DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2023.3.41042

Abstract: The author examines the activities of the international community in the field of climate and weather forecasting on the example of the activities of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), whose members are more than 180 states, including the Russian Federation. The goals of this organization are determined, as well as the main activities to date, including the main projects in the field of climate forecasting. WMO projects such as "GROKO", WMO Information Systems included in strategic plans implemented by the organization within a period of 4 years are being considered. The interaction of WMO with Member States, as well as with other international organizations, for example, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), was considered.   The author analyzes the activities of the WMO and examines the last World Meteorological Congress, held from May 22 to June 2. The key points that were put up for discussion are reviewed. Conclusions are drawn on the updated WMO policy, taking into account the statements made by the congress participants. The author also discusses the role of modern technologies in weather forecasting, as well as artificial intelligence (AI) in particular. Examples and possible legal problems of the use at the international level of various means of obtaining information about various climatic phenomena and natural disasters throughout the planet Earth are given.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2022.4.39139

Abstract: The article discusses the risks that arise for the environment during the production and transportation of hydrocarbons. Irreparable damage to the environment is caused as a result of accidents on ships and oil platforms, the consequences of which have been felt for many decades, while the greatest harm is caused by accidents occurring in high latitudes. These include: pollution of the water area following an emergency oil spill, the likelihood of a fire or explosion both on board during transportation and in the port at terminals. Emergency situations may arise as a result of exposure to hard weather conditions, technical malfunctions of the vessel, collision with other vessels, pirate attacks, etc. The article analyzes the provisions of international acts of the greatest interest in the field of protection of the marine environment from hydrocarbon pollution, such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) of 1982, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78), the International Convention for the Safety of Human Life at Sea (SOLAS 74/88), "International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code)". Proposals have been formulated to improve international and national regulation regarding the legal protection of the marine environment from oil pollution. Thus, it seems expedient to minimize the risks of emergency situations to think about combining the relevant provisions of all conventions into a single document, while eliminating gaps in both international regulation and national legislation in the field of marine transportation of hydrocarbons, to pay increased attention to environmental safety issues.

DOI: 10.25136/2644-5514.2022.4.39140

Abstract: The subject of the study is the norms of international law regulating the activities to ensure safety during the transportation of oil and petroleum products. Special attention is paid to the protection of the marine environment from pollution. The author analyzes the international legal documents regulating the protection of the marine environment during the transportation of oil and petroleum products by sea, the existing mechanisms to prevent the occurrence of possible accidents. Recommendations are given to improve the level of marine environment protection during the extraction and transportation of hydrocarbons. It is shown that liquefied natural gas has a number of environmental, commercial and energy advantages over other types of fossil fuels.   Since a common cause of accidents that entail oil and petroleum product spills is the wear and tear of the equipment used in various cycles of production and transportation of both oil and LNG, it is concluded that proper monitoring of the technical condition of the equipment in operation, improvement of the legal framework in this area, as well as compliance with the requirements of legislation in order to identification of objects whose condition poses a threat to the environment. It is noted that a special role in preventing the negative impact on the state of the environment during the transportation of petroleum products belongs to regional agreements on the protection of the marine environment, since in this case the issue has a more substantive character for each region. The article discusses various directions of using artificial intelligence to increase the level of safety of international sea transportation of hydrocarbons.

DOI: 10.7256/2453-8809.2022.3.39469

Abstract: At the moment, the agricultural sector is a promising direction in the development of modern technologies using artificial intelligence (hereinafter – AI). To prevent hunger, the development of the agricultural sector is seen as relevant. Statistics show that the population of the Earth is growing, respectively, the number of products for providing people with the necessary food products is also increasing. To date, there are three areas of application of modern technologies in agriculture: computer vision, machine learning and predictive analytics. Agricultural robots are created in order to ensure the effective use of AI in the agricultural sector. Artificial intelligence is a complex of software methods that carry out activities comparable to the creative activity of a person. With the use of modern technologies, agricultural enterprises have the ability to remotely carry out weeding, spot-spray pesticides using UAVs, monitor the behavior of livestock, detect animals diseases. The process of spraying plants, checking the soil without delivering it to the laboratory, as well as the process of harvesting and sorting crops is automated. Another application of AI in agriculture is the use of surveillance systems based on artificial intelligence for monitoring, which makes it possible to identify illegal actions, such as unauthorized access to the territory of an agricultural enterprise. The use of technology using artificial intelligence in agriculture makes it possible to reduce possible risks by predicting climate change. The use of computer vision is also used to detect diseases of agricultural crops and livestock.