Security Issues - rubric Economical support of national security

Abstract: The subject of the study is organizational, managerial, socio-economic relations that arise in Russian regions and municipalities during the implementation of investment projects under the conditions of sanctions. The purpose of the study is to analyze and develop recommendations for regional and municipal authorities on attracting investments in the conditions of severe sanctions pressure from “Western” countries on the Russian Federation. The article uses empirical research methods to identify, analyze new trends and best practices in attracting investment to Russian regions and municipalities. The authors examine in detail such aspects of the research topic as the increasing importance of attracting investment to municipalities and regions due to a significant reduction in foreign direct investment due to the imposed sanctions. Particular attention is paid to identifying sources of investment capital in Russia and in “friendly” countries. As well as creating conditions for the implementation of investment projects in Russian regions and municipalities under unprecedented sanctions restrictions. To activate investment processes, it is necessary to ensure: the development and implementation of development strategies for municipalities and regions; identification and use of “unique” natural, industrial and human resources; development of investment infrastructure; creating conditions for the relocation of modern production complexes from large cities; the preferred choice of investors from “friendly” countries and representatives of domestic businesses returning capital from Western offshores; formation of special economic zones in the regions. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that, based on an analysis of the best domestic practices, specific recommendations have been developed for regional and municipal authorities on searching and attracting investment resources to Russian regions and municipalities under the conditions of “strict” sanctions restrictions. The use of research results makes it possible to intensify the processes in regions and municipalities: attracting modern high-tech economic facilities; increasing production and financial potential; improving the quality of life of the population, etc.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2024.1.69010

Abstract: The relevance of the study is due to the increase in crimes on funds operating in non-cash form. In the future, the development of the digital economy will be associated with an increase in such risks. In this regard, the authors have made a comparison of the Russian and Chinese experience of their minimization. In both countries, there is a steady increase in the number of thefts committed using illegal access to digital payment systems. At the same time, criminal law norms designed to counteract fraudulent actions have certain drawbacks. The judicial interpretation of these norms is also ambiguous. In conditions of limited functioning of international payment systems, theft of non-cash funds can be committed in new ways. In the future, non-cash payments will increase in volume, so it is necessary to improve the security of their conduct. The authors used a comparative legal method, as well as analysis and synthesis, which made it possible to give the study a complete character. The article summarizes the Russian and Chinese experience in countering the theft of funds deposited in non-cash form. Since the share of non-cash payments in Russia and China is significant, not only economic entities, but also citizens are involved in their turnover. The latter, not having financial literacy, can become victims of fraudsters. The state policy regarding the regulation of non-cash payments is built in the direction of establishing control over the functioning of electronic platforms. However, this does not seem to be sufficient, since it does not reduce financial risks. The criminal legal field remains virtually the only lever to counteract this type of theft. At the same time, the structure of the criminal law prohibition does not reflect the nature and degree of public danger of fraudulent actions and does not clearly distinguish them from secret theft.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2024.1.70062

Abstract: The subject of the study is the issues of differentiation of criminal liability for crimes infringing on fair competition (hereinafter also anti–competitive crimes), as an element of criminal law policy in the field of protection of fair competition. In particular, the problems of identifying such a group of crimes, criteria for differentiating responsibility are studied using the example of analyzing both named and non-specified elements of crimes of certain qualifying signs of crimes, other means of differentiating responsibility for their commission, problems of building sanctions for crimes of the group in question.The purpose of the work is to assess the current state, identify problems of differentiation of criminal liability for crimes that infringe on fair competition, in the light of official recognition of the need to counter them as a threat to economic security, and identify ways to solve them. The research methodology is based on general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition – historical and legal, methods of system analysis, logical, comparative, formal dogmatic methods, the method of legal forecasting and classification, questionnaires. The novelty lies in: 1) in the study of the provisions of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in their relation to the Federal Law "On Protection of Competition" in order to establish criteria for the allocation of a group of anti-competitive crimes and substantiate the differentiation of responsibility for their commission; 2) in proposals on the allocation as independent elements of crimes of certain types of violations of antimonopoly legislation for which criminal liability has not been established, as well as on the inclusion in a number of articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation of a sign of committing a crime for the purpose of unfair competition, as differentiating responsibility for crimes involving illegal trafficking of intellectual property in the field of entrepreneurship; 3) in the analysis of problems of means of differentiating responsibility for encroachments on fair competition and in proposals for their improvement, 4) in the proposal to keep official records of a group of anti-competitive crimes in the field of the formation of static reporting on crimes committed in the structure of crimes of economic and corruption orientation. The conclusions are that the elimination of the problems of differentiation of criminal liability for anti-competitive crimes, as well as the official accounting of such crimes, is the key to the effectiveness of the entire criminal law policy in the field of fair competition protection.

DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2015.2.15866

Abstract: Basic capital investment is the main catalyst of a dynamic economic growth. Due to the institutional changes in the sphere of property, the investment market becomes more dependent on the motivation of investors in the existing market conditions. The investment level depends on the socio-economic situation in the country and on the external challenges. The research is aimed at the assessment of the influence of investments on the dynamics of the GDP and of the possibilities of investments stimulation in a complicated situation on the finance market in the conditions of restrictions and anti-Russian sanctions. The authors use the methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, and grouping. The empirical base contains the statistical data which allows analyzing structural shifts, tendencies and sources of financing of basic capital investments. The authors define the interactions between the investment dynamics and the GDP for the period from 1990 till 2014. The results of the research are presented in a graphical form. The authors substantiate the conclusions about the increase of influence of corporate structures on the activation of investment activities in certain sectors of the economy, and define the role of the government and the importance of foreign investments in the investment sphere. The authors reveal the logic of a more rapid growth of economy in relation to basic capital investments in terms of its renewal. The multiplier effect appears when modernizing basic capital.

DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2016.1.18053

Abstract: The research subject is regional integration of Northeast Asian countries in the sphere of electric power industry. The author considers the case of electric energy export from Russia to china. The author presents the data describing the current situation with electric energy export, and provides for the analysis of the potential of Russian frontier regions in electric energy production and the further export it on the territory of China. Special attention is paid to the issues of energy provision of the countries participating in the process of energy integration in Northeast Asia. The study is based on the methods of comparative analysis and expert assessments, particularly, the investment prospects of the region. The author concludes that the increase of its own export potential in the sphere of electric power industry will allow Russia to strengthen the existing electric energy complex of Russian regions bordering with China, to stimulate the development of the related branches of the economy, to create new working places in the regions, to broaden the taxable base, and to transform the trade balance structure between Russia and China in the sphere of energy sources.

DOI: 10.7256/2306-0417.2014.1.11270

Abstract: The article provides the facts allowing the author to state that the Eurasian Union project becomes more and more real. At the same time, this Union may be characterized as a very special regional union in the world. Its main specific feature is its great potential. It is a huge combined cultural and resource potential of the Eurasian territory, which may serve as the basis for political and economic growth. One of the most important results of the 20 years of independent development of the CIS is preservation of the bases for social, economic, political and cultural unity. It is especially important that even in the absence of clear concept for the CIS development and for the regional integration projects, the countries have managed to preserve the potential for trade and economic cooperation. The author used the studies of scientists, such as M. Hazin, O. Grigoriev, etc, as well as the information from the official websites of the Eurasian Union. The EurAsEC is currently an economic union with the perspective of becoming a union state. Although most people do not believe in this perspective, this might be just the matter of time. Currently Turkey, India, Israel, Vietnam, Syria are among the states wishing to join EurAsEC, and there are negotiations with the Ukraine. Membership of the states, such as India, Israel, Syria and Vietnam is very unusual for Russia, since they have no common borders, however, considering the latest political events in the domestic policy of Syria and its position in the international arena, its wish to joint EurAsEC may easily be explained. The wish of Israel to join is probably due to the changes in the positive relations with the USA and Iran, and Vietnam expects to strengthen its cooperation with Russia. India poses quite a question though. Its population is 1 187 000 000 people and it is enough for an economic zone. Maybe the interest of India lays more in geopolitical sphere, rather than in economic sphere.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2023.4.44047

Abstract: The subject of the study is the process of monitoring the execution and assessing the risk of execution of government contracts in the Russian Federation. The research methodology consists of studying statistical data on government procurement in Russia; enriching data from the UIS with additional data from market analysis systems; analyzing the subject area and identifying potentially valuable categorical data that have not been previously studied by other scientists and applying the tools of one-way analysis of variance to these data in order to assess their statistical significance for solving problems of predicting the execution of government contracts. By applying the ANOVA method to a dataset that included more than 83 thousand consolidated records, results were obtained confirming the significance of a number of categorical features relating to the supplier’s industry, its legal form and region for predicting the execution of government contracts. At the same time, it was revealed that such characteristics as form of ownership, method of placing an order, legal category of the size of the supplier’s business and budget level are not statistically significant for forecasting purposes. The results obtained can be used by researchers in the course of cluster analysis, exploratory data analysis, and when constructing an ensemble of models for predicting the execution of government contracts. The results obtained expand and deepen existing approaches in terms of searching for new significant features based on information capabilities contained in government information systems and other big data sources.

DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2015.2.16097

Abstract: The subject of the research is a range of economic interrelations in regional economics in the sphere of economic security. The object of the research includes industrial and agro-industrial sectors of regional economics. The author considers the advantages of cluster integration for the solution of the most important issues of economic and biosafety of a region. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the applied methods in terms of the existing situation on the international scene and to the consideration of these problems in Moscow region. The author uses the methods of abstraction, deduction, induction, logics, and the method of economic statistics. The author enumerates the government interests which are realized by means of strengthening of economic clusters in the regions. The author assesses the positive and negative sides of integration within the clusters. The author attempts to predict the prospect of the future development of industrial and agro-industrial clusters of regional economics.

DOI: 10.7256/2306-0417.2014.1.11647

Abstract: The article contains evaluation of the state policy in the sphere of foodstuffs security guarantees of Russia, including evaluation of the current situation in the agricultural sphere of Russia and the possible measures for improvement of its competitiveness. It is offered to use an adapted basic macro-economic model in order to choose the state regulation measures for the purpose of guaranteeing foodstuffs security. The author substantiates the fact that currently foodstuffs security of the state may only be guaranteed by consecutive implementation of measures at federal and regional levels by combining state measures and inner reserves of the branches of economy, enterprises and companies of the entire agricultural complex. The author shows the main methods of guaranteeing foodstuffs security thanks to provision of the own resources within the state, reasonable amounts of imported goods, level and tempo of development of the branches of agricultural complex. Within the framework of foodstuffs security the author defines the problems of economic and agricultural reforms, real tendencies in the development of agricultural and foodstuffs production, Russian market and the level of its dependency upon the global foodstuffs market. In addition, the author offers to amend and clarify the provisions of anti-monopoly legislation, development and adoption of a number of normative and legal acts, including a federal law on regulation of trade in Russia, and wider target-oriented approach towards regulation of agricultural production. At the same time the following instruments may be used for the state regulation of agricultural and foodstuffs market: tariff and non-tariff regulation of import of agricultural products, raw materials and foodstuffs, material and technical resources; anti-monopoly measures, technical regulations, certification and licensing, purchase and goods intervention, changes in their procedures, also loan operations, purchase of goods for state needs, support of crediting and leasing in order to form the lacking infrastructural elements for the agricultural and foodstuffs market.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2018.6.27793

Abstract: The authors of the article describe transport logistics system (TLS) in fresh and blue waters that have been created as a result of Crimea joning the Russian Federation. The subject of the research is the organisation of TLSs with the routes that pass through sea and river basins. The object of the research is the TLS cargo lines including special ferries of PO-PO type. As a result of such traffic, the country will receive a transportation line of bigger capacity which will ensure stable rates of national economy growth. The authors of the article analyze variants with multimodal transportation. They focus on efficiency of TLS transportation compared to vehicle and railway transport without using TLS and consequently, tremendous prospects for further development of the sea transportation in the Russian Federation which, in the long run, would ensure the acceptable level of the economic security. The research methodology implies optimization of the TLS target function using fresh and blue waters and taking into accout limited resources. The main conclusions of the research is that reunion of Crimea with the Russian Federation created sea waterways that are used as transportation routes and adjoin to in-land waterways, the latter extending opportunities of TLS. This is important for organisation of multimodal TLS transportation, ensures a sustainble growth of natinal economy and, consequently, acceptable level of economic security. The authors' special contribution to the research is the evaluation and analysis of TLS multimodal transportation through fresh and blue waters. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors analyze and compare variants of multimodal transportation through fresh and blue waters.

DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2015.4.17314

Abstract: The article considers the problem of the irregular structure of Russian export, describes the possible threats to economic safety and proposes taxation measures, favouring the transformation of the resource-based economy into an innovative and a high-tech one. The subject of the study is the role of taxation instruments in export regulation. The authors consider the range of obstacles in the structuring of Russian export be means of taxation instruments, including the problems of harmonization of tax systems of the Customs Union member-states and the implementation of a tax maneuver by the Russian government. Special attention is paid to the necessity to orient the tax policy of the state to the stimulation of import substitution. The authors analyze and compare the dynamics of particular foreign-trade statistical figures for the period of 2001 – 2015. In the result of the study the authors come to the conclusion about the intensification of the crisis, conditioned by the dependence of the Russian economy on energy resources. The authors substantiate the need for export diversification by means of creation of an effective taxation mechanism which would regulate all the branches of the economy with the aim to develop innovative import substitution as a precondition of a new model of economic development. The novelty of the research lies in the proposals of use of the existing, but requiring modernization, taxation instruments affecting export relations.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2018.4.22805

Abstract: In their research the authors set a theoretical task to define components of food security. The authors analyze a set of factors that influence the food security of the country. They clarify a definition of this term in the light of the facts of the Russian history of the XXth century. This is why the authors analyze facts of emergency situations described by historians, such as crop failures and food shortage during the pre-revolutionary and Soviet eras of our history. The authors of the article use historical facts as illustrations necessary to reveal the contents of complex security components. The main research method used by the authors is the retrospective analysis of literary sources. The authors provide a review of publicistic and socio-historical researches of the XIXth - XXth centuries. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors have applied the historical comparative method that allows to compre the state of Russian village before and after the revolution of 1917. The authors also analyze the causes and consequences of hunger as an emergency situation with the most far-reaching consequences. The rationale of the research is defined by today's attention of both civil citizens and authorities of different levels to the issue of food safety.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2022.2.35510

Abstract: In a rapidly changing world order, one of the strategic goals facing Russia at the moment is to ensure food security, which is an integral part of national security. In the Russian Federation, enterprises of various forms of ownership are currently involved in agriculture. Among them, a special place is occupied by specialized agricultural enterprises and subsidiary farms under the jurisdiction of the Federal Penitentiary Service, one of the main tasks of which is to ensure food security of the penal system. Unfortunately, the production capacities of these enterprises and their efficiency are currently insufficient, which is explained by a number of objective reasons. Meanwhile, the possibilities of the penitentiary system in the production of agricultural products, the restoration of agricultural land, the restoration of forests are quite large, which is now being talked about more and more often. The idea of using persons serving a prison sentence in the process of agricultural production is not new. At the turn of the XIX – XX centuries, these ideas were actively discussed both at international prison congresses and among Russian penitentiaries. Taking into account the relevance of the topic, this paper examines the main ideas of domestic penitentiaries on the creation of agricultural colonies and prisons in the Russian Empire, the advantages and disadvantages of correctional institutions of a new type in front of the prevailing imprisonment at that time. The conducted research allowed the authors to conclude that the main ideas developed at the beginning of the twentieth century by domestic lawyers on the creation of agricultural colonies and prisons remain relevant for Russia in the XXI century. The results of studies of the early twentieth century on the topic under consideration, after their thorough refinement, can be taken into account by modern lawyers when adjusting the concept of the development of the domestic penal system.

DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2017.1.21802

Abstract: The research subject is the system of safety of innovative activities and products manufactured by small and medium enterprises in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Innovative activities of enterprises of this sector of the economy annually spread in new sectors of science and production. Thus, the topicality of the problem of the harm of innovations increases, and appears the necessity to solve the problem of the safety of innovative projects. The key aspects of the research are defined within the situation analysis characterized by the growing necessity to develop import substitution. The author applies the system approach to the analysis of development of innovations in the Republic of Bashkortostan; within this approach, the author applies the social method of evaluation of the impact of innovations on the main spheres of social life. The author carries out comparative analysis of the structure of small and medium enterprises in the Republic and specifies the terminology. The author offers the measures to improve the safety of innovative activities, particularly: imposition of additional responsibility on those involved in the development and introduction of innovative products and those using innovative products; creation of analytical and diagnostic centers for innovative products’ safety.

DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2015.6.17992

Abstract: The research subject is the banks’ loan facilities for the population, which are the element of the social product of the country influencing the scale and dynamics of its economic growth. The study is aimed at specification of the system of rates which assess the influence of retail lending on the economic growth; detection of the content and the composition of factors determining this influence and the analysis of their development trends; elaboration of the directions of strengthening of retail lending positive impact on the scales and dynamics of the economic growth in Russia. To achieve the research task and guarantee the validity of the conclusions, the authors apply the abstract-logical, the subject-object, the analytical, and the comparative research methods. The authors assess the impact of retail lending on the economic growth in Russia based on the dynamics of consumer loans rates within the GDP for the period of 1998 – 2015, taking into account its growth rates and the character of the downturn in the development of Russian economy. The authors detect and systematically analyze the main factors of impact of consumer loans on the economic growth. The study substantiates the thesis that this impact is represented by the complex multifactor system in which the resultant feature is the size of GDP, the factors are the volume of loans, the level of loan arrears, the peculiarities of lending policy of banks, the macroeconomic situation, the monetary policy of the Central Bank, the loan consumers’ repayment ability, and the level of inflation. It is established that each factor is characterized by its own function and dynamics, and has multidirectional impact on the economic growth, which can both stimulate the economic growth, and restrain the production of social product. The authors describe the negative influence indicators. It is necessary to control these indicators and timely correct the reasons of negative tendencies in the impact of retail lending on social product, thus providing for the positive character of retail lending influence on the economic growth.

DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2017.2.22391

Abstract: The paper studies the peculiarities of Russia’s economic relations with the countries of Eastern Europe under western sanctions. The research object is Russia’s economic relations with East European countries. The research subject covers the dangers and the threats to Russia’s economic security connected with bilateral economic relations with former countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance in historical retrospective and at the modern stage. The authors analyze the development of economic relations between Russia and the mentioned countries with account for the current geopolitical and geo-economic situation, which includes the interests of joint economic activities of parties to the relations. The topicality of the study consists in the ambiguous character of development of the peculiarities of economic relations between Russia and the new EU member-states in the context of the new geo-economic balance of powers, toughening of international competition and the increased volatility of European markets. The proposed research method includes the historical approach, political and economic analysis of scientific sources, official media reports, and statistical data describing the dynamics of economic relations between Russia and the countries-founders of the CMEA, and the comparative analysis of actions of the parties to bilateral relations in the context of political transformations in Eastern Europe and anti-Russian sanctions. The authors conclude that the toughening of international competition in Eastern Europe is still threatening national security of Russia, but with account of easing western sanctions against Russia, there are tendencies of positive development of bilateral economic relations. Besides, to consistently implement the initiatives of Russia and East European countries, it is necessary to scientifically reason the instruments of investment promotion and business activities encouragement. The research results can serve as the information and analytical material for politicians, diplomats, specialists of international relations studying economic aspects of Russia’s relations with new members of the EU.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2021.1.34474

Abstract: The subject of this research is the international competitiveness of post-Soviet national economies, within the framework of a new integration association in the post-Soviet space – the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). In the context of studying the competitiveness of the member-states of international regional integration associations, the authors analyze and conditionally divide the scientific and theoretical reserve of Russian and foreign scholars into several key vectors of research. The article formulates the approaches towards assessing the impact of integration processes upon the competitiveness of national economies of the EAEU member-states. For the analysis of competitiveness of the participant countries in the integration alliance, the authors applied the methodology of the Global Competitiveness Index of the World Economic Forum. The competitiveness of participant countries of the alliance was examined in accordance with the eight main criteria: the effectiveness of state institutions, infrastructure, the level of macroeconomic stability, development of financial markets, effectiveness of goods and services market, effectiveness of the job market, development of human capital, and assessment of innovation activity. The conclusion is made that all the countries participating in post-Soviet integration association indicate positive dynamics in their international competitiveness, although its level differs considerably. The approach towards assessing the impact of integration upon the competitiveness is formulated. It is noted that the achievement of higher level of competitiveness is impeded by macroeconomic instability of the national economies of post-Soviet space. Recommendations are given in the formation of their competitive advantages within the framework of the integration union.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2018.5.27458

Abstract: Food provision is the most important purposeful activity of each country and society in general. In his research Chernogor offers a definition of food security as the basis of state independence. The matter under research is the concept of food security in terms of Russia and the global society. The researcher offers his own definition of food security and explains the theoretical grounds for giving such a definition. The subject of the research is particular economic relations that arise in the process of solving food security issues. The object of the research is the industry in Russia and world countries. The research methods and methodologies include comparison, observation, analogy, calculation, analysis and synthesis, statistical methods and modelling. The practical importance of the research is that the author makes conclusions and gives suggestions that may be promising for food security and independence of Russia. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the following. The author clarifies a definition of food security and food independence of the Russian Federation and world countries. The author analyzes the dependence of the welfare of the Russians on the comsuption of the main food products. The author outlines the challenges of physical and economic access of the population to imported food products, and the author gives recommendations that would guarantee the food security and food independence of the Russian Federation and other countries of the world.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7543.2020.3.33676

Abstract: Monitoring and assessment of the state of economic security are indented for control purposes over the achievement of goals and objectives established by the Economic Security Strategy of the Russian Federation. The government policy measures aimed at reduction of negative impact of the detected challenges and threats to economic security, prevention and minimization of risks and possible damage to national economy are formed based on the results of monitoring and assessment of the state of economic security. Identification of the problems of monitoring and assessment of the state of economic security of the Russian Federation and their resolution would improve the quality and effectiveness of administrative measures aimed at overcoming the crisis phenomena and ensuring economic growth in the country, which is a relevant scientific-applied task. The article presents the results of analysis of the information-analytical materials on assessment of the state of economic security, provided by the participants of the monitoring of state of economic security (over 30 bodies of state and corporate administration). Assessment is carried out on adaptation of information and analytical materials of the state of economic security to the usage as database for explication of simulation model and conduct of simulation modeling of the state of economic security in different economic sectors. The author identifies the mistakes made by the participants of the monitoring and assessment of economic security in the context of preparation of information, and analytical materials essential for the assessment of economic security in different economic sectors and drafting a report of the Government of the Russian Federation to the President of the Russian Federation. The measures for resolving the indicated problems are proposed.

DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2015.5.17468

Abstract: The subject of this article is the so-called plurilateral agreements, i.e. multilateral agreements with a limited number of participants, open for accession by other countries of the World Trade Organization (WTO). These agreements are discussed in the context of the further development of the WTO. The authors deal with both positive and negative sides of plurilateral agreements within and outside the WTO. The study assesses the possible ways of development of the process of plurilateral agreements use within the WTO. This process is analyzed within the framework and the methodology of comparative and structural-functional approaches. The article discusses two types of plurilateral agreements (agreements within the WTO and agreements outside the WTO, i.e. regional or preferential trade agreements), which are currently used on international trading platforms. The novelty of this research lies in the fact that the potential and the prospects of the plurilateral process have significantly changed and expanded since the Uruguay Round. The article states the sustainable growth of regional or preferential trade agreements. The authors note that institutional reforming of the WTO, in practice, will face significant obstacles, but the gradual inclusion of plurilateral agreements into the multilateral trading system should strengthen and improve it in future.

DOI: 10.7256/2306-0417.2014.4.13374

Abstract: This article is devoted to the research into the currently effective version of the legislative regulation of the legal protection provided for banking operations taking into consideration the amendments made to laws and regulations which have come into force. In this article, the author considers in detail the functions of lending institutions a relates to performing banking operations, lists the limitations and restrictions effective when carrying out trading operations, exemptions from the general rule, the author also describes the penalties imposed for the violation of the above prohibitions. The article describes in detail the specific features of the administrative and criminal responsibility of the officers working in such lending institutions and committing violations of the banking law. Methodologically, the article is based on the combination of the general scientific and special methods of research of the objective social and legal reality in the area being studied: the methods of analysis, synthesis, systematization and generalization, as well as the formal logic method. The article examines and analyses the most important aspects of using the dispositions of the legal rules on responsibility in banking. During this research, the author provided the lit of violations of banking discipline resulting in criminal or administrative responsibility. The conclusion made in this article may be useful for the law enforcement agencies when investigating cases of the relevant category, judges, undergraduate and graduate students, and all those interested in jurisprudence.

DOI: 10.7256/2306-0417.2013.4.677

Abstract: Humanization of criminal legislation in the sphere of economics did not make the general criminal situation any better. Corruption flourishes in spite of ever stricter measures against it. The scandalous schemes for capital export and tax evasion in various ministries and institutions are discussed by the mass media almost daily. Many billions of US dollars are transferred to the offshore zones via "front" companies. Amendments into the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation included the norm, providing that the only reason for initiating a criminal case on tax crimes is materials of tax audits by the tax bodies. Therefore, the internal affairs bodies are eliminated from uncovering tax crimes, which were transferred to the narrowly specialized institution - the tax body. The said body only has the competence to implement tax control, and it cannot hold operative investigation. It causes low level of uncovering tax crimes by the tax bodies, since their main goal is not to fight tax crimes, but to control (supervise) correct calculation of taxes by taxpayers based upon the accounting and tax documents, establishing arrears and applying tax responsibility measures to persons and entities. That is why, there is need to form specialized divisions for uncovering and investigation of tax crimes.

DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2014.6.14166

Abstract: The article examines the development of entreprises as an economic basis of national security and as a basic element of economic capacity which maintains the economic security in Russia's regions, satisfying the needs of the population. The subject of the study includes the administrative and economic relations between the authorities and small businesses and its influence on economic security on the regional level. The aim of the study is an assessment of the status and analysis of measures to support small businesses, as well as to identify the real problems of small business development in Russia's regions. The main idea of the study is that the development of small businesses on the regional level affects the economic security of the region as well as of the whole Russia. The research methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach. The authors use the methods of statistical data processing, economic analysis, induction, comparative analysis, experiment. The article identifies of the system drawbacks of small business in the Russian Federation: the inconsistency of government support measures developed by different agencies; the lack of a single governing body responsible for small businesses; the absence of a common information base to assess the effectiveness of the state support; a limited amount of financial support; the lack of motivation of entrepreneurs to improve their skills. The main conclusion of the authors is that the biggest problem of the development of small business in Russia is the population unwilling to create and participate in the development of their own business.

DOI: 10.7256/2306-0417.2013.4.6441

Abstract: The economic landscape of Russia is territorially variable, which is due to the difference in the potentials, as well as to differing value of regions in global economic connections. At the same time, some regions have economically favorable bordering position, which may be considered a benefit in the international cooperation, and a prerequisite of successful integration of such territories into global economy. Having studied the development of the Republic of Karelia, the authors come to a conclusion, that unlike many bordering regions, the Republic of Karelia does not fully use the positive effects of its geographic position in order to attract foreign investors. However, it is an important dimension of foreign economic relations, since it allows for greater innovative potential and competition advantages, and it strengthens the effects of participation in the international differentiation of labor. Participation of foreign investors is not obvious, therefore, Karelia is among the regions with low level of foreign investments. The authors come to a conclusion that the borderline factor is evened out by the peripheral position, and a number of other factors, including the small number of population. When placing their enterprises, the foreign investors are attracted by the regions with developed economic and transportation infrastructure and high customer potential. The theoretical bases of the Standort theories, the theories of production placement, and central position theories, allowing for best territorial position from the standpoint of less production costs and maximal profits of the owners, are being proven, and the retail zones of enterprises still have a defining role.

DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2015.6.18008

Abstract: The paper considers the cluster policy concept in the Russian Federation. The authors describe the algorithm of its development: individual approach to clusters support, establishment of instruments and directions of support, development of the mechanism of interaction between authorities and business in clusters forming. The paper analyzes the regional cluster policy and its specificity in the regions of the Southern Federal District consisting in the competitive environment development, market institutions strengthening, cluster policy structuring according to the levels of management, and the optimal variants of production factors choosing. The authors apply the system and the complex approaches, and general and specific scientific methods. The authors offer the ways of regional cluster policy improvement in the Southern Federal District based on the existing experience of its implementation in the macro-region and the country in general, and the macro-region’s peculiarities: 1) competitive environment maintenance and development; 2) small businesses maintenance and development; 3) development of innovative production structure; 4) maintenance and development of scientific and educational environment; 5) detection of elements of cluster potential and development of cluster initiatives; 6) creation of mechanisms of interaction between the participants of the forming cluster; 7) clusters development stimulation and monitoring of their activities.

DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2014.5.14293

Abstract: The research subject includes the key international aspects of Russia’s economic security. The authors consider the problem of security provision which is very important in the modern conditions of geopolitical and geoeconomic instability. The article presents multidirectional aspects of both national and international issues of economic security of the states-participants of economic processes, first of all, in the segments of finances and energy. The authors touch upon three major international aspects of economic security: the import of “essential” goods – food, energy resources, and “strategic raw materials”; the import of advanced technology products and progressive technologies; military goods and armaments. The methodology is based on the comparative analysis of different approaches towards the provision of external economic security, including the satellite, autonomous, and situational approaches. The authors use the range of key figures, including competitiveness and economic sovereignty. The authors conclude that the solution of the problems of the financial and energy sectors of Russia’s economy depends on a system work of the state and a permanent interaction with the main participants of these segments of market. It is noted that the existing problem of economic security provision remains unsolved from the viewpoints of multidirectional trends of both national and international aspects of economic security of the states-participants of economic processes. The authors note that the influence of the Western actions on the economic security of Russia is the hardest in the spheres of finances and energy. The authors emphasize the urgency of development and interrelation of the economics of different countries and regions evaluation.

DOI: 10.7256/2409-7543.2014.6.14761

Abstract: The article presents the relevant aspects of economic and energy security of the BRICS countries and shows an urgent need to assess the strategic development and interaction of these economies. It is noted that the rising tensions within the international community and the general instability of the political situation, the aggravation of contradictions in the world's financial, energy centers and regions, have caused the urgent need for reforms both in the system of global governance in the world under the auspices of the UN and in the financial and economic system. The author notes that under these circumstances the creation, establishment and further development of the BRICS group is evaluated as an adequate response to the existing imbalance of powers on the world stage, elimination of contradictions and concentration of common efforts of these countries in the first place in the general economic and energy spheres. Using various methods of comparative analysis and ratings the author shows that since 2008 the pace of economic development of the BRICS countries has been slowing down, but at the same time every year the cooperation between these countries enters a new high-quality format, and aiming at the improvement of the states' energy efficiency and diversification of energy sources triggered by climate change are largely determined by the importance of energy security provision on the basis of renewable energy sources. The author concludes that the BRICS countries are and will remain among the major players on the global energy field, and today the interaction in the sphere of BRICS energy is bilateral but irregular in the degree of development of connections, which is also determined by the varying need for access to energy resources of each country to ensure energy security of the member-states.

DOI: 10.7256/2306-0417.2013.2.550

Abstract: The authors base their study upon the existing economic distinction between normal and excessive inequality in incomes, when the incomes of the 10% of richest persons are no more than 6-8 times higher than incomes of the 10% of poorest persons. They establish that the negative influence of excessive inequality of incomes, which is typical for modern Russia, goes far beyond the economics, and it influences various spheres of social life, such as birth and death rate, health of population, murders and suicides, corruption, social and political processes, etc., thus posing a real threat to the national security of Russia. In the opinion of the authors the lowering the level of excessive inequality could have a multifaceted positive influence on the modern Russian society, it could improve its social structure, help to overcome poverty, ease the social tension, allow for the growth of the middle class. However, the measures towards lowering the inequality level are countered by the persons with super-incomes and their ideologists.

DOI: 10.7256/2306-0417.2014.3.12125

Abstract: Disproportionality of territorial development is one of the main social, economic and demographic problems in Russia. Concentration of production and finances within a rather small portion of the Russian regions facilitates the re-distribution of resources in their favor, leaving vast peripheric territory without any real chances for overcoming their disadvantages in the economic development. The object of studies involves the process of concentration of resources in the industrial and banking spheres from the standpoint of the individual and group resources, including the interests of the state. The author points out the positive elements of this process in the conditions of the globalization, as well as the negative consequences of the over-concentration, including differentiation of regional development, as well as environmental tension in the industrially developed regions. Based upon the comparative analysis the author singles out the regions of the foremost concentration of industrial and banking capital. The process of concentration is regarded by many scientists at the micro-level. The author attempts to evaluate the influence of concentration of capital upon the regional development. The study showed that the process of concentration of capital from the standpoint of the national interests is necessary for the sustainable economic development, while individual interests form the priority goal for for any economic subject. At the same time, the negative sides of over-concentration should be taken into account. Concentration of resources and polarization of territories are mutually determined temporally. There is need to develop the mechanisms for the more efficient distribution of resources, involving small and midle-range businesses into the sphere of interests of large economic subjects in order to even out the development of the territories.

DOI: 10.7256/2306-0417.2013.1.241

Abstract: This article considers models of the risks and barriers to creating Russian centers of capital, and shows such models to be unstable. It explores the conditions for the investment potential of enterprises, cities, and countries given the background of global liberalization. The article also defines the conditions for the formation of regional and global centres of capital. It shows that if the flight of capital abroad is prevented, Russia's accession to the WTO will lead to a decrease in state and municipal budgets. The article also looks at the cycle of isolationism and openness in the economies of independent states. It investigates the GFC in the global centers of capital and as well as the lack of investment potential of the rent-based economy. It analyzes the flight of Russian capital during the GFC and the hyperinstability of the Russian stock market, as well as providing a criticism of the "Concept of creating an international financial center in Russia." It is shown that the possibility and practicability of the establishment and development of a Russian center of capital given the circumstances of the GFC is connected to the formation of knowledge-based enterprises, the competitiveness of which provides promising scientific and technical activities, based on the results of basic research. Finally, the article considers the efficiency of the Russian government's anti-GFC measures. It considers the strategic mistakes of the liberals, including the loss of control of the real economy. It shows the necessity for the centralization of government regulation and describes the directions for research and the development of mechanisms for the creation and growth of the Russian center of capital, which will act to promote sustainable development.