DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.12551

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.65979

Abstract: Since the introduction of tax levies business entities seek to optimize their company’s tax payments with a variety of means and methods. Last years the most common tax optimization schemes, especially in the construction sector, include outsourcing services. Therefore, there is an urgent need to adequately assess the situation and tax practice in this area, summarize experiences and tax optimization schemes, give a quantitative assessment and outline possible consequences. The study uses the methods of monographic investigation, retrospective analysis, practical experience and expertise, economic and financial analysis, calculation and constructive method. The research offers a retrospective review of major scientific and middle-brow opinions on the importance and relevance of tax flows optimization in various spheres of economic activity; considers the conceptual apparatus of tax optimization; summarizes a variety of tax optimization schemes flows in construction organizations; identifies the main possibilities and areas for optimization activities in the construction sector; analyzes and gives quantitative assessment of tax payments optimization; sets out fiscal measures for the breach of tax optimization schemes used to provide mandatory payments to the budget.

Keywords: tax optimization, tax flows, income tax, personal income tax, VAT, insurance premiums, construction companies, outsourcing, tax system, tax benefit.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.14011

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.65980

Abstract: Since Russia has a resource based economy the tax on mineral extraction is one of the main sources of replenishment the budget of the Russian Federation. Minor changes in oil prices on the global market have a tremendous impact on the state budget of the Russian Federation. Thus, the problem of replenishment of the budget is becoming particularly important. So far the MET function was mostly of fiscal nature, its regulatory function went into the background, thus accumulating a lot of problems in the field of oil production. The article reveals the shortcomings of the tax on mineral extraction in Russia and discusses ways to improve it in current conditions. The study applies a systematic approach and statistical methods to evaluate the current state of the tax on the extraction of minerals as well as challenges and prospects for its future development. It draws conclusions on the quality of the RF tax policy in the field of taxation of oil production. The study reviews changes in the current legislation. Currently, there is an annual increase in absolute revenues from the mineral extraction tax to the federal budget and the growth of the share of tax in the structure of the budget. However, despite the positive dynamics of MET, the shortcomings of the existing taxation system in the oil production sector negatively affect the status and development of the oil industry.

Keywords: budget revenues, oil, mineral extraction tax (MET), tax burden, rent component, benefits, raw materials, investment, technology, tax maneuver.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.13242

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.65981

Abstract: The subject of research is the legal provision of the tax status of banks. The relevance of the topic stems from the fact that the legal regulation of the obligation to transfer tax is fragmented as well as the tax status of the bank and this does not correspond to its special place in the tax legal relations. In view of this, the author elaborates on the legal regulation of the two inseparably linked obligations, i.e. the taxpayer should pay the tax and the bank or a tax agent should transfer it. The author thoroughly considers the execution of each obligation. The author also examines the issues related to the responsibility of banks and tax agents for non-transfer of tax amounts. The problem is considered through analysis of articles of the Russian Tax Code of different editions with subsequent synthesis of different points of view. In the end, the author offers his views on solution of this problem as follows: firstly, to proceed from the reality principle of fulfillment of tax obligations; secondly, to take into account special public law obligations of banks, and thirdly, to consider the obligation to pay taxes with due regard to the legal status of tax agents. As a result the author proposes to add two special articles: the article governing the fulfillment of the obligation to transfer taxes in general, and the article governing the special tax status of banks and their rights and duties in particular.

Keywords: bank, tax agent, taxpayer, reality principle, payment of tax, transfer of tax, levy taxes, public law obligations of the bank, tax revenues, fiscal interests of the state.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.12512

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.65982

Abstract: The research focuses on the need to create special economic zones in border regions of the Russian Federation. The border areas are particularly important for any country as they play a key role in foreign policy, national security and international relations. The author considers such issues as the sharp increase in the value of border areas that serve as zones of contact with the outside world in the context of liberalization of foreign trade activities and the need to establish on their territories of special economic zones. Historically, in Russia the entire zone of border areas is less dynamic and more depressed than similar territories in other parts of the country. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of new border areas in Russia further aggravated the situation. Taking the above into account, the paper pays special attention to the mechanism of crediting customs duties for the purpose of economic growth in these areas. The research methods applied in the work on the establishment of SEZs in border regions of the Russian Federation involve analysis and synthesis. The author’s contribution to research in this field has been the development of the concept of establishing of special economic zones in border regions of Russia, and as a result, the social and economic development of the RF subjects adjacent to the RF state border by the proportional allocation of customs duties, the preservation and development of the productive forces, development of natural resources, attracting Russian and foreign investment, and thus reducing the social and economic asymmetries of the RF subjects. The above-mentioned findings and suggestions constitute the novelty and significance of the research.

Keywords: border areas, special economic zones, economic potential, border of the Russian Federation, economic development, geopolitical significance, national economy, border region, subjects of the Russian Federation, stimulating factor.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.14100

Abstract: In this paper, a comparative analysis of such definitions as: internal corporative control and internal audit, internal control and tax state tax control is made. Author defined elements and goals of the system of internal control in the tax business entities. The analysis carried out on the basis of Russian and Ukrainian legislation. The author also examines the foreign examples of legal regulation and practice of internal auditing and monitoring, as well as their implementation within the framework of economic activity of enterprises. An analysis of the internal structures of enterprises competent to conduct internal control and audit is undertaken by the author. To evaluate the effectiveness of control procedures author offered special rates and forms of control analytic statements, which are recommended to be used by members of the internal control of the tax entity. The results can be used both in theoretical studies to justify terminological apparatus of internal fiscal control and in the practice of internal controllers (internal audit). It is concluded that the successful implementation of fiscal policy in modern conditions is impossible without an effective system of internal control.

Keywords: internal control, model COSO, internal tax control, internal audit, internal control system, tax control, tax monitoring, horizontal monitoring, auditor's working papers, minimization of tax risks

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.65983

Abstract: The paper presents a comparative analysis and clarifies such definitions as internal control and internal audit, internal tax control and state tax control. Also, it establishes the main elements and objectives of the internal tax control of a business entity. The analysis is carried out on the basis of Russian and Ukrainian legislation. The authors examine the foreign experience in legal regulation and internal auditing and control within the framework of economic activity of enterprises. The study conducts an analysis of the internal structures of enterprises whose competence includes conducting internal control and audit. The author suggests special indicators and forms for control analytic statements to be used to evaluate the effectiveness of control procedures by members of the tax internal control body. The findings of the research can be used both in theoretical works to substantiate the terminological apparatus for internal fiscal control as well as in practice of internal controllers (internal auditors). It is concluded that under current conditions the implementation of fiscal policy cannot be successful unless an effective system of internal fiscal control is available for the taxpayer.

Keywords: internal control model COSO, internal tax control, internal audit, internal control system, tax control, tax monitoring, horizontal monitoring, working papers of the auditor, minimization of tax risks.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.14007

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.65984

Abstract: The study proposes a new classification of existing Russian taxes and therefore has a significant theoretical and practical value. The subject of study is the aggregate of economic and legal relations existing under the Russian tax system as well as methodological problems regarding interrelated taxes. Giving a detailed analysis of provisions of the Tax Code, the author singles out interrelated taxes as complicated for calculation, identifies and describes their economic features as well as principles of interrelated taxation and proves that proposed classification is highly relevant and valid. Methodologically the research is based on the fundamentals of economic science, evolutionary and systematic analysis of tax theories as well as the recent developments in theory and practice of taxation laid down in the writings of Russian and foreign scientists. The scientific novelty of the research is in the fact that the author developed a new classification of taxes, compiled a list of economic features associated with interrelated taxes and set out the basic principles of interrelated taxation. The author argues that interrelated taxes are very important as they are versatile and easy-embedded in the market economy but the existing interrelated taxation system is uncompleted and needs further development. The author reveals the origin of the Russian tax system fundamental problem i.e. the unsecured tax benefit of the taxpayer.

Keywords: principles of interrelated taxation, value of interrelated taxes, tax benefit, theory of taxation, interrelated taxation, interrelated tax, tax, tax classification, not interrelated tax, tax system.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.14201

Abstract: The author studies the issues related to the budgetary needs of the Russian regions and the mechanism for allocating federal subsidies to the regions. This analysis is undertaken on examples of the actions made on federal level; financial stabilizing techniques and are studied as well as the questions of distribution of federal grants for the regions budgets. Special attention is payed to the role by the Federal Fund for Financial Support of the Russian Federation. The analysis is based on the methods of financial statistics; experts analysis on the conditions of formation and distribution FFFPR are scrutinized; author presents the advantages and disadvantages of the currently procedures used by the Fund. Special attention is payed to the financial volume of Fund and its share in GDP as well as to the federal budget expenditures. The results of the study led to the conclusion that interbudget regulation in the future should be focused on the consistent reduction of subsidization of local budgets by federal one. Author also point out the necessity to raise the regions interest to increase their own revenues.It is argued that the hallmark of the current system of feral-regions budget relations is the limited number of the regions own revenue sources, which has resulted in growing number of feral government subsidized regions.

Keywords: Fund support to the regions, distribution of subsidies, technique, budget provision, reduction of subsidization, increase their own revenues, increasing revenue potential, the development of the tax base, interbudget regulation, level of budgetary provision

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2014.12.65985

Abstract: The article addresses the highly important issues related to the regional needs and the mechanism of allocating subsidies. The task set at the federal level to stabilize techniques and allocation of subsidies for leveling the budgetary security of the subjects of the Russian Federation put these issues at the forefront. An important role in the development of inter-budgetary relations and regulation in Russia is assigned to the Federal Fund for Financial Support of the Subjects of the Russian Federation. The study states that the problem of further improvement of the methodology for allocation of subsidies from the Federal Fund for Financial Support of the Regions remains important, but it is possible to effectively reform the intergovernmental relations only if other forms of regulation are reformed. The author applies the methods of comparison, grouping and expert assessments to analyze the formation and operation of the Federal Fund for Financial Support of regions since the time it was established. The study demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of existing procedures and analyzes the main indicators of the Fund such as volume, its share in the GDP and federal budget spendings. The results of investigation lead to the conclusion that inter-budget regulation in the future should be focused on the consistent reduction of subsidies allocated to territorial budgets, stimulating interest of the regions to increase their own revenues and income capacity. The study sets forth forcibly that the distinguishing feature of the current system of inter-budgetary relations is the narrow list of regional revenues sources. Due to such budgetary orientation the ever increasing number of regions falls into the category of subsidized territories.

Keywords: Fund for Financial Support of regions, allocation of subsidies, methodology, budget security, reducing the dependence on subsidies, increase their own revenues, increasing revenue potential, tax base expansion, intergovernmental regulation, level of budgetary provision