Taxes and Taxation - rubric TAXATION OF PHYSICAL PERSONS

Abstract: The research is devoted to regional features of collecting transport tax from physical persons. Almost every family in Russia owns a car or other vehicle, which are subject to taxation, so the question of levying the vehicle tax and identification of regional features of its collection are relevant to all Russians. The object of this research is the taxation of vehicles belonging to physical persons in the Russian Federation. The subject of the research is the tax relations arising between the state and individuals on the taxation of vehicles.In her research Borodina analyzes dynamics and structure of payments for the transportation tax levied on individuals. Special attention is paid to the following aspects: the structure of distribution of vehicles and amount of vehicle tax according to the Federal districts; the detailed analysis of the collecting transport tax from physical persons in the Central Federal district. In her research Borodina has used statistical, analytical and graphical research methods and carried out qualitative, quantitative, comparative and retrospective analysis. The researcher has also used the method of synthesis. The main results and conclusions of the research are the following. The author has discovered inhomogeneous distribution of transport tax sums collectged from individuals in federal districts and Russian Federation constituents. The transport tax burden has been shifted from light motor vehicles and motor bikes towards trucks and air vehicles owned by individuals. The author has also discovered the low profitability of implying multiplying coefficients for light motor vehicles for the budgets of the Central Federal District constituents. Based on the analysis of legislative acts of the Central Federal District constituents the author has found out that many regions do not use the opportunity to apply tax priviledges and differentiated tax rates offered by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation which significantly reduces the regulating and social functions of transport tax.

Keywords: tax benefits, trucks, cars, transport tax, taxation of individuals, taxation transport, tax rates, tax burden, water transport, air transport

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2022.3.38119

Abstract: The subject of research is foreign experience of taxation of financial assets of individuals. Annually investment activity of individuals gains momentum. That is why tax legislation should be adaptable and effective. With the as high as possible tax revenue individual taxation should not prevent the investment activity of individuals. For that government should create comfortable conditions for investment activity of individuals. In this work were reviewed the basic principles of calculation and payment of personal taxes in foreign countries. The methodology of the research includes analysis, synthesis, deduction and modeling. Reviewed the main advantages of foreign personal income taxation of investment activity, there was achieved the main goal – analysis of tax aspects which are potentially could be used in Russian tax legislation. Among the most effective ways of improvement of personal taxation of investment activity are expansion of criteria of tax residency, implementation of preferential tax rates for investments and establishment of capital gains taxation. Earlier the issue of foreign experience of personal income taxation was raised in articles of such authors as U.V. Malkova, K.I. Gizzatullina, A.G. Garifullina, E.T. Anisimova. Furthermore, the uniqueness of this article consists of detailed analysis of personal income taxation of financial investments of individuals.

Keywords: investment appeal, tax stimulation, withholding tax, tax allowance, tax incentives, tax base, financial investments, international taxation, income tax, tax residency

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2022.6.39064

Abstract: Within the framework of the "Strategy for improving financial literacy in the Russian Federation for 2017-2023" developed by the Government of the Russian Federation in order to form an understanding among the population of the importance of paying taxes, to increase confidence in the tax system of the Russian Federation, they actively carry out activities aimed at forming a positive attitude towards the tax policy of the state. The purpose of this work is to develop a mechanism for identifying areas of influence on the level of tax culture of individuals for the purposes of a risk-based approach in the prevention of tax violations. The subject of the study is the level of tax culture of a particular region of the Russian Federation, determined through the amount of debt of citizens to pay taxes and fees. As part of the development of a differentiated approach, an analysis of legal documents and a content analysis of the statistical base of court decisions based on Article 48 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation for 2019-2021 were carried out. With the help of graphical analysis, the development of a map with QGIS technologies using the Jenks natural discontinuity classification method, a cluster analysis of territories was implemented and municipalities were identified, the tax culture of the population of which must be given priority impact. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that, using the example of a separate subject of the Russian Federation, a mechanism was formulated and tested to identify areas of influence on the level of tax culture of individuals for the purposes of a risk-based approach in the prevention of tax violations. The practical significance lies in improving the efficiency of the supervisory activities of tax authorities.

Keywords: financial education, spatial differentiation, financial culture, financial literacy, risk-based approach, level of financial literacy, tax behavior, tax debt, tax culture, tax literacy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2013.4.8018

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2018.4.25928

Abstract: The subject of the research is the classification of recipients of social tax benefits, the object of the research is the social tax benefits granted to beneficiaries in accordance with the classification of recipients of tax benefits offered by the author of the article. In this article Ksiropulos examines such aspects of the topic as the social support of population through applying tax instruments, in particular, personal income tax benefits. The author pays special attention to the decrease of the level of social dependency by using tax benefits, in particular, withdrawal of employable citizens from the category of poor individuals to the category of self-sufficient individuals. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research includes legal acts of the Russian Federation issued in the field of social welfare as well as tax regulation of profits of physical entities and socially oriented organisations. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author offers a classification of recipients of social support for taxation purposes and defines criteria for selecting tax benefits depending on beneficiaries in accordance with the principals of them being transferred to the category of self-sufficient individuals as well as creation of certain 'target' conditions for granting tax benefits, in particular, lowering the level of social dependency.

Keywords: tax policy, charity, business entities, tax mechanism, tax instruments, social support, Beneficiary of social tax benefits, poor families, self-sufficiency, social dependency

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2019.1.28795

Abstract: The aim of this research is to define areas for improving the role of local taxes in the development of the revenue side of local budget under modern conditions. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of local taxation system and the fiscal role of local taxes in the development of local budget revenues. The author analyzes modern issues and prospects for the development of local taxation. The author focuses on the role of local tax privileges in the development of the revenue side of local budgets (the case study of the Republic of Dagestan). The authors analyzes the structure and tax basis for the property of physical entities and land tax during the period since 2015 till 2017 (the case study of the Republic of Dagestan). The research is based on the use of general research methods (observation, logical anlaysis, economic analysis, integrated approach and analogy) as well as special research methods and procedures (comparision and generalisation, selection and grouping). As a result of the research, the author gives recommendations on how to improve the local taxation system including raising efficiency of tax priveleges. Moreover, the author suggests measures aimed at collectability of local taxes including increasing efficiency of tax administration and reduction of the amount of local tax payable. Based on the results of the research, the author gives recommendations aimed at improvement of the local taxation system and increasing the role of local taxes in the development of the revenue side of local budgets under modern conditions.

Keywords: administration, debt, property, land, benefits, base, regulation, budget, taxes, control

Abstract: The article is devoted to the role of personal income tax in the structure of municipal unit budget. The article provides information regarding the structure of tax revenues of municipal units of the Russian Federation as well as contents and structure of tax revenues of Michurinsk, Tambov Region. Moreover, the author of the article describes the main tendencies of improving personal income taxation in this day and age.

Keywords: taxes and taxation, tax, taxation, profi ts, physical entities (persons), municipal unit, budget, regulations, distribution, reformation.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2017.5.23266

Abstract: The subject of the research is the grounds for directions of improving physical entities' taxation (in particular, individual residential property taxation) based on their cadastral valuation and prediction of decision consequences using the method of simulation modeling. The object of the research is dependent and interdependent relations that may arise in the process of residential property taxation based on their cadastral valuation. The purpose of the research is to develop recommendations on how to improve the procedure of calculating and collection individual property tax (IPT) based on their cadastral valuation and using the method of simulation modeling. When developing the simulation model, the authors have applied the system dynamics approach that allows to reflect the difficult interdependent relation between individual property taxation elements in the process of individual property taxation based on cadastral valuation. The interface of working with the aforesaid model allows a real-time evaluation of management decision consequences in the process of individual property taxation prior to the moment they are put to practice. The authors offer their own simulation model for connecting budget taxation flows and the level of the population satisfaction based on the principles of system dynamics which allows to predict consequences of decisions that are made in the sphere of individual property taxation as well as to valuate measures aimed at keeping the balance of interests between the state, municipalities and households (economic entities).

Keywords: real estate objects, cadastral valuation, balance of interests, local budget, tax reform, property tax, taxation, simulation modeling, system dynamics, friendly interface

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2018.6.26024

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issue of reducing state tax risks caused by informal activity of the self-employed citizens through improving the taxation system and defining the legal status of the self-employed citizens. The aim of the article is to define state tax risks that relate to the self-employed citizens, and to develop recommendations on eliminating them. The author of the article offers her own classification of the self-employed citizens depending on the degree of their law-obedience. She also describes approaches to developing a risk-oriented model of tax administration: legal, organisational, and informative, describes the main risks of tax administration and makes recommendations for their elimination taking into account the degree of law-obedience of taxpayers. The methodology of the research is based on the systems approach that allows to identify problems that may arise in the process of managing state tax risks through performing a complex analysis of legal, organisational and informative structural elements of the tax administration model. The author demonstrates that it is very important to define the legal status of self-employed citizens and to take into account their behavior as taxpayers in order to develop and implement the risk-oriented modelof tax administration. The author also proves the need to establish a special tax regime for self-employed citizens, i.e. the tax on their sales and purchases, that may be function in addition to the patent taxation system on a voluntary basis. Insurance payment should be made by the self-employed citizens on a voluntary basis. Recommendations that were made as a result of the research can be used by tax authorities and state administrative bodies in the sphere of taxatino and tax administration of the self-employed citizens taking into account the behavior of the population as taxpayers and benefits of economy digitalization.

Keywords: tax behavior, law-abiding, economy digitalization, tax administration, a risk-based approach, legal status, the self-employed citizens, patent system of taxation, the state's tax risks, insurance contributions

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2022.3.37827

Abstract: Monetary inequality is a serious socio-economic problem both for Russia and for many countries. The implementation of tools for smoothing inequality today becomes a condition for ensuring Russia's national security and sustainable development around the world. The level of inequality and poverty in Russia is at a very high level. The degree of inequality has not been reduced for 30 years, that is, in fact, since the beginning of the period of market reforms and privatization, despite the measures taken by the government. And even in the current very difficult financial and economic conditions, the task of reducing inequality remains a key direction of socio-economic policy. This task has been set today at the highest state level. The above makes it urgent to develop and implement a set of measures to influence the state on inequality. The subject of the study is the socio-economic relations of the state and citizens regarding the smoothing of monetary inequality in terms of determining the configuration of factors of state influence. Within the framework of the study, the factors of the state's impact on inequality are systematized and classified. As such, the following are considered: income, property and indirect taxation of citizens, state social transfers (pensions, benefits, social programs), monetary policy, labor market regulation, macroeconomic policy to ensure growth. It is shown that the main state instrument in the field of smoothing inequality in Russia are state social transfers. The potential of personal income tax is practically not realized, despite the fact that the world experience of smoothing inequality is focused primarily on income taxation. The prospects of development in the impact of the state on inequality are determined. Advantages and disadvantages of tax instruments are noted. The directions of improving income, indirect, and property taxation of citizens to reduce inequality are proposed.

Keywords: smoothing, impact, state regulation, welfare, Gini coefficient, social transfers, progressive scale, income tax, poverty, Monetary inequality

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2021.4.35020

Abstract: The object of this research is the system of taxation of the population, while the subject is the composition and structure of taxes paid by private entities. The author analyzes the two priority approaches towards building the optimal and utmost fair system of taxation of private entities – through the object of “income” or “consumption”. Detailed analysis is conducted on the advanced Russian and foreign research on the topic. The author outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each approach from the perspective of horizontal and vertical justice, individual utility and its discounting. The scientific discussion on the absolute viability of taxation of income and consumption of the population is allocated into a separate chapter of the research. Based on the qualitative theoretical analysis, the author concludes on the rationality of choosing integrated approach towards creation of taxation system of the population. The cornerstone in this regard is the determination of the optimal ratio of consumption and income taxes. For this purpose, the author develops the original methodology based on the scattering matrix of 87 countries of the world, correlation and regression analysis of the indicators of their economic development and tax rates. The scientific novelty of consists in substantiation of the existence of substantial connection between the ratio of taxes on consumption and income of the population and the level of socioeconomic development of the country.

Keywords: individual utility, fairness of taxation, tax revenues, effective tax rate, population spending, population income, VAT, PIT, redistribution of wealth, saving the population

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2017.7.23628

Abstract: The article is devoted to topical issues of implementing non-traditional activities with higher school students in the educational process. One type of such activities is binary lectures that contribute to the development of certain competences of students and their adaptation to contemporary reality. Binary lecture promotes better memorization and learning, allows students to learn more about different scientific views and promotes the development of their own position on the issues under consideration. Giving lectures in this manner contributes to the development of both cross-cultural and professional competencies. The authors share their own experience with binary lectures on 'taxation of individuals'. Using methods of describing and summarizing the basic advantages and disadvantages of this form of classroom teachin the authors have developed criteria for evaluating binary lectures from a position of listeners. The results of binary lectures have been discussed at the meeting of the Department of Taxation Policy and Customs and Tarif Regulation held by the Financial University under the President of the Russian Federation which has allowed the researchers to make certain conclusions regarding the main principles and methods of giving such lectures.

Keywords: interactive forms, professional motivation, professional competence, work with students, innovative methods, teaching methodology, lecture together, competence approach, binary lecture, problematic content

Abstract: The article reveals peculiarities of taxation of individual property in Russia – legal regulation of assigning and collecting individual property taxes. The author of the article also studies certain issues arising in this particular sphere and analyzes them. The article contains the results of the author’s research and offers certain ways on improvement of property tax in order to raise effi ciency of collection of taxes and to increase their role in formation of local (regional) budget.

Keywords: individual property tax, inventory value, taxation of property, property tax, sumptuary tax, tax-free allowance, tax privileges.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2023.5.43968

Abstract: Transformation of national economies caused by globalization and digitalization of business processes leads to changes in the whole chain of relationships at the levels of "state-individual", "employee-employer", "tax authority-taxpayer". The following research goal is to develop a unified construct of the taxation system, taking into account modern transformation processes and system economy principles. The research applies a comprehensive approach, which includes three main analysis methods: qualitative comparative analysis, simulation modeling, and interpretative qualitative research. Qualitative comparative analysis was used to identify the elements of individual taxation. Simulation modeling was used to visualize taxation main parameters and limitations. Interpretative research was used to describe the interaction of the system elements. The scientific novelty of the research is the presented architectonics of individual taxation system, which develops the theory of system economy of Kleiner and includes 4 elements (subsystems), classified by the criterion of definiteness of time and space. First, objects – exist in the uncertainty of time and the certainty of space. Second, projects - exist in limited time and defined space. Third, environments – exist in the indefiniteness of time and the uncertainty of space. Fourth, processes - exist in limited time and uncertainty of space. The elements of the objective subsystem include taxpayers individuals and individual entrepreneurs, tax authorities, tax agents, other participants of tax legal relations, and the territory. The project subsystem includes tools and mechanisms of tax regulation, which are experimental and temporary in nature. Tax functions implementation was visualized in the context of the presented system.

Keywords: evolution of taxation, tax structure, taxes on capital, tax functions, system economy, systems approach, property taxes, individual income tax, tax transformation, PIT

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.1.17326

Abstract: The authors of the article describe the basic trends in transformation of taxation of wealth in Russia from the point of view of neo-industrial economic paradigm and inclusive economic growth. The authors describe compliance of the principles of neoindustrialization with the provisions of the concept of inclusive growth, their complementary nature in solving the problems associated with the transition from raw materials export model of GDP growth towards a comprehensive (inclusive) sustainable economic development. It is proposed to extend the definitions of the object of taxation of property in Russia and luxury category to the category of wealth. In order to harmonize tax systems, the wealth tax is defined according to the Classification of Property Taxes fixed by the Guidelines on Government Finance Statistics of the IMF for the developed countries in 2014. The comparative analysis of the wealth tax contribution to GDP and tax revenues in the 8 OECD countries and Russia allows to prove the fact that the regulative potential of the wealth tax is not fully used in the Russian economy. By analyzing the hierarchy of taxes depending on their degree of compatibility with economic growth the authors emphasize the importance of the wealth tax not only as a device to limit wealth inequality and encourage a better use of major assets but also as a counterbalance to the possible negative consequences of tax incentives of neo-industrial development. In the short term, the authors suggest that we should return to the estate tax and gift tax, and in the long term (when building an adequate system of international administration) it will be better to use the net wealth tax.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.1.67363

Keywords: neo-industrial paradigm, gift tax, estate tax, Gini coefficient, cross-country analysis, inequality, inclusive economic growth, taxation of wealth, luxury, net wealth

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2018.6.26822

Abstract: In the Russian Federation tax deductions on personal income tax have an apparent social focus. At the same time, imperfection of the current mechanism of social and property-related tax deductions causes a hidden regression in the taxation of personal income. The subject of this research is standard tax deductions on personal income tax in terms of their social functions. The aim of the article is to analyze the economic effect of standard tax deductions on personal income tax and give recommendations on their improvement. In the course of the research the authors applied general research methods (deduction and induction, analysis and synthesis, description and generalisation) and special research methods (economic analysis, comparison method, presentation of data in the form of tables). The researchers analyze the volumes of tax economy (tax benefits) on personal icnome tax granted to taxpayers who use standard tax deductions, and their share in the annual budget of physical entities. Based on teh analysis of the drawbacks of the current tax deduction mechanism, the authors give their recommendations regarding further development of standard tax deductions on personal income tax in order to raise the taxation fairness. The authors evaluate shortfalls in budget revenues as a result of the application of aforesaid measures. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors develop the system of standard tax deductions that would be based on the living wage minimum and thus would satisfy the principles of justice. The results of the research can be used to define priorities for the development of the tax system by the Ministry of Finances and Government of the Russian Federation. The authors conclude that the current concept of tax deductions on personal income tax does not satisfy the principles of justice and thus needs to be improved.

Keywords: social justice, living wage, family budget, fair taxation, tax savings, standard tax deductions, tax deduction, PIT, tax, latent progression

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2018.2.25439

Abstract: In 2010 the Kyrgyz Republic faced the introduction of the residential property tax. The following seven-year period of tax collection demonstrated obvious drawbacks of the residential property taxation strategy, its methodology and tax model. The weak point of residential property tax is its fiscal invalidity that makes the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and expert community representatives to bring forth the item on the agenda. In this regard, the author of the article presents and examines results of the research which object is the residential property tax in the Kyrgyz Republic and subject is the fiscal efficiency thereof. The methodological basis of the research includes comparative analysis of the results of a numerical experiment predicting the sum of tax for all apartment of a housing estate in Bishkek calculated on the basis of applicable Tax Code and models offered as part of tax initiatives from the part of the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic and the author of the article. Based on the research results, the author makes a conclusion that the current residential property tax model as well as the one offered by the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic are neither fiscally solvent nor provide long-term prospects because they do not have the mechanisms that would set a record of inflationary processes and enable taxation progressiveness.

Keywords: taxation progessiveness, area ratio, base tax, universal model, fiscal insolvency, residential property, tax model, inflationary process, variant calculations, tax strategy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2021.6.36978

Abstract: This article examines the normative legal regulation of certain provisions of the legal status of self-employed persons who are the payers of self-employment tax in the Russian Federation. Attention is given to the analysis of such characteristics of the legal structure of this special tax regime as taxpayers, object of taxation and tax rate (in the aspect of social security of the actors of these tax legal relations, alongside other categories of self-employed persons). Assessment is given to the content of Russian legislation considering the legal norms of foreign countries (France, Germany, the United States, and Canada) that have positive and long-term experience in the questions of taxation of income of this category of taxpayers. The conclusion is made on the existence of flaws in naming this special tax regime proposed by the legislator, determination of the range of persons who qualify as the taxpayers in such tax legal relations, and the object of taxation. In view of this, the author formulates the original revision of the norms of the Part 1 of the Article 4 and the Paragraph 4 of the Part 2 of the Article 6 of the Federal Law “On Carrying out Experiment on the Establishment of Special Tax Regime – Self-Employment Tax”; as well as advances the opinion on the need to implement the progressive scale of taxation of income of self-employed persons with a mandatory non-taxable minimum and guarantees of their social security on equal terms with other persons engaged in work and professional activity.

Keywords: non-taxable minimum, professional income, object of taxation, taxpayers, professional activities, taxation of professional income, self-employed persons, progressive tax rate, compulsory insurance premiums, social protection

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2023.2.40517

Abstract: The author discusses the features of the legal regulation of taxation of transactions of individuals with digital rights in the Russian Federation. As a result of the study, the author identified a gap in the legal regulation of taxation of digital rights in the Russian Federation, when determining the system of tax benefits for transactions with digital rights. Public relations arising in connection with the turnover of digital rights are regulated by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, while neither legislation nor law enforcement practice has been defined, the specifics of taxation of income of individuals on transactions with digital rights. In this connection, it is necessary to highlight the features of the legal regulation of taxation of income of individuals on transactions with digital rights and determine whether these features are applicable to the legal regulation of taxation of income of individuals on transactions with digital rights in the Russian Federation. The problem is that in the legislation of the Russian Federation there is no legal regulation of taxation of income of individuals on transactions with digital rights. The goal go the research is to investigate the experience the foreign legislation and regulatory legal regulation of the Russian Federation and to identify the problems of legal regulation of taxation of income of individuals on transactions of individuals with digital rights. Scientific novelty of the research lies in fact that previously, no research has been conducted on the application of tax benefits in the legal regulation of taxation of personal income on transactions with digital rights.

Keywords: Ethereum, Bitcoin, blockchain, foreign legislation, tax control, personal income tax, taxation, cryptocurrencies, distributed registry system, digital rights

Abstract: The article studies the infl uence of a taxpayer’s family status on his payment of income, transport and land taxes. The author also touches upon the question about family’s legal position in taxation laws of Russia and other countries. It is found out that certain types of taxes not subject to taxation as regulated by article 217 of the Russian Federation Tax Code creates certain grounds for assuming that there are actually certain signs of the conception of cumulative taxation of family members in the Russian Federation Tax Code. However, it has been also proved that a taxpayer’s family status is not quite fully considered in granting of tax deductions from income tax. It is well shown that separate taxation of spouses’ income contradicts to the legal order of regulation of their cumulative property. Based on experience of the foreign states, the author of the article makes conceptual suggestions allowing to fully consider a taxpayer’s family status when calculating the amount of tax deduction from his income tax. The author also proves the need in legal enforcement of cumulative taxation of family members and offers her own conception of cumulative taxation of family members based on the institution of a consolidated group of taxpayers.

Keywords: taxes and taxation, taxation, taxpayer, family, taxpayer’s family status, personal income tax, deductions, consolidated group, cumulative.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2020.3.32940

Abstract: This article examines the problem of taxation of the income of arbitration administrator in form of expenses reimbursed in the bankruptcy procedure. The author analyzes the problem of outlining the definition of income in tax law, considering the established law enforcement practice on the topic, as well theoretical approaches towards definition of this concept. The need is substantiated for legislative consolidation of the term of economic profit for the purpose of adherence to the principle of certainty of taxation of the incomes of private entities and formation of the universal law enforcement practice in settlement of tax disputes. In the course of this research, the author used a number of formal-logical methods: analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction. Based on the conducted study, it is suggested to form a position at the legislative level, according to which the expenses reimbursed by arbitration administrator in the of bankruptcy procedure are not defined as income according to the norms of tax legislation. The article describes the possibility for optimization of tax administration, related to computation and discharge of taxes by arbitration administrators as the subjects of professional activity.

Keywords: subject of professional activity, arbitration management, tax administration, professional tax deductions, the principle of certainty of taxation, taxation of income of individuals, economic benefits, the concept of income in tax law, bankruptcy trustee, entrepreneurial activity

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2017.9.24240

Abstract: Subject. The subject of the research is the economic relations arising in the process of administering the tax on personal income. The personal income tax is a tax that acts as a means of solving social and economic problems and allows redistributing the social product among various categories of the population in order to reduce social inequality and maintain stability in society. The state fiscal and regulatory policy in the sphere of taxation of individuals is a component of the state financial policy aimed at optimal provision of the state with financial resources and legal regulation of the incomes of members of society. However, the current system of income taxation in Russia needs to be revised in connection with the insufficient implementation of the principle of social justice. Objective. The authors of this article emphasizes the need to switch to a progressive scale of taxation on personal income tax in order to implement the principle of social justice of taxation of citizens. The authors pay special attention to the analysis of the procedure for granting tax deductions for personal income tax and make recommendations for their reform at the present stage. Methodology. The study of problems of the practice of levying the tax income of individuals was based on the following research methods: comparison, analysis, and synthesis of theoretical and practical material. Results. Recommendations for improving the tax on personal income at the present stage are presented. The dynamics of tax revenues for personal income tax in the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation and the budget of the Republic of Dagestan is analyzed, and so are the main factors influencing the collection of the tax in question. Contribution of the authors to the topic is thei recommendations for the introduction of a progressive scale of taxation, not only for individuals, but for individual entrepreneurs, the possibility of reviewing the procedure for the provision of standard and social tax deductions, as well as in implementing measures to improve the efficiency of the tax authorities and a number of other proposals. Conclusions. The scientific component of the research is to substantiate the existing problematic issues of taxation of personal income in the Russian Federation.

Keywords: debt, incentives, regulation, deductions, benefits, rates, personal income, tax, budget, control

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2022.1.37468

Abstract: The investment resources of the population in Russia have a high potential from the standpoint of ensuring sustainable economic growth. Stimulation of investment activity of the population occurs with the help of various instruments, among which tax incentives have a significant place. The implementation of tax instruments to stimulate investment activity of the population should be carried out taking into account both tax and monetary, as well as social effects, since the economic spiral of such incentives leads not only to an increase in the growth rates and incomes of investors, but also affects the monetary inequality of citizens. The subject of the study is the socio-economic relations between the state and taxpayers regarding tax incentives for investment activity of citizens and the effects of this incentive. В The study assessed the tax, monetary and social effects of the current system of tax incentives for investment activity of citizens. It is proved that the investment potential of citizens in the Russian economy is realized rather poorly. Tax incentives are one of the instruments of state stimulation of investment activity of citizens. The personal income tax investment deduction in the amount of funds deposited to an individual investment account is one of such instruments. The shortcomings of the regulation of individual investment accounts in Russia are revealed both from the standpoint of the incentive mechanism itself and the impact of tax deduction on the monetary inequality of citizens. Proposals have been formed to eliminate shortcomings.

Keywords: effect, income tax, tax incentives, tax benefits, tax deduction, monetary inequality, individual investment account, investment activity of citizens, Investment, households

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2017.8.23949

Abstract: The subject. The subject of the research is the grounds for improving individual taxation system (taxation of residential property) based on the development of models for their cadastral valuation and prediction of consequences of individual taxation decisions. The object of the research is the mutual relations and mutual influence arising in the process of individual property taxation based on state cadastral valuation. The purpose. The purpose of the research is to make recommendations on how to improve procedures of calculation and collection of individual property (residential property) tax based on state cadastral valuation. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the concepts and fundamental provisiosn in the sphere of taxation theory, theory of property valuation, theory of public finances reflected in monographs, researches and practice-oriented findings of foreign and Russian authors, publications of research centers, and legal acts and laws of the Russian Federation and its constituents. The adequacy of conclusions is guaranteed by the combination of approaches and methods such as systems approach, analytical method, method of documentary sources analysis, and method of comparative analysis. Based on the crtical analysis of the Methodological Guidelines on State Cadastral Valuation (2016) the authors have discovered provisions that are not sufficiently grounded and thus do not allow to perform a correct calculation and collection of individual property tax. Based on the systems approach, the authors have made recommendations on how to improve the method of residential property valuation as well as to reform the existing system of property taxation in general. At the present Russia has made serious steps towards developing an efficient individual property (residential property) taxation system. However, the results of the author's analysis demonstrate that there is still much to be done to develop the theoretical, methodological and instrumental basis of the reform.

Keywords: real estate objects, cadastral valuation, balance of interests, local budget, tax reform, property tax, taxation, methods of mass evaluation, comparative approach, pricing factors

Abstract: The article is devoted to the legal nature, form and contents of the order to recover tax out of the taxpayer’s (tax agent’s) assets, i.e. organization or a private entrepreneur. The author also discusses its similarities and differences with the other rules accepted by tax and other state authorities. It is also concluded that the order has a dual nature because it is the non-conformant and enforcement document at the same time.

Keywords: taxes and taxpayers, tax deficiency, tax recovery, enforcement document, order, nonconformant, enforcement proceeding, taxpayer’s assets, bailiff-executor.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2024.2.70401

Abstract: The object of the study is the taxation of income and property of individuals. The subject of the study is the socially fair improvement of taxation of income and property of individuals. The article presents specific recommendations for socially fair improvement of taxation of income and property of individuals in the Russian Federation. Particular attention is paid to the substantiation of the proposal to introduce a progressive tax scale for personal income tax. The article presents recommendations aimed at increasing the income of regional and local budgets from the collection of the taxes in question, as well as increasing the tax culture of citizens and reducing the number of road accidents. When conducting the research, the author used methods of analysis and synthesis of data (in different forms), induction and deduction. The scientific novelty is associated with the recommendations developed by the author for socially fair improvement of taxation of income and property of individuals in the Russian Federation, which meets the national development goals of the state for the period until 2030 and the list of instructions for the implementation of the Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. The author’s special contribution to the study of the topic is the author’s proposed scale of progressive taxation of personal income (assuming the use of tax rates in the range of 13%–21%), the practical implementation of which will allow mobilizing about 1 trillion rubles. Recommendations for modernizing the taxation of property of individuals (including land and transport) have also been formulated. The materials of this study can be used in the practical activities of the Government of Russia, the Ministry of Finance of Russia, the Federal Tax Service, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, as well as in organizations of higher and secondary vocational education.

Keywords: budget, personal income tax, municipal finance, public finance, tax policy, municipal revenues, state revenues, taxes, budget policy, budget revenues

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2021.6.37166

Abstract: This article examines the problems of application of tax deductions for personal income tax in the Russian Federation from the perspective of solution of number of socioeconomic problems. Leaning on the analysis of statistical data and foreign experience, the author describes the possible ways to improve tax benefits in this direction. For example, tax deductions may consider the ability to work, level of income, household composition, nature of expenditure incurred, etc. The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by high poverty index and the establishment of fair taxation. The acquired results are as follows: 1) The author identifies the flaws regarding the deductions for personal income through the prism of solution of socioeconomic tasks in legislation of the Russian Federation. The detected flaws include: regressivity of a number of tax mechanisms; insignificant savings for taxpayers with the minimum living wage. All aspects are illustrated on the practical examples. 2) The analysis is conducted on foreign jurisdictions for determination of the effective tax benefits to be possibly implemented in the Russian Federation. 3) Recommendations are made on the amendments to legislation of the Russian Federation, with consideration of the adapted foreign experience, aimed at increasing the role of tax policy in solution of the problems of poverty and demographic crisis. The author provides the variant for implementation of non-taxable minimum and the system of family coefficients; substantiates their effectiveness for solution of the aforementioned tasks; analyzes their combination and amount of benefits ultimately received by the taxpayers with different level of income. 4) The author outlines the potential problems that may arise due to implementation of the listed measures; namely offer the ways to cover the revenue shortfall in regional budgets with the increase of tax benefits, including by changing tax rates and tax deductions for the taxpayers with high income.

Keywords: tax measures, personal tax, taxation, tax legislation, tax law, tax policy, tax relief, tax deduction, tax, tax system

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2019.11.31408

Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of the question of proving by tax authorities of the Russian Federation of the evidence of use of private property in entrepreneurial activity. The goal of this work lies in studying controversial moments associated with proving the evidence of use of private property in entrepreneurial activity. An attempt is made to analyze the practice of arbitration courts of the Russian Federation on the questions related to proving evidence of use of private property in entrepreneurial activity, and propose the ways for solving the indicated problem. The article is based on the dialectical-materialistic method, as well as applies the analysis, synthesis and comparative-legal method. The main conclusions consist in recommendations on the improvement of legal regulation and law enforcement process on the matter. The need is underlined on introducing amendments to the Federal Law “On Accounting” and Taxation Code of the Russian Federation. Within the framework of law enforcement process, the author suggest the implementation of separation tax register for property control used by private entity in exercising entrepreneurial activity.

Keywords: improvement of legislation, evidence, tax authorities, dispute, entrepreneurial activity, taxes, real estate, property, property accounting, property register

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2020.5.33585

Abstract: The subject of this research is the effectiveness of individual investment accounts in the Russian Federation. The author analyzes the quarterly statistical data that reflect the dynamics funds of the citizens on individual investment accounts for the period from 2015 to 2019. The data on investments of the citizens in equities and corporate bonds is outlined. The advances the three hypotheses: that it is possible to establish the cost of attracting citizens' investments in equities through individual investment accounts from the perspective of the state; that B-type accounts are unpopular/ineffective; that it is necessary to reform the system of individual investment accounts. It is noted that unlike foreign countries, especially the United States, there is no research on the effectiveness of individual investment accounts in the Russian Federation. The author formulates the possible microeconomic and macroeconomic effects from implementation of individual investment accounts, including the increase in citizens ' savings and tax revenues, reduction of national debt, etc. The options for assessing the effectiveness of individual investment accounts are described. Calculation was conducted on the cost for attracting citizens’ savings within the framework of individual investment accounts from the perspective of the state based on the results of 2015-2018. Ineffectiveness of the B-type accounts and its causes are underlined. The flaws of individual investment accounts in the Russian Federation are identified. It is suggested to use individual investment accounts namely for stimulating citizens to invest in corporate securities, excluding the state and municipal securities from investment mechanisms in the context of individual investment accounts. The directions for future research are formulated.

Keywords: savings, individual retirement account, individual investment account, tax incentive efficiency, tax incentive, investment tax deduction, securities, stocks, bonds, personal income tax

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2018.10.28544

Abstract: The subject of the research is the experience of income taxation in a number of foreign states (Island, France, Germany, Great Britain, USA, Mexico, Check Republic, Bulgaria). The author of the article analyzes the main features of income taxation in the aforesaid countries in terms of their possible use in Russia in order to eliminate the disparity of different levels of income in the country. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author summarizes and analyzes the main elements of the income taxation in the foreign states and comments whether it is possible to use it in Russia in order to smooth the income disparity of different population levels. In her research the author has used general research methods such as observation, comparison, collection, summary and analysis of data, deduction and induction. The information base of the research includes legal acts, regulations and Internet resources. The main conclusions of the research are the following: the progressive scale that is widely used in income taxation abroad does not guarantee a better distribution of income between different layers of Russian population. In order to maintain an equal distribtion of income, it is better to use other elements of income taxation such as establishment of non-taxable minimum, socially oriented deductions, implementation of family taxation, etc.

Keywords: tax deductions, progressive rate, non-taxable minimum, Gini coefficient, income level differentiation, income taxation, taxation of individuals, tax credits, family taxation, wealth tax

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2019.9.31107

Abstract: Due the government’s refusal of implementation in the Russian Federation of progressive tax rates on personal income, the effective solution for reducing income inequality may become the increase of progression on the incomes gained from property. Therefore, the subject of this research lies in the applied aspects of taxation of property income, including income from capital, households in accordance with the Russian legislation on taxes and fees. The goal is based on the analysis of scale, structure, personal income, as well as open data of tax statistics, assess tax burden on the income gained from property in various sources and deterring risk-contributing factors in the sphere of taxation, contributing to emergence of economic inequality of the population. For the assessment of tax burden on the various types of income, the author calculates the effective tax rate indicator, as well as relative indicator of the declared income and tax liability. Based on the analysis of statistical data for 1999-2018 period, the author determines a trend of diminishing role of income gained from property in households income, as well as change of the structure of income on the financial markets due to increased portion of dividends and yield from bank deposits. The article reveals risk-contributing factors in the area taxation of income gained from property that enhance income inequality of the population. The author ranks the categories of income from property by size of relative declared income per taxpayer according to the data from tax agents.

Keywords: interest taxation, dividend taxation, shedural tax system, capital gains, property income, income inequality, personal income tax, gift taxation, tax burden, effective tax rate

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2019.4.29582

Abstract: The subject of the research is the issues that arise in the process of payment for teacher training on the account of a budgetary institution. The authors of the research examine provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and Labor Code of the Russian Federation as well as other acts and laws, official positions and researches on the matter. They focus on the analysis of judicial and arbitration practice regarding taxation of physical entities. In the course of the research the authors have applied general research methods (analysis and synthesis, desription and generalisation). The methodological basis of the research includes systems analysis of laws and regulations, labor law and judicial practice. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors prove the need to make amendments to the tax law taking into account the overall concept of income taxation, in particular, tax release of full or partial compensation for teacher training at Russian and foreign educational institutions. The authors also make a conclusion that these sums must be released from income tax and offer a new version of Clause 21 of Article 217 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: compensation for educational services, training, personal income, budgetary institution, payment for educational services, Personal income tax, payment for teacher training, tax on income, exemption from personal income tax, educational institution

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2017.10.24371

Abstract: The object of the research is taxation of immovable property based on cadaster value. The subject of the research is the mechanism of lowering tax burden on citizens resulting from shift to calculating tax liabilities based on cadaster value. In her article Loginova analyzes court cases about setting cadaster value of immovable property. As result of such analysis she discovers that problems with accounting and valuation of immovable property is the key factor of forming indebtedness for personal property tax. Problems of property registration and problems with regulations and legislation lead to ineffective tax administration, which occasionally lead to budget revenue loss. The author particularly focuses on problems arising in the process of distributing tax burden of personal property tax. This research is based on analysis of statistical information. The author has used following methods: observation, comparison, measuring, and modelling. Results of the research are represented in forms of description, technical writing, tables and graphs. As a result of analysis of taxable objects and tax base volume the author has found that imperfection of accounting and valuation of property negatively effects growth of tax revenue. The author has also found that current mechanism of applying personal property tax deductions leads to inequitable and unfair distribution of tax burden. Applying tax deductions leads to growth of dependence of effective tax rate from size of property rather than from cadaster value. The author makes certain suggestions on how to develop the mechanism of property taxation based on cadaster value. She has also developed and proposed the mechanism of setting tax rate of personal property tax.

Keywords: taxpayers, principles of taxation, tax rate, object of taxation, tax base, cadastral value, taxation of immovable property, tax burden, tax deduction, tax indebtedness

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.1.10821

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.1.63980

Abstract: The article is devoted to the formation and development of the system of taxation of physical entities in Russia. The authors of the article describe the very first attempts to introduce property taxes. The first taxes and levies (payable with both money and products) were paid solely by taxpayers, i.e. physical entities. Other economic entities joined in paying taxes only later. Today tax payments collected from physical entities are the part of financial and economic relations and create somewhat like a sub-system of taxation of physical entities. The author also views particular changes in the system of taxation of physical entities that came into force on January 1, 2014 as well as changes that are expected to be made soon for the purpose of improving the procedure for the income taxation. The system of taxation of physical entities involves the following taxes: personal income tax, individual property tax, inheritance or gift tax, land tax and transport tax. The system of taxation of physical entities of the Russian Federation needs to be further improved in accordance with the principles of justice, legal certainty and economy as formulated by Adam Smith so that it would not only contribute to budget revenues but also regulate the economic activity of citizens. The results of the research of the process of formation and development of taxation prove that taxes collected from physical entities play an important role in formation of the budget revenues and regulation of the economic activity of citizens.

Keywords: podat’ (form of tax in old Russia), land description for tax purposes, personal income tax, cadastral value, land tax, transport tax, multiplying coefficient, consolidated budget, progressive taxation scale, tax return.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2020.1.32344

Abstract: The object of this research is the reform process of taxation of private entities based on the Russian, Kazakh and other foreign experience. The subject of this research is the set of legal, organizational and economic measures pertinent ti the reforms taxation of private entities aimed at ensuring fairness and further positive development of tax system of Russia and Kazakhstan. The author determines the patterns in periodicity of conducting reforms, success and mistakes in their implementation from the perspective of the theory of taxation, tax regulation, and theory of reforms. The article proposes an algorithm for carrying out the reform of taxation, which can serves as a universal instrument for reforms of the entire tax system or its separate elements. The scientific novelty consists in the comprehensive study of the reforms of taxation of private entities based on the Russian, Kazakh and other foreign experience for the period from 1991 to 2020 within the framework of decennial cycle ended with the crises, which allowed detecting the merits and flaws and proposing a unique sequential algorithm for conducting taxation reform. Articulation and substantiation of the goals, as desired state of the system of taxation of private entities, vectors of its transformations and development, requires their precise formulation, quantification and implementation.

Keywords: tax reforms results, tax reforms, land tax, transport tax, property tax, personal income tax, taxation of individuals, taxes, tax reform measures, reform algorithms

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2013.2.62385

Abstract: Tax transformation has always been a special issue for the Russian Federation and has grown especially severe presently. This is caused by the new luxury tax and the idea of combining the two taxes, individual property tax and land tax into a single property tax. The author of the article studies the problems of reformation of tax system from the point of view of social security and proves the need in supporting local budgets through increasing tax revenues. The present article contains not only research opportunities, but also recommendations in the sphere of formation of tax justice. The author’s ideas can be successfully used by legislative authorities of the Russian Federation. The author makes certain conclusions about the relevant nature of this issue and points out that it will be soon implemented in practice.

Keywords: tax, taxation, income, luxury, real estate, equity, efficiency, the balance, of the budget.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.2.17660

Abstract: Importance. Nowadays in terms of the tax reforms which are carried out in our country, continuous harmonization of the taxation, and diversification of the tax income of local budgets, the problem of the property taxation of natural persons gains special relevance. Objective. The purpose of the article is to study the structure of individual property tax and to evaluate whether the fundamental principles, particularly the principle of tax equity, are fully applied to the process of tax calculation. To fulfill this purpose, the following tasks have been set and solved: evolution of the property taxation in the modern taxation system is tracked; the basic design of individual property tax is presented; elements formed at the local level are considered based on the example of the city of Vladivostok, assessment of changes of the tax burden on individual property tax upon transition to calculation of tax proceeding from the cadastral project cost is given. Methods. In the course of their research the authors have used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis as well as elements of the systems approach, case study, some results are received through the application of the method of focus groups. Results. In this article the classical principles of taxation are applied to analyzing the structure of individual property tax. Modeling of the basic structure of the tax is made and basic elements are described and divided into the two groups (federal level and local level). Comparison of tax burden during five fiscal periods in the process of transition to the new principles of tax calculation is carried out. Assessment of growth of tax burden taking into account characteristics of the standard object of real estate is given. Conclusions and Relevance. The conclusion that the effective structure of individual property tax with the basic elements of tax makes it impossible to apply the principle of tax equity. When developing the structure of tax, it is necessary to carry out an in-depth study of the question, provide for the economic justification of the effect of tax for the budget and make sure the principle of social justice is fulfilled.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.2.67462

Keywords: taxable base, taxpayer, tax burden, local taxes, principles of taxation, property tax, tax code, tax privileges, taxation, tax free

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.3.16514

Abstract: The subject of the research is the definition of 'excess pforits'. Special attention is paid to the need to impose additional tax burden on the well-to-do class. The author thoroughly analyzes the concept of 'solidarity tax' as an instrument of excess profits taxation. She also examines parameters of solidarity tax and defines general and specific features of solidarity tax as part of the overall taxation system. Nikolaeva also provides the comparative analysis of the experience of implementing solidarity tax in foreign countries such as France, Italy, Czech Republic and Germany. The methodological basis of the present article is the scientific researches made in the sphere of taxation. The author of the article has used general research methods such as scientific analysis, synthesis, abstraction, comparison, etc. The author studies the positive and negative aspects of using solidarity tax from the point of view of excess profits taxation. The focus is made on the efficiency of solidarity tax as part of the governmental performance of social and economic functions. The author of the article also describes the main prerequisites for implementing solidarity tax in the Russian Federation and concludes that certain difficulties may arise in the process of imposing the aforesaid tax. Based on the analysis of the foreign experience in the implementation of solidarity tax, the author makes recommendations on how to improve the system of excess profits taxation in Russia. The material presented can open up new prospects for further research.

Keywords: excess profits, solidarity tax, tax burden, taxation of excess profits, taxation, social justice, tax reform, tax mitigation, tax law, tax on the rich

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.3.67617

Keywords: excess profits, solidarity tax, tax burden, taxation of excess profits, taxation, social justice, tax reform, tax mitigation, tax law, tax on the rich

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.3.17772

Abstract: The subject of the research is the personal income tax as one of the budget revenue generating sources of consolidated budgets in Central Federal District's constituents. The author compares this source of regional budget revenues to other sources. Zhuravleva underlines that personal income tax is the main source of the regional budget revenues. As a consequence, the resaercher focuses on the factors that have a positive influence on the payment of personal income tax in the Central Federal District. The research methodology includes comparative analysis and logical interpretation of the results in the form of generalizations. The basic provisions regarding the results of the analysis carried out are the following: the author of the article has described the main peculiarities of personal income tax as the source of the regional budget revenues in the Central Federal District; made a conclusion about reduction of these revenues for the majority of the Central Federal District's constituents which lowers the volume of regional budget revenues in general; noted the correlation between the sums of personal income tax in the Russian Federation constituent's budget and the wage levels in regions; defined differences in the level of personal income tax revenues per capita in the Central Federal District's constituents.

Keywords: personal income tax, regional budget system, consolidated budget of a constituent, income level, nominal (gross) wage, population, economically active population, variation in income, labor migration, regional economy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.3.67618

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2013.4.62862

Abstract: This article explores the issues of tax inequity in Russia, from the point of view of both, natural persons and legal persons. The author substantiates the unacceptability of the new luxury tax. The new tax may trigger outflows of capital from Russia, into countries that do not have such tax. In case the tax rates are too severe, the majority of income of the wealthy population will slide into the informal sector. It is necessary to wait for the real estate tax to be introduced and observe its dynamics. Introducing and utilizing the real estate tax will possibly cause for the “luxury tax” rejection. Thus, it is necessary to demonstrate patience and care as far as luxury tax is concerned, despite the continuous attention towards it.

Keywords: Tax and taxation, income, luxury, real estate, justice, efficiency, proportion, budget, property, asset.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.3.11521

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2015.4.14359

Abstract: The article views the prospects of introduction of taxation of real estate of individuals, which is an acute problem in today’s Russia. The authors analyze actual changes in taxation of individuals’ real estate that came into force since January 1, 2015, the current methods of valuation of an individual’s property, their advantages and disadvantages and the influence of this tax on all the strata of population. The article provides a comparative characteristic of inventory and cadastral valuation of items of real estate and a detailed analysis of problems that authorities and tax payers may face in connection with taxation. The authors analyze the experience of real estate property taxation in several countries outside Russia. The authors come to the conclusion of reasonability of using cadastral valuation of items of real estate and provide a number of recommendations for perfecting and further development of tax on estate property of individuals, with allowances made for the prospect of introduction of integrated tax on individuals’ estate property not later than in 2010.

Keywords: tax concession, item of real estate, market value, cadastral value, assessed value, land tax, real estate tax, property tax, tax credit, tax burden

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.3.64110

Abstract: Today’s tax science in Russia uses the following tax categories for evaluating the impact o taxes and taxation on the national economy, economy of an individual economic entity and their development: taxable capacity, tax burden, tax load, capacity, press, pressure and etc. Just like the majority of tax categories, the aforesaid categories can be described and understood quite differently by researchers. The results of the authors’ analysis of the essential tax categories used by different researchers for describing and evaluating the impact of taxes and levies on the economic status of entities demonstrate that there is no particular method that could have been used to evaluate the tax burden of the household sector. This has become the purpose and the subject matter of the present research article. In their research the authors used the structural and functional approach, analysis and synthesis methods, deduction and induction methods, comparative analysis, statistical and economic analysis and other research methods. The authors offer a multi-component method for evaluating gross and net tax burdens of the household sector in terms of taxation of profits, expenses and properties of households. This method allows to evaluate the effectiveness of the mechanism of tax regulation in general (absolute and relative tax burdens) as well as its components (tax burden of the income, property and indirect taxation of Russians). The method offered allows to estimate performance indicators of the current tax regulation in the household sector.

Keywords: tax burden (load), household sector, absolute tax burden, relative tax burden, tax net burden, tax regulation, household tax burden, efficiency of tax regulation, taxation of households, social transfers.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2015.4.66413

Keywords: tax concession, item of real estate, market value, cadastral value, assessed value, land tax, real estate tax, property tax, tax credit, tax burden

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2015.4.14715

Abstract: The subject of the study is social and economic relations that have to do with taxation of individuals’ incomes. The article examines the scale of taxation of individuals’ incomes currently applied in Russia. The author gives a detailed analysis of the world’s experience in this issue through the examples of Austria, Germany and Luxemburg, of several peculiarities of the historic development of this sphere and of opinions of several economists, politicians and other experts. He also gives scientific substantiation of the suggested scale of taxation of individuals’ incomes. The author attaches special attention to the role of personal income tax in forming the income basis of regional budgets in the context of remaining risks of their poor balancing. The methodological basis of the author’s study are both general scientific methods (analysis, comparison, measurement) and special ones (economic, mathematical and statistic). The main conclusions of the study are as follows. More than 1/8of employees in Russia (12.8%) receive wages or salaries lower than 9,000 rubles (which approximately equals $ 176.5) per month, and it would be socially unjust to impose any incomes on them. For this purpose, amendments should be introduced in § 1 of Article 224 of the Revenue Code of the Russian Federation, in order to free this group of population from any taxations (through introducing a zero rate of interest for them). For individuals with wages or salaries not larger than 17,000 rubles (appr.$ 333) per month, a 10% incentive rate should be introduced. The novelty of the author’s approach is the suggestion of a scale of taxation of individuals that is based not only on the fiscal function, but on principles of social justice as well. The practical significance of the results of the study is the possibility for experts of governmental institutions to use them in making concrete decisions on modernization of social and economic processes, as well as for lecturers and students of secondary and higher educational institutions to use them in their academic activities.

Keywords: tax policy, budget revenues, social justice, individuals' incomes, personal income tax, taxation of individuals, tax system, tax rates, progressive taxation, tax revenues

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2015.4.66414

Keywords: tax policy, budget revenues, social justice, personal income tax, taxation of individuals, tax system, tax rates, progressive taxation, tax revenues

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.5.17291

Abstract: The subject of the research is the scheme of charting tax on personal income and income differences among population of the country. The object of the research is the personal income tax. The authors of the article focus on such aspects as the value of personal income tax for the budget of the Russian Federation and scheme for calculating personal income tax. They also underline the fact that the existing progressive scale for different types of profits does not improve the social inequality which creates social tension among population of the country. Special attention is paid to income differences. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research consists of provisions of theoretical economics, taxation theory and methods of personal income taxation. In the process of their research the authors have used such research methods as statistical observation, analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalization. The main conclusion of the research is that for the present moment it would be a fair assumption to say that Russia is at risk regarding the level of income differences in the country and the main problem of personal income taxation is the low efficiency of regulating the income ineuquality. According to the authors, implementation of the progressive personal income tax rates would significantly lower income differences. Progressive taxation would contribute to increased support of low-income citizens by increasing the tax burden on people with high incomes, thereby to reduce inequality of income distribution in the country. The general idea proposed by the authors is that implementation of the progressive taxation scale will allow to develop a fairer personal income taxation system in Russia.

Keywords: social inequality, tax, profit, Gini coefficient, income differences, decile coefficient, personal income, tax rate, income tax, progressive taxation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.5.67739

Keywords: social inequality, tax, profit, Gini coefficient, income differences, decile coefficient, personal income, tax rate, income tax, progressive taxation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2015.7.14681

Abstract: The optimization of tax expenditures and the balance of interests of all participants of tax relations in the presence of the economic crisis become the object of close attention of the government. A significant share of the financial outflow consists of obligatory payments to the budgetary and extrabudgetary funds payable from revenues of individuals working at an organization. Reduction of tax expenditures attributable to salary funds would increase the efficiency of the organization. Finding a reasonable compromise between the regulatory authority and the taxpayer, i.e. policyholder has become one of the main criteria of the process of tax planning. Elements of personal income tax determine the value of the tax base and payment to be paid including tax rates clearly presented in a tabular form and the current tax deduction system developed in a form of a schema. In addition, the researcher identifies the essential aspects of planning and offers legitimate methods to minimize tax expenses attributable to the income of employees at an organization. The analyzed data are of interest primarily for practitioners in the financial service of business entities with employees as well as for students of economic specialties as a supplement to courses in taxation.

Keywords: non-taxable income, tax deduction, criteria for tax planning, tax expenditures, income personnel, obligatory insurance payments, tax planning, optimization method, tax risks, tax burden

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2015.7.66724

Keywords: non-taxable income, tax deduction, criteria for tax planning, tax expenditures, income personnel, obligatory insurance payments, tax planning, optimization method, tax risks, tax burden

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2013.7.9345

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2013.7.63048

Abstract: The planned introduction of the immovable property tax calculated based on cadastral value should not lead to the uncontrolled considerable changes in the tax burden, while this situation is quite possible due to the considerable difference between the cadastral and inventory values. Due to the above-mentioned reasons, there is a need to analyze social and economic consequences of the introduction of the new tax model based upon the results of cadastral evaluation of the capital construction objects, which was held for the first time in the Russian Federation in 2011-2012. Such an analysis shall allow establishing the parameters for the taxation with an optimum spread of tax burden. Evaluation of tax burden for the capital construction housing objects in the Kaluga region and the Republic of Tatarstan took place within the framework of the IBRD project “Analysis of Social and Economic Consequences of Imposing Property Tax”, and it has shown the need to provide social tax deduction based upon the area of taxation object. The tax deduction is currently included into the framework of the new tax. Taking it into account and using Nizhegorodskiy region as an example, the author evaluated the tax burden on physical persons, most of whom are owners and payers of taxes for housing, then the author made a conclusion on the category of taxpayers, for whom it shall be excessive, and offered to mitigate it.

Keywords: immovable property, immovable property taxation, capital construction objects, tax rate, tax basis, tax deduction, tax burden, cadastral value, inventory value, tax model.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.5.12127

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.5.65137

Abstract: The question about introduction of luxury tax has being discussed in Russia since 2004. The need for taxation of luxury items is explained by the growing social stratification in the country. The world practice of taxation shows that the most effective achievement of social justice is promoted by taxation of the income and property of citizens. Meanwhile, the current Russian Federation system of taxation of physical entities practically doesn’t include taxation of luxury items and has no essential impact on the tax burden of wealthy citizens. Authors of the present research article describe the system of taxation of the income and property of physical entities (personal income tax, transport tax and physical entity property tax) in terms of its development and for the purpose of revealing possibilities of strengthening their regulatory function. The analysis of the foreign experience in taxation of the ‘excess income’ allows to make the conclusion about possibility of applying this taxation in Russia. The analysis of statistical data emphasizes the need for a series of measures aimed at increasing the tax load of people with high income. According to the authors, introduction of a separate tax on luxury items in Russia isn’t advisable. Moreover, some measures that prove to be successful in foreign countries are, according to the authors, unacceptable in Russia, such as financial status tax and ‘lux’ goods tax. A better option would be to add particular legal rules regarding taxation of luxury items to the current tax legislation such as the establishment of the progressive scale of personal income tax rates, replacement of property tax of physical entities with real property tax and the change in principles of transport tax calculation.

Keywords: taxation of luxury items, luxury tax, excess profits, social justice, taxation of physical entities, transport tax, property of physical entities, personal income tax, progressive scale of personal income tax, social stratification.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.19663

Abstract: Low fiscal significance of tax on property of individuals and land tax in local budgets along with gradual transition to taxation of immovable property in the Russian Federation based on cadastral value have defined interest to depiction of the factors of growth of these taxes. The subject of the research is taxation of immovable property of individuals. The object of the research is influence of the decisions made at federal level in relation to these taxes on the sustainability of local budgets. Legislative acts of representative bodies of municipalities and laws of cities of federal importance Moscow and St. Petersburg, which set new rules of collection of tax on property of individuals, data of statistical reportings of tax authorities and results of control actions in respect of land tax served as the methodological basis of the research. The author of the research used the following research methods: observation, analysis, comparison and generalization. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author creates the mechanism for taxation of immovable property of individuals on the basis of cadastral value with the use of defined and not fully used factors of growth. The special contribution made by the author is the grounding and proposal of change of the current approach to the establishment of tax deductions and tax benefits/exemptions.

Keywords: incomes of local budgets, tax credits, cadastral value, tax benefits, tax administration, tax rates, land tax, taxation of individuals, liabilities, immovable property

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.67956

Keywords: incomes of local budgets, tax credits, cadastral value, tax benefits, tax administration, tax rates, land tax, taxation of individuals, liabilities, immovable property

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2013.7.8039

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2013.7.63049

Abstract: This article concerns the problems of tax inequality in Russia both for organizations and for the physical persons. The author analyzes the characteristic features of definition of “luxury” and the order of its administration. The article proves that the novel tax shall not be applicable. Based upon her studies the author offers other means to burden “rich” persons. Introduction of a new tax may provoke the outflow of capital from Russia to the states not having similar taxes. Since the tax rate is considerable, large amount of income of rich people shall become “shadow income”. Also, it is necessary to wait till the property tax is introduced and analyze it. Introduction and practical application of property tax may lead to dismissal of the newly planned luxury tax.

Keywords: taxes and taxation, tax, taxation, income, luxury, property, fairness, efficiency, proportionality, justice.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2015.8.16136

Abstract: The object of the present research article is the taxation system of the Russian Federation. The subject of the research is the processes of income taxation of physical entities through the institution of tax agents. The researcher examines such aspects of the theme as the classification of the processes of personal income taxation of physical entities through the institution of tax agents depending on the type of a 'process owner' as well as describes the main directions for improving the processes of personal income taxation of physical entities such as the decomposition of the processes based on the given classification and improvement of descriptions of the processes of personal income taxation. The researcher offers his own classification of the processes of income taxation of physical entities through the institution of tax agents depending on various classification groupings. He also describes the processes and subprocesses that relate to personal income taxation. The main conclusion is that modeling of a company's activity should start with the preparation of a TOP-diagram and decomposition diagrams according to the international standard IDEFO or any other similar guidelines. Modeling of business processes of the lower level should be performed basedon the guidlines on the role modeling of activity of individual employees or a group of empoloyees.

Keywords: classification, tax authority, tax administration, modeling, business processes, functions, tax agent, personal income tax, process owner, taxpayer

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2015.8.66870

Keywords: classification, tax authority, tax administration, modeling, business processes, functions, tax agent, personal income tax, process owner, taxpayer

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.8.19986

Abstract: The object of the research is the mechanism for collecting individual income tax (personal income tax) and its social role. The subject of the research is the need to increase the social role of the individual income tax (NDFL) in the Russian Federation. Focus is made on evaluating the social orientation of the existing mechanism for calculating and collecting individual income tax in the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to determining systems problems weakening the social role of personal income tax. The author also conducts a comparative analysis of the experience in calculating individual income tax in industrialized countries and individual income tax in Russia. In the course of the research the author demonstrates that the mechanism used to calculate and collect individual income tax in Russia does not observe the principle of the social orientation of taxes. In her research Musaeva makes an extensive use of graphic calculation instruments as well as many kinds of research methods including the dialectical approach, methods of systems and comparative analysis and synthesis, statistical selection, grouping and generalization, factor analysis and logical analysis. The scientific nvelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author developes grounded guidelines to increase the social role of individual income tax, to decrease social tension in the society and encourage the growth of labor productivity in the Russian Federation. In order to fully realize the social role of individual income tax, it is necessary to impose the progressive taxation method on excess income and non-labor profits. The author proves the need to provide exempt from taxation of citizens' income necessary to provide life support of taxpayers and their families at the subsistence wage level. The author demonstrates that the factors decreasing the social role of individual income tax in the Russian Federation are the low profits of the majority of population as well as the large amount of 'black' profits. The author emphasizes the need to reform the current system of labor relations, to increase wages in economic sectors which would allow to increase the amounts of individual income tax in the future, to lower the amounts of insurance contributions to state social non-budgetary funds, to transfer part of tax burden from entrepreneurs to physical entities and to perform a number of social reforms.

Keywords: Russian Federation, earnings, excess profit, mechanism of collection, social deductions, employment relationships, social role, NDFL (PIT), individual income tax, industrialized countries

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.8.68023

Abstract: The object of the present research is the taxation of residential properties. The subject of the research is the price zoning of the city area for evaluating the role of the location of residential properties in the taxable price thereof. The author of the article offers a multi-stage algorithm for converting data on the price of residential properties sourced by the secondary market into a value set of the relative price of the reference object as well as describes opportunities for using this value set in the implementation of the cluster analysis formal procedures and transfer from clusters to price zones. The methodology of the research is based on the cluster sampling of residential properties sold on the secondary market, pattern recognition methods and experience in price zoning. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author develops a new method of price zoning for housing taxation which allows to overcome the problem of heterogeneous initial data (numerous series of apartments, types of houses with household plots, etc.) that distorts clusterization results or even makes them inadequate for practical use. Using the aforesaid method, the author of the article draws out the map of price zoning of Bishkek.

Keywords: cluster analysis, vector of characteristics, correction value, registration quarter, reference object, value of the property, housing tax, price zoning, residential properties, price zone

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.8.19993

Keywords: cluster analysis, vector of characteristics, correction value, registration quarter, reference object, value of the property, housing tax, price zoning, residential properties, price zone

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.8.68024

Abstract: The subject of the present research article is taxaton of small business enterprises in the Russian Federation. In her research Frumina examines peculiarities of taxation of small business enterprises taking into account the most recent legislative amendments. Much attention is paid to special tax regimes and tax issues faced by small enterprises as a result of their financial and economic activity. The author of the article provides statistical data regarding payments of taxes by small enteprises and considers particular issues of tax regulation as an opportunity to refill the income base of the Russian Federation budget during the period of sequestering. Using the methods of induction, deducation and comparative analysis the author examines advantages and disadvantages of the current system of small business taxation in the Russian Federation. The main conclusions made by the author as a result of her research cover particular provisions related to harmonization of the Russian Federation legislation regulating taxation of small and medium business entities. In particular, the author questions whether it would be reasonable to refuse from the single tax on imputed earnings and impose limitations on the simplified tax system in 2018.

Keywords: tax regulation, financial regulation, tax law, tax policy, budget, special tax regimes, tax, small business, tax burden, tax benefits

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.9.19670

Abstract: The subject of the study is the role and importance of the individual income tax as a source of the budget revenues of a region including local budgets of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the fact that in the budgets of Russia's constituents and local authorities this source of tax revenues is one of the closest territorial revenues sources, it is necessary to pay attention at peculiarities of tax revenues and factors that influence the completeness of revenues from this group of taxpayers. The methodology of the research involves comparative analysis and logical interpretation of the results in the form of general conclusions. The main results of the present research are the following: the author has analyzed the role of the individual income tax in the development of regional and local budgets of the Russian Federation; the author has also examined peculiarities of revenues of different taxes from physical entities into the Russian Federation consolidated budget including their structure depending on various kinds of taxes; the author has studied different aspects of the calculation of taxes on physical entities' property both for tax elements and Russian Federation constitients; and finally, the author has made conclusions about unsufficient revenues of taxes from physical entities at the domestic level.

Keywords: income tax, local budgets, regional budget, budget system of the region, source of revenue, taxation of individuals (physical entities), property tax, vehicle tax, land tax, income

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.9.68126

Keywords: income tax, local budgets, regional budget, budget system of the region, source of revenue, taxation of individuals (physical entities), property tax, vehicle tax, land tax, income

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.9.19859

Abstract: The object of the given research is the residential real estate. The subject of the research is the social justice of the residential real estate taxation as a low formalized, generalized and subjectively determined economic category. The author of the article formulates the main debating points such as whether the taxation of residential real estate is fair in general as a socially important object taking into account objective costs and benefits, which known method of taxation answers the principle of justice and whether it is possible to give a formal evaluation of fairness of the tax amount generated by any model of taxation. The methodology of the research is based on the analysis and systematisation of theoretical researches fo numerous authors regarding justice of the residential taxation as well as selective observation of residential real estate objects for the purpose of developing tools for the formal evaluation of the social justice of the tax amount. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author adjust the price differential known in the theory of residential real estate evaluation to evaluation the social justice of the tax amount generated by any (existing or theoretical) model of taxation. The author calls the inventory 'the differential of the taxation vertical uniformity'. Using this inventory, the author evaluates the social justice level of the current taxation model in the Kyrgyz Republic.

Keywords: differential of the vertical uniformity, horizontal uniformity, vertical uniformity, taxation method, taxation model, justice of taxation, progressive taxation, housing tax, residential real estate, justice evaluation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.9.68127

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2015.10.16084

Abstract: The object of the research is the personal income tax and opportunities for imposing this tax on Russian citizens. The subject of the research is the scope of theoretical and practical issues aimed at increasing the efficiency of personal income taxation and fulfilment of the capacity of Personal Income Tax as a fiscal and regulation tool of the Russian Federation fiscal policy. In her research Musaeva examines the problems of the capacity of Personal Income Tax as a fiscal and regulation tool of the Russian Federation fiscal policy in the modern period. Special attention is given to the need for the guarantees of social justice and economic efficiency in the process of taxation of physical entities. The researcher analyzes the experience of both industrially developed and fastest growing countries in calculation and collection of Personal Income Tax and compares their experience to taxation practices in the Russian Federation. The emphasis is made on the analysis of the factors that tighten the growth of Personal Income Tax revenues into the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Dagestan. Based on the analysis of the structure of the Personal Income Tax base and the composition of actual taxpayers paying Personal Income Tax, the author of the article demonstrates that in many regions of the Russian Federation incomes that can't be attributed to wages or salaries usually avoid being taxed. The author examines opportunities for increasing revenues derived from taxes in the Russian Federation constituents (including the Republic of Dagestan) through improving the Personal Income Tax administration. To substantiate theoretical provisions and practical recommendations, the author has used the methods of abstraction, induction and deduction, economical statistical methods (observation, generalization, grouping, etc.) combined with the tools and principles of comparative and logical analysis as well as the integrated (system) approach. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author offers suggestions and recommendations, both theoretical and practical ones, aimed at fufilling fiscal and regulation capacity of Personal Income Tax and improving the role of Personal Income Tax as a tool for the implementation of the government social policy at the modern stage of the development of the Russian Federation. The main result of the research is the description of the problems and evaluation of the best ways to fulfil the capacity of Personal Income Tax as a fiscal and regulation instrument in the Russian Federation. In particular, the results of the research demonstrate that not all principles of economic and social efficiency are observed by the effective mechanism of calculating and collecting Personal Income Tax which hinders the development of human potential and the growth of citizen welfare. Thus, the author offers particular recommendations on how to improve the process of Personal Income Tax administration and to incurase the role of Personal Income Tax as a fiscal and regulation tool of the fiscal policy in the Russian Federation. The author also proves the need for applying progressive taxation to personal income. According to the author, this is the best way to fulfil the fiscal and social capacity of Personal Income Tax in the modern period. The author's contribution to the topic is that she emphasizes the need to differentiate between social and property-related Personal Income Tax deductions depending on the amount of Personal Income Tax and to take into account family circumstances when collecting income taxes because family circumstances are the factor that defines a taxpayer's ability to pay the tax.

Keywords: flat tax scale, deductions, fiscal efficiency, social justice, tax principles, potential, tax on income of individuals, progression, untaxed minimum,, perfection

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2015.10.67034

Keywords: progression, flat tax scale, deductions, fiscal efficiency, tax principles, capacity, social justice, Personal Income Tax, tax-free allowance, improvement

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.10.20552

Abstract: The article is devoted to actual practices and issues of social and property tax deductions on personal income tax in the Russian Federation. During difficult economic conditions the system of tax deductions for individuals is a powerful stimulus and become a strong support from the state to socially vulnerable segments of the population. The analysis of current practice shows that the system of tax deductions for personal income tax needs to be developed. It is obvious that the establishment of socially oriented tax deduction for the tax on personal income leads to budget losses while such actions may be considered as budget expenditure on social policy. The author analyzes the existing tax deductions both in the Russian practice of personal income tax and abroad. This enabled to identify trends and patterns of granting tax deductions. In his article Pavlov assesses the current tax deductions system in Russia and makes proposals to improve the mechanism and procedure of their provision. To overcome the problems in the difficult economic and political situation it is necessary to strengthen the social orientation of tax deductions and to increase the revenue part of the budget at the same time.

Keywords: social policy, development prospects, issues, foreign practice, property tax deduction, social tax deduction, personal income tax, tax deduction, incomes, indexing

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.10.68276

Keywords: social policy, development prospects, issues, foreign practice, property tax deduction, social tax deduction, personal income tax, tax deduction, incomes, indexing

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.11.21076

Abstract: The subject of the research is a new scheme for calculating property tax to be applied as a result of Part 32 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation entering into force. According to the authors, taking into account the fact that the law does not offer a classifier to differentiate residential properties a new tax collection scheme will have the greatest effect on taxation of old fund buildings as well as buildings located in prestigious areas. The latter is due to assessing officers using a comparative approach and a 'typical object' method that do not usually take into account consumer parameters of residency quality, i.e. comfort of a residential property. In this regard, the authors pay special attention to developing a method of referring a residential property to a particular class considering various price factors constituting its cadastral value. The object of the research is the methods and models of defining the cadastral value of residential properties. The methodology of the research involves principles of the systems approach to economic realities, qualimetry methods, methods of evaluating the quality of an urban residential environment and method of forming the integral rating of the major cities of Russia. The main conclusion of the research is that a new property tax must take into account the social component. In the future consumers will be more pragmatic about choosing a residential property and try to keep a relevant tax burden in mind. The scientific novelty of the research is that the authors develop a method for differentiation of residential properties depending in their comfort level whicdh allows to determine the amount of property tax differentiating tax rates according to the consumer quality of an object.

Keywords: price factors, inventory value, classification of objects, comfort levels, differentiation method, properties, differentiation of objects, cadastral value, property tax, mass evaluation of objects

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.11.68304

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.11.20870

Abstract: The paper deals with the problem of income taxation of a bankruptcy trustee as a subject of professional activity, his right to use the simplified tax system in the process of implementation of the arbitration management. The characteristics of systematic interpretation of norms of tax legislation and insolvency law (for example, rulings of the Supreme Arbitration Court and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation) have been analysed in this article. At the theoretical level the legal assessment of the basic legal positions which have been developed in the jurisprudence of the Russian courts on the taxation of income of the arbitration manager is given in the article. The main methods used by the author in this study are the method of systematic interpretation of legal norms and comparison. In her research Kiryanova emphasizes the need to harmonize tax legislation andinsolvency laws regarding the status of a bankruptcy trustee for determination of his tax obligations. Based on the conducted research the author suggests to establish a unified position on the question of taxation of income of the bankruptcy trustee at the theoretical level.

Keywords: systemic interpretation, arbitration control, individual, subject of professional activities, taxation of income, simplified taxation system, special tax regimes, bankruptcy trustee, tax certainty principle, entrepreneurial activity

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.11.68359

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.12.20144

Abstract: Over the past years the main emphasis of discussions related to the income tax in the Russian Federation has been made on the possibility to transfer from the proportional to the progressive taxation scale. Issues of tax operations and tax payment procedure, as a rule, recede into the background in the discussions on the income tax. The subject of the present research is the possible mechanisms of arranging the income tax including mechanisms applicable in case of possible transfer from the proportional to the progressive taxation scale. The authors analyze the costs of paying taxes beared by a taxpayer, tax agent or tax authority. The author also touches upon the question regarding awareness of a taxpayer about the tax to be paid. The research methodology is based on the description and allocation of transaction costs (tax payment related costs) and modeling consequences in case of three alternative modifications of the tax payment system: fully assigning the obligation to calculate and pay taxes on taxpayers (physical entities) with the opportunity of the latter to authorize tax agents to perform these or those actions, or assinging the obligation to calculate taxes on a tax authority with a mandatory notice of a taxpayer regarding a tax that has been paid. The author also notes that there has been a shift from the concept of 'income tax' to the concept of 'payroll tax' for taxpayers who are wage workers and describes advantages and drawbacks of the current tax payment system and alternatives thereto. The results of the research can be used in the law-making process when preparing draft laws aimed at making amendments to Chapter 23 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: proportional scale, tax notice, tax authority, payroll tax, tax agent, payment, progressive taxation scale, transaction costs , administration, income tax

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.12.68422