignization, collapse, and dismantlement of political regimes.

Keywords: International relations, Color revolutions, Hybrid warfare, Geopolitics, USA, Society, Politics, International conflicts, Political stability, Security

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.10.52511

Keywords: International relations, Color revolutions, Hybrid warfare, Geopolitics, USA, Society, Politics, International conflicts, Political stability, Security

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.11.13185

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.11.52301

Abstract: This article reviews the collaboration of nations on the fight against the hostage-taking situations in open waters, as well as separate cases in the issues of piracy at sea. The research involved the following methods: induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, historical, interpretation of law, and legal comparative. The author proposes electing the standards of resolving jurisdictional collisions in cases where the hostage taking happens in international waters. The article offers substantiation for the urgency to create international standards of “practicability” of measures in liberating hostages, as well as the need to return to the principles of “protecting the life and wellbeing of hostages” and “capturing terrorists alive” during the hostage rescue operations.

Keywords: Hijacking, hostage, piracy, terrorism, open waters, victim, pirate, ransom, armed robbery, global responsibility.

Abstract: This article is devoted to the analysis of the place where the crime of marine piracy was committed as an element of this crime. The legal basis for this study is Art. 15 of the Geneva Convention on the High Seas of 1958 (hereinafter referred to as the Geneva Convention), Art. 101 of the UN Convention on Maritime Law of 1982 (hereinafter referred to as the Convention of 1982), as well as the criminal law of Russia and some foreign states, in some of which which in accordance with the international law the domestic legislation provides for the possibility of piracy only in the open sea, and in some the crime of piracy is not territorially limited. As a result of his study the author comes to a conclusion that the dominating position on the imperfections of the Russian norm on piracy in its territorial aspect and the calls to bring the Art. 227 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation into compliance with the international law lack due ground, since the international law and national legislations are set for fulÞ lling different goals. The international legal deÞ nition of piracy is aimed to coordinate the international Þ ght against it, so it limits its territorial range to the open sea, which is due to the international principle of sovereignty of the states on their territories. The national laws do not need such a territorial limitation.