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Urban Studies
Reference:
Glatolenkova E.
The Heritage of the Ussuri Railway in Dalnerechensk
// Urban Studies.
2023. ¹ 3.
P. 1-13.
DOI: 10.7256/2310-8673.2023.3.43423 EDN: SDSKJH URL: https://en.nbpublish.com/library_read_article.php?id=43423
The Heritage of the Ussuri Railway in Dalnerechensk
Glatolenkova Ekaterina
Senior Lecturer, Department of Design of Architectural Environment, Pacific National University
680035, Russia, Khabarovskii krai, g. Khabarovsk, ul. Tikhookeanskaya, 136
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008703@pnu.edu.ru
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Other publications by this author
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DOI: 10.7256/2310-8673.2023.3.43423
EDN: SDSKJH
Received:
24-06-2023
Published:
11-07-2023
Abstract:
The work continues the author's research on the railway architecture of the south of the Far East and is part of a project to study the architectural image of the homeland. The subject of the research, the results of which are described in the article, are architectural and urban features of the railway architecture of the town of Dalnerechensk in Primorsky Krai. Historical reference is given about development of the town from the moment of foundation of the first settlement in the middle of the 19th century till the transformation connected with building of railroad station Iman of Ussuri railway from Vladivostok to Khabarovsk in the end of the 19th century. The author pays special attention to studying of central part of the town and current condition of railway building. The materials of the expedition and archival research carried out in 2017-2023 are presented. During the analysis of urban development of the central district of Dalnerechensk the objects included in the register of architectural monuments, located along the Trans-Siberian Railway are examined. The scientific novelty of the research is defined by generalization and mapping of the preserved heritage sites of the Ussuri railway XIX-XX centuries in Dalnerechensk, carried out for the first time. The result of the research is a scheme of buildings and structures location. The generalized information about the architectural monuments available in the city can be used in education, restoration practices and activities related to the popularization of industrial heritage.
Keywords:
architecture, architectural heritage, railway station, urban planning, Far East, houses for workers, railway architecture, residential environment, typical architecture, Ussuri railway
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Introduction Relevance. The railway architecture of Dalnerechensk of the late XIX – early XX century is of research interest in the light of the study of the large-scale construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the identification of preserved objects of historical and cultural heritage of Russian railways in the Far East. The construction of the road was accompanied by the solution of the tasks of ensuring the life of the settlers and, no less important, required the creation of a familiar image of the city far from their native places. The preserved buildings are the most significant, from the point of view of studying the architectural heritage, part of the urban development of Dalnerechensk, and their compact placement allows us to consider the objects of research as a single complex. The problem of research. Dalnerechensk, until 1972 – a V–class station of Iman, is one of the few cities in the south of the Far East where some attention is paid to the railway heritage: of the 14 architectural monuments of local (regional) significance, nine are associated with the railway past 1. The buildings along Ussuriyskaya Street, parallel to the railway, are clearly distinguishable among the one–story buildings - information panels are located on the facades facing the street, the colors of the facades are kept in a single scale, the details are preserved. In the Glublina district, along the streets of Freedom and Heroes of Damansky, the situation is different: buildings are surrounded by blind fences and trees, there is no information about buildings, facade elements have been lost (window blocks have been replaced, bindings and decor of windows and doors have been lost). The area around the houses is not landscaped, there are no sidewalks, the facades are in poor condition. Residential buildings, traditionally perceived as utilitarian buildings, do not arouse such interest among citizens, tourists and even researchers as the "gates of the city" – the railway station and the buildings adjacent to it and the railway tracks. At the same time, they formed the basis of the station settlement and were necessary to provide housing for the first builders; today they are an important historical and cultural heritage of the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. The purpose and objectives of the study. The purpose of the study is to systematize information about the presence and mutual location of objects of architectural heritage of the Ussuri railway in Dalnerechensk and to preserve the complex of historical buildings. The tasks of the work included the analysis of the location of the preserved railway buildings of the city, the study of the historical context and the current state of the historical environment, drawing up the layout of cultural heritage objects (mapping). A brief overview of research on the topic. Among the studies of the architecture of Far Eastern cities, there are very few publications devoted to the industrial heritage of the region. One of the first are the articles and dissertation of S. S. Levoshko (Moiseenkova) "The evolution of placement and architectural and urban organization of industrial enterprises in the cities of the Far East" (1987), the works of M. E. Bazilevich devoted to architecture and architects of Primorye and the Amur region [1],[2]. Foreign influences in the formation of the image of the Iman of the beginning of the XX century are considered in the work of A. P. Ivanova [3]. Modern research on Dalnerechensk mainly considers sociological processes in the city and changes in the post-perestroika period. In particular, L. E. Blyakher's article "Roadside economy as a form of survival of small towns in the south of the Russian Far East" studies the specific position and orientation of entrepreneurs not only on the highway, but also, interestingly in the context of this publication, on the railway and the development of its tourist potential [4]. The research methodology is based on the attribution of objects identified during the expeditions. The methods of complex research used combine field surveys, historical-archival and bibliographic research. To prepare the publication, materials obtained during the expedition in October 2022 were used; full-scale surveys of the railway station area and their photofixation made it possible to identify the objects of research and determine their location. Drawings and design documentation were obtained as a result of archival surveys in 2017-2023, information about the progress of construction works in the city was obtained from the materials of the Dalnerechensk History Museum fund. The author expresses gratitude to the staff of the Museum of the History of the city of Dalnerechensk and the staff of the Far Eastern State Scientific Library of Khabarovsk for their assistance in conducting the research. The study was carried out with the financial support of the RFBR and RYaK No. 21-512-23004. Architectural environment of Grafskaya Stanitsa and Iman station
The history of Dalnerechensk is a classic example of the development of a Far Eastern city. It received the status of a city in 1917 and united several scattered settlements: a settlement at a railway station, a Cossack village and a military garrison. The village of Grafskaya was formed in the middle of the XIX century, immediately after the conclusion of the Treaty of Aigun. Cossack villages were founded along the entire right bank of the Ussuri River. The first settlers of the Grafskaya stanitsa in 1859 were Cossacks of the Trans-Baikal Cossack army, later – Cossacks of the Don, Tver, Kuban, Orenburg troops. In 1895, the creation of the Amur-Ussuri Cossack Flotilla and the development of the Iman pier (Iman is the name of the Ussuri tributary, the current name is Bolshaya Ussurka) began, and in 1891, the construction of the Ussuri Railway, which was divided into Southern and Northern sections for the convenience of construction work. Nearby stations Muravyov-Amursky and Iman (at a distance of about 9 versts from each other) were the endpoints of these sites. Due to the presence of a pier on Ussuri, part of the cargo from Vladivostok for the construction of the tracks of the northern section was delivered further to Khabarovsk along the river, for this a branch was laid to the pier from the main line of the road under construction. Initially, the railway station was also called Grafskaya, and later it was renamed Iman. Muravyov-Amursky station was renamed Lazo station.
According to the survey from the funds of the Dalnerechensk Museum (Fig. 1), it can be seen that the Grafskaya stanitsa was located between the Ussuri and Iman rivers, on its left bank. |
| | Fig. 1. The plan of the Iman and its surroundings (author – yesaul Tanaev). Photo from the collections of the Museum of the History of Dalnerechensk, October 2022 | The Cossack village has not been preserved – as a rule, the Cossacks' housing was simple houses of the same type (traditional pyatistenok). The same type of house could be used for housing, and for the placement of school classes and for administrative needs.
In the information about the settlement of Iman in 1907, it is noted that "the rapid formation and growth of the settlement was facilitated by a significant military garrison standing on Iman and the annual settlement of a significant number of settlers in the area closest to Iman" [5]. The data also indicates that despite the relatively favorable climate, agriculture was not developed in the area, there were no peasant settlements: "The settlement of Iman is currently a fairly populated trading post of the Ussuri region with a predominantly commercial, handicraft and service population and with a complete absence of farmers..." [5, p. 18]. A significant population (about 10,000 people) was provided with all the necessary institutions: hospitals, schools, colleges, public meetings. 2 Historical development of the railway station
Layout. Work on the preparation of the territory project and coordination took place through the Technical Department, the documents were signed by the head of the department. O. P. Vyazemsky and Yu. I. Kurdyumov took part in the construction of the track and the design of the station buildings. In the early drawing of the village (Fig. 2) at the railway station, the main objects necessary for the functioning of the road are indicated – a passenger building (built according to a standard project, wooden), a water–lifting building, a number of wooden buildings - a repair barracks, a food point, a barracks of lower ranks (Fig. 4), warehouses, a bathhouse. Construction work on the construction of buildings was carried out in 1894-1897.3
In the I. S. Clark Satellite , the following is said about the Iman station: "A relatively large, stone and well-maintained railway station, near which the barracks buildings of a railway battalion with a church are grouped. Behind the station is a vast village, several streets long, with hotels, inns, Japanese, Chinese, Russian shops, with a branch of the Kunst and Albers company, Chinese inns and Japanese brothels" [5, p. 82]. All the listed buildings were located outside the exclusion zone of the road, where the construction was supervised by the Ministry of Railways, on the plan the boundary of the alienation is shown by a dashed line (Fig. 2). | 
| | Fig. 2. Layout of tracks and buildings at the Iman station [6] | Passenger building. The first railway station was built in 1897, made of wood. The facade was designed according to a standard design for passenger buildings of Class V, but had a large area and an elongated structure. The building housed the premises of the stationmaster, a telegraph office, rooms for switchmen and telegraph operators [7, p. 53]. The passenger hall for 5,32 sq. fathoms was located in the protruding part of the station facing the platform, and was not divided into classes. In the 1908-1910s, reconstruction took place along the entire line of the road, due to the growth of passenger traffic and the need to expand the areas of railway stations and strengthen the track. At many stations, the first wooden buildings were replaced with more durable brick or stone ones. In particular, the stations in Nikolsk-Ussuriysky, at Spasskaya station and in Dalnerechensk were renovated. The new brick passenger building was built next to the existing wooden one, closer to the road line (Fig. 3a): according to the first general plans, the wooden building was located at a distance from the paths along which the gardens were planted. The first station was dismantled only in 2002, and in 2003 a new, more spacious, two-story station was built in its place (Fig. 3b). The old passenger building continues to be operated as an administrative building of JSC "Russian Railways (RZD)". | 
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| | b) | | Fig. 3. Dalnerechensk Railway station: a) a fragment of a photograph from the 1990s – a view of the platform from the side of the tracks: on the left – the first wooden station used as a waiting room, on the right – the ticket offices of the station built in the 1910s [8]; b) a modern view of the platform from the viaduct, photo by the author, October 2022. |
Residential buildings for road employees. To provide housing for the battalions of railway troops engaged in the construction of the railway, spacious wooden barracks, about 30 fathoms long, were built along the entire line. In total, 21 barracks 4 were built on the Severno-Ussuriyskaya line, one in Iman, with outbuildings and significantly removed from the road line to the east. To this day, the barracks has been preserved in good condition. The paneling and decor of the two end gables survived. The building houses separate apartments with private plots (Fig. 4b).
In addition to barracks, wooden houses for family workers were also built. This is a typical project, common at other stations of the Ussuri road – in Vyazemsky, Spassk. A residential house for four families, rectangular in plan, with a characteristic decoration of the gables (Fig. 5).
The modernization of 1908-1910 also affected the transformation of the living environment. Along the first line from the railway tracks (today – Ussuriyskaya Street), capital residential houses for two or four owners with plots were built. It is these buildings that are best preserved and are architectural monuments of the city – these are five houses along Ussuriyskaya Street (Fig. 6). | 
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| | b) | | Fig. 4. The barracks for the accommodation of the railway battalion: a) a photo of the beginning of the XX century [9]; b) a modern view from Svobody Street (photo by the author, October 2022) | The current state of the railway station area. In the Decree of the Governor of Primorsky Krai, approved in September 2000,1, nine architectural monuments of the city of Dalnerechensk are listed. The buildings are equipped with information signs, the facades are given a uniform, close to historical appearance. Most of the monuments – residential buildings in private ownership with outbuildings are fenced; only the brick base of the water tower has survived; the former passenger building is closed to visitors. All the mentioned buildings are located compactly, the building line is stretched along the Trans-Siberian railway and is part of the central district of the city. The station square is one of the important transport hubs (there are railway and bus stations nearby, a viaduct opens onto the square through the tracks to the coastal part of the city), important administrative buildings, a memorial zone and a city park are located in the continuation of the axis of the square. Local residents also recognize the importance of the railway past of the city – a separate stand is dedicated to the construction of the station in the Museum of the history of Dalnerechensk. The station square is one of the important transport hubs (there are railway and bus stations nearby, a viaduct opens onto the square through the tracks to the coastal part of the city), administrative buildings, a memorial zone and a city park are located in the continuation of the axis of the square. | 
| | Fig. 5. A wooden apartment house for four families on Svobody Street (photo by the author, October 2022) | |  
| | Fig.6. Residential buildings on Ussuriyskaya Street – architectural monuments, modern appearance and information plate on the facade (photo by the author, October 2022) | The study of the historical development of the village of the former railway station allowed us to identify a number of objects that have a direct connection with the history of the construction of the Ussuri railway and are among the oldest buildings in the city. Among them: the station building, built in the 1910s, a water-lifting building (preserved base), brick and wooden residential buildings, a former wooden barracks and, so far, presumably, a bathhouse building. All buildings are marked on the diagram (Fig. 7). | 
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Fig. 7. Layout of buildings dating from the construction of the Ussuri railway at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries: 1. The old station building, built in the 1910s; 2. Water-lifting building (base); 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 – Stone residential buildings; 9, 12, 13, 14 – wooden residential buildings; 10. The former wooden barracks; 11. The building of the former bathhouse (presumably). | Conclusions The railway architecture of Dalnerechensk definitely occupies an important place in the modern structure of the city. Despite more than a century and a half of its history, the buildings from the time of the construction of the Ussuri Railway continue to be operated and not only have not lost their attractiveness, but are important elements of the urban environment, a complex, a landmark of the city that determines its identity. The preservation of this complex is an important matter that requires consistent research work. The results obtained on the identification and systematization of the preserved objects of railway heritage can be used in further research by the author, specialists in the field of restoration, museum workers to compile excursion routes for those interested in the history of the city and passing tourists. Notes 1. Resolution of the Governor of Primorsky Krai dated 29.09.2000 N 653 “On approval of the state list of immovable historical and cultural monuments of local (regional) significance" | GARANT [Electronic resource]. URL: https://base.garant.ru/30119419 / (accessed: 05/14/2023) 2. Siberian Yearbook. 1913 b/m: b/g Ed. III. pp. 171-172. Quote from [6, p. 38]. 3. Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East. Fund 702. Inventory. 2. Case 597. Sheets 74, 150, 190-190ob. Information about the progress of work on the construction of the North-Ussuri railway. Quote from [10, p. 71, 93, 118]. 4. Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East. Fund 702. Inventory. 2. Case. 597. Sheet 82. Information about the progress of work on the construction of the North-Ussuri railway. Quote from [10, p. 76].
References
1. Bazilevich, M. E. & Kradin, N. P. P. (2020). Industrial Architecture of Primorye. Vladivostok, Ussuriysk. Project Baikal, 65, 122-131.
2. Bazilevich, M. E. (2020). Industrial architecture of the Russian Far East in the context of the activities of the first architects and engineers. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 962. 1–6. Retrieved from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/962/3/032067.
3. Ivanova, A. P. (2013). Architecture of Chinese settlements: to the problem of cultural strategies of Far Eastern colonization. Âåñòíèê ÒÎÃÓ [PNU Bulletin], 3(10), 139-148.
4. Blyakher, L. E. (2021) Roadside Economy as a Form of Survival of Small Towns in the South of the Russian Far East. Oikumena. Regional Studies, 1 (56). Retrieved from https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/pridorozhnaya-ekonomika-kak-forma-vyzhivaniya-malyh-gorodov-yuga-dalnego-vostoka-rossii.
5. From the history of settlement in the South-Ussuri Region-Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East. Retrieved from http://rgiadv.ru/rabota-s-polzovatelyami/publikatsiya-dokumentov/iz-istorii-zaseleniya/.
6. Russian State Historical Archive of the Far East. Fund 31. Inventory 1. File 21. P. 1. Plan of location of tracks and buildings at Iman station.
7. Album of executive drawings of South and North Ussuri railway construction. 1891-94, 1894-97. St.-Petersburg: Art Press Society, 1900.
8. History of Dalnerechensk. Äàëüíåðå÷åíñê.ðó [Dalnerechensk.ru]. Retrieved from http://dalnerechye.ru/index/city_history_dalnerechensk/0-2.
9. Photo. 1918-1922 Building in the settlement. PastVu. URL: Retrieved from https://pastvu.com/p/1117513.
10. The Emperor's cherished dream. To the 120th anniversary of Ussuri railway construction beginning. Documents and materials (2011). Vladivostok: Dalnauka.
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The subject of the research in the article is the legacy of the Ussuri Railway in the City of Military Valor (2020) of Dalnerechensk, Primorsky Krai of Russia, consisting of a set of preserved buildings from the time of the construction of the railway at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. The subject of the study is considered on the basis of empirical material, specific buildings, examples of which are illustratively represented by photographs of the author. In general, the article is devoted to the inventory of the heritage of the Ussuri railway in Dalnerechensk based on the results of expeditions and archival research. As a generalized result, the "Layout of buildings from the time of the construction of the Ussuri [author's spelling] railway at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries" is presented (Fig. 7), which allows us to interpret the main goal of the article as a scientifically based mapping of the preserved heritage sites of the Ussuri railway in Dalnerechensk of the XIX – XX centuries. This assumption is supported by the lack of an assessment of the condition of the objects, their historical, cultural and artistic value, and other assessments: most likely, such tasks are assumed in the continuation of the RFBR-funded research. The weak conclusion of the article is due to the lack of a transparent and clear research program (purpose, objectives, methods). The strong point of the article is that the totality of identified and attributed objects is mapped as a potential complex of historical buildings. Thus, the subject of the study is considered very thoroughly, allowing you to plan further scientific work with it, but one-sidedly. If the importance of the disclosed aspect had been clearly articulated by the author in the introduction, one could talk about the full achievement of the article's goal, but this is not the case. Therefore, the reviewer recommends correcting this flaw either in the introduction or in a specially highlighted but methodically weak section "Research methodology". The research methodology is based on attribution of objects identified during expeditions (photo fixation) with archival sources (drawings and design documentation). The weak side is the lack of an articulated purpose and objectives of the study, as if the methods used are self-valuable and unequivocally indicate the justification of the financial costs of the study. The result obtained (a generalized scheme of objects) is valuable only theoretically for continuing the study of the designated objects and developing a program for their most rational use in specific socio-cultural practices. If the author was interested in this particular result, then it must be openly stated, justifying its significance. In the absence of such an explanation, the value of the study (theoretical and practical significance) remains unclear. The author does not pay attention to the relevance of the research topic, as if the reader is obliged to ask himself what exactly attracted the project financing organization (RFBR). It is impossible to theoretically justify such an approach, as well as from the ethical side it is ambiguous. The reviewer recommends that the author give at least a few words to substantiate the relevance of the study. As part of the identification of preserved objects of historical and cultural heritage of Russian Railways (RZD), the topic raised by the author is very relevant. If the management of Russian Railways, for example, intends to further position itself as a socially responsible Russian business elite, concern for the preservation of the historical and cultural heritage of Russia entrusted to it, as well as the part of the heritage transferred to the municipal administration, directly confirms a socially responsible position, and the opposite position harms the image of the monopolist. The scientific novelty of the study is expressed by a generalized cartography scheme of the preserved heritage sites of the Ussuri railway of the XIX – XX centuries in Dalnerechensk. The style of the text in the article is generally scientific. When finalizing the article, the author should eliminate individual typos in the text and captions to the drawings (for example: "Research methodology.During the preparation of ...", "... the construction of the Ussuri railway...", "... the station building, completed in the 1910s", etc.). The structure of the article generally corresponds to the logic of presenting the results of scientific research, but the content of individual sections (introduction, methodology, conclusion), as noted above, follows strengthen it. The bibliography, taking into account the empirical support of the study, reflects the subject field of the study to the fullest extent. The appeal to the opponents is correct and sufficient. Of course, the interest of the readership of the journal "Urbanistics" is guaranteed after a little revision according to the recommendations of the reviewer.
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The author submitted his article "The Legacy of the Ussuri Railway in Dalnerechensk" to the Ubranistika magazine, in which a study of the architectural objects of the city in the south of the Far East was conducted. The author proceeds in studying this issue from the fact that Dalnerechensk (until 1972, the Iman class V station) is one of the few cities in the south of the Far East where some attention is paid to the railway heritage: out of 14 architectural monuments of local (regional) significance, nine are associated with the railway past. The buildings along Ussuriyskaya Street, parallel to the railway, are clearly distinguishable among single–storey buildings - information signs are located on the facades facing the street, the colors of the facades are kept in a single scale, details are preserved. However, the author observes a different situation in the depths of the district, along the streets of Freedom and Heroes of Damansky: buildings are surrounded by blind fences and trees, there is no information about buildings, facade elements are lost. The area around the houses is not landscaped, there are no sidewalks, the facades are in poor condition. At the same time, as the author notes, they formed the basis of the station settlement and were necessary to provide housing for the first builders; today they are an important historical and cultural heritage of the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the railway architecture of Dalnerechensk in the late XIX – early XX century is of research interest in the light of studying the large-scale construction of the Trans-Siberian railway and identifying preserved objects of historical and cultural heritage of Russian railways in the Far East. The preserved buildings are the most significant part of the urban development of Dalnerechensk from the point of view of studying the architectural heritage, and their compact placement allows us to consider the objects of research as a single complex. The practical significance lies in the fact that the results obtained on the identification and systematization of preserved railway heritage sites can be used in further research by the author, specialists in the field of restoration, museum workers to compile sightseeing routes for those interested in the history of the city and passing tourists. The research methodology is based on the attribution of the objects identified by the author during the expeditions. The methods of complex research used combine field surveys, historical-archival and bibliographic research. The empirical base was made up of materials obtained during the expedition in October 2022, photographs of the railway station, drawings and design documentation obtained as a result of archival research in 2017-2023, materials from the foundation of the Museum of the History of Dalnerechensk. The purpose of the study is to systematize information about the presence and mutual location of objects of architectural heritage of the Ussuri railway in Dalnerechensk and to preserve the complex of historical buildings. In accordance with the purpose, the author sets the following tasks: analysis of the location of the preserved railway buildings of the city, study of the historical context and the current state of the historical environment, drawing up a layout of cultural heritage sites. The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and RYAK No. 21-512-23004. Having analyzed the scientific validity of the studied issues, the author notes an extremely small number of scientific studies devoted to the industrial heritage of the region. Modern research on Dalnerechensk, as noted by the author, mainly examines the sociological processes in the city and changes in the post-perestroika period. Based on the historical and cultural analysis, the author concludes that the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway contributed to the intensification of the economic and social development of the city. The author, using design documentation and photographic images, describes in detail the stages of planning and construction of individual urban facilities in Dalnerechensk (Iman): station buildings, residential buildings for employees, barracks of the railway battalion. The study of the historical development of the village of the former railway station allowed the author to identify a number of objects that are directly related to the history of the construction of the Ussuri railway and are one of the the oldest buildings in the city. Among them: the station building, built in the 1910s, a water-lifting building (preserved base), brick and wooden residential buildings, a former wooden barracks and a bathhouse building. The author noted the recognition by residents and authorities of the historical and cultural heritage of the city: by the decree of the governor of Primorsky Krai, 9 objects received the status of architectural monuments of regional significance, the museum of Dalnerechensk has an exposition dedicated to the construction of a railway station. In conclusion, the author presents a conclusion on the conducted research, which contains all the key provisions of the presented material. It seems that the author in his material touched upon relevant and interesting issues for modern socio-humanitarian knowledge, choosing a topic for analysis, consideration of which in scientific research discourse will entail certain changes in the established approaches and directions of analysis of the problem addressed in the presented article. The results obtained allow us to assert that the study of objects of historical and cultural heritage of certain Russian regions, the possibilities of their protection and restoration is of undoubted theoretical and practical cultural interest and can serve as a source of further research. The material presented in the work has a clear, logically structured structure that contributes to a more complete assimilation of the material. An adequate choice of methodological base also contributes to this. However, the bibliographic list of the study consists of only 10 sources, which seems insufficient for generalization and analysis of scientific discourse on the studied problem. The author fulfilled his goal, received certain scientific results that allowed him to summarize the material. It should be stated that the article may be of interest to readers and deserves to be published in a reputable scientific publication after the specified drawback has been eliminated. In addition, the text of the article needs correction.
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