DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2022.11.39138

Abstract: The purpose of the presented research is to highlight the results of the social policy of the Soviet state in the ethno-cultural development of the indigenous population of the Arctic regions of Yakutia. It is revealed that the new socio-cultural environment that emerged as a result of the industrialization of the Arctic region, as a whole, contributed to the improvement of the general cultural and educational level of the indigenous population and revealed new opportunities for the realization of its aspirations. During this period, conditions began to develop for the formation of the intelligentsia of the northern aboriginal ethnic groups, some representatives of which became prominent figures of culture, science and literature. Their fates are an interesting example of the implementation of the life strategies of the ethnic elite, which subsequently played a major role in the socio-political history of the region. The methodological basis of the article was the historical method of analysis of archival data, periodicals and scientific literature related to the research topic. The use of historical-comparative, historical-systemic and biographical methods made it possible to analyze socio-economic and cultural processes in the Yakut ASSR. The result of the study was the identification of the main factors that contributed to the formation of the intelligentsia of the small peoples of the North in the 1960s and 1980s, which played an important role in their social development. It is noted that the expansion of the education and training network in the republic has allowed for the mass education of young generations of Northerners, and the growth in the number of people with incomplete and completed secondary education has opened up opportunities for professionalization. Access to vocational education against the background of the processes of urbanization of the Arctic territories, their integration into the common cultural and educational space of the country had a decisive influence on the formation of the intelligentsia of the indigenous peoples of the North. For the first time, based on the materials of Yakutia, the assessment of the state policy on the formation of "national cadres" from northern national minorities was undertaken through the prism of real personal biographies.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39173

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to characterize the development of traditional forms of Yakut farming – cattle breeding and horse breeding in the Kolyma region of Yakutia against the background of socio-political transformations in the first third of the twentieth century. It is noted that the geographical isolation of the region from the rest of Yakutia has led to its autonomous development and conservation of the local economic model of life activity focused primarily on transport animal husbandry, including horse breeding. It is revealed that in the twentieth century, priorities began to shift towards the development of cattle breeding and the transition from horse breeding as the main type of economic activity. The use of historical-comparative, historical-system and statistical methods became the methodological basis of the publication, which allowed analyzing socio-economic processes in the north-east of Yakutia. An important result of the study was the assumption that it was the movement of the rural population fleeing from the war from the central regions of Yakutia, where cattle breeding had long prevailed over horse breeding, to the quieter and previously inhabited north-eastern regions, that became the main reason for changes in the economic structure of the Kolyma district in the 1920s. As a result, the number of farms and the number of cattle has increased significantly, affecting the way of life and the structure of the local economy by expanding the area of northern cattle breeding in the Arctic region. Thus, the first third of the twentieth century in the Kolyma district became a time of impulsive transformations of the traditional way of life of the local population caused by the political and socio-economic crisis that followed the 1917 revolution.