International Law and International Organizations

Abstract: An important feature of cyberspace is its cross-border nature, due to the absence of physical borders and the decentralization of infrastructure and users. Due to the fact that all transactions in cyberspace potentially cross state borders and have an impact on objects and entities in various states, the consequences of certain actions can be felt in many jurisdictions. At the same time, the traditional links between the offense and the State on the basis of territoriality, nationality or the need to protect fundamental national interests may be absent. In such cases, jurisdiction is proposed to be established on the basis of the doctrine of consequences. However, the objections of a number of States to such extraterritorial dissemination of foreign legislation and the uncertain nature of the consequences doctrine have raised questions about the conformity of the consequences doctrine with international law. Based on the analysis of international treaties, practices and positions of States and international organizations, scientific research and other doctrinal sources, the following conclusions were drawn. The doctrine of consequences is increasingly being recognized as a principle of establishing the jurisdiction of States through the formation of a rule of customary international law. However, objections to the application of this doctrine, especially in cases of establishing jurisdiction in criminal cases, continue to be expressed. The generally recognized conditions for the application of the consequences doctrine are as follows: a State enacting legislation based on the consequences doctrine must have an internationally acceptable interest in this; the consequences must be direct, predictable and significant; there must be no infringement of the legitimate interests of other States or foreign persons who do not have a significant connection with the State that claims to implement such jurisdiction. Other mechanisms should be considered to limit the scope of actions falling under the jurisdiction of the State: apply the principle of targeting, which requires an assessment of the actions that a person has taken in order to fall or not fall under the jurisdiction of the State; apply special liability measures related not to the imposition of sanctions on persons engaged in illegal behavior, but to the creation of obstacles to the implementation of such activities, for example, to block access to information that is illegal from the point of view of the State. A combination of such mechanisms could prevent undesirable activities in a more balanced way and not create unjustified risks for cyberspace actors.

Keywords: principle of targeting, principle of objective territoriality, effects doctrine, territorial principle, principles of jurisdiction, extraterritorial jurisdiction, jurisdiction on the Internet, jurisdiction in cyberspace, cyberspace, international law

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2022.3.28070

Abstract: The authors of the article present a comprehensive study of doctrinal approaches concerning the problem of the correlation of international and domestic law, based on multilevel, non-linearity of legal norms. The object of the article is the traditional doctrines of dualism (pluralism) and monism, an assessment of the circumstances of their emergence, the essence of approaches and subsequent transformation under the influence of globalization and integration processes. The authors analyze the theoretical foundations of the methods and conditions for integrating the norms of international law into the national legal system and the role of international law for the modern legal order. The authors were based on the methods of theoretical synthesis, induction and generalization, the principle of historicism. Among the special-legal - method of comparative jurisprudence, the main conclusions of the study are the assessment of traditional doctrines from the modern perspective of globalization and the integration existing in the modern international community. The practical situation continues to provide the ground not so much for the "improvement" of the doctrine, but for its revision and modern assessment, which makes it possible to designate the role of the international legal order for national jurisdictions.

Keywords: international law, domestic law, correlation, dualistic theory, pluralism, monistic theory, state, sovereignty, law and order, supremacy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2017.1.20462

Abstract: This article examines various option of membership termination within the international organizations (disaffiliation of members from an international organization; compulsory termination of membership; forfeit of characteristics for continuation of membership by a state; dissolution of an international organization itself), as well as associated with them international legal issues (termination of membership without the corresponding positions in constitutional documents of the international organizations). The author also analyzes the existing practice, as well as provides certain propositions on this matter. Despite its relevance from the scientific perspective, the topic at hand is yet insufficiently studied within the international law. The available works do not consider the changes that took place in the international life, while this article is aimed at partially filling the existing gap. In conclusion, the author notes that in resolution of the questions of membership termination in the international organizations, it is important to address not only to the positions of constitutional documents of the international organizations, but also the norms of common international law.

Keywords: UN specialized agencies, UN, Dissolution of international organization, Suspension of membership, Exclusion, Disaffiliation, Sanction, Termination of membership, Constitutional documents, International organization

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2017.1.68621

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2019.1.28570

Abstract: This article examines subsidiarity as the practical approach towards making better decisions within the systems of multilevel social control. Following the special procedure aimed at substantiating the need for decision making, the concerned parties are able not only express their argument, but also reach a consensus regarding the best one. The author appeals to the concept of integrative subsidiarity, which implies that in effective solution of social problems there is no point of restraining or benefiting the interference of one level of control into another; only parity interaction of concerned parties leads to making better, epistemologically substantiated solutions, based on the irresistible force of the most eloquent argument. The author conducts the analysis of three “yellow cards”, initiated within the framework of subsidiary control mechanism, which was introduced to the EU management practice for the first time. Special attention is given to the factors that helped reaching a consensus with the EU Commission regarding subsidiary objections. Using the method of historical discourse-analysis, the author determines the nature of the principle of subsidiarity its evolutionary trends, and views this nature contextually, from the perspective of suitability for solving particular issues. Although the subsidiary control mechanism does not empower the national parliaments to influence the final legislative solution of the European Union, the practical value of the mechanism is fairly high. Under certain circumstances, the subsidiary control mechanism can be an effective tool not only for the interinstitutional dialogue, but also for the responsible participation of member-states (through their national parliaments) and the European Union itself (through EU Commission) in making better legislative decisions.

Keywords: national parliaments, inter-institutional dialogue, European Union, subsidiarity control mechanism, responsible participation, mediating structure, system of multi-level management, integrative subsidiarity, green card, consensus

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2019.3.30654

Abstract: This article examines the question on the role of foreign investments within the system of international economic relations from the perspective of law. The author analyzes the main and auxiliary goals of an investor and the country-recipient of foreign investments and the country of origin of the investments. The legal-economic concept of “investment/foreign investment” is viewed considering the author’s opinion that investments as such are multifunctional. Different understanding in this regard underline the various aspects of the phenomenon; thereat, the legislators of different countries are guided by their teleological reasons, while representatives of the doctrine – by affiliation to one or another scientific specialty (or school). The scientific novelty lies in articulation of the problem, as well as the approaches towards its studying. The new data regarding the records and information on the role of foreign investments within the system of international economic relations are introduced into the Russian-language discourse. The conclusion is made that the foreign investments are characterizes by versatile functionality, expansion of which is substantiated by the needs of the country-recipient of investments along with the country of their origin.

Keywords: influence, profit, investment goals, economics, law, international economic relations, foreign investment, investment, cross-border character, investment climate

Abstract: The problem of sovereignty as one of the key characteristics of the state is still key to the science of international law. The starting point of this theory was the thesis on existence of the state not as an isolated element, but rather as a developing component of international system. The sovereignty presupposed not the will of the supreme state power, based on the highest law within the state borders, but rather the free will within the international legal community. This idea was a concreting component for the idea of united Europe.

Keywords: international law, sovereignty, neutrality, protectorate, condominium, easement, natural law, positive law, system of guardianship, system of mandates.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2023.4.69163

Abstract: The present research is aimed at studying the problems of increasing the authority of universal international law through the formation and implementation of new international legal values in real life, as well as through the modernization of international regional and universal legal awareness. Within the framework of this article, some aspects of interaction and mutual influence of universal and regional (on the example of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)) international legal systems have been considered; attention has also been paid to the issues of mutual influence of such elements of these systems as the modernizing regional legal consciousness (on the example of the SCO) and universal international legal consciousness. The author identified, in particular, the following research objectives: to identify the key features of the SCO legal system; to assess the importance of regional legal awareness within the SCO as a component and factor in the development of the SCO legal system; to identify the characteristic features of mutual influence and interaction of the regional legal system of the SCO and the universal legal system of international law. Within the framework of this study, using the content analysis method, the features of interaction and mutual influence of universal and regional international legal systems are revealed, the features of modern regional legal awareness are established on the example of the SCO. The comparative analysis made it possible to assess the prospects for further codification of the norms of international law in relation to the object of research. The existing and continuing development of regional legal awareness within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization can serve as one of the guidelines for the modernization of universal international legal awareness and increasing the effectiveness of general international law. The author comes to the conclusion that in the context of modern threats and threats to international peace and security in the 21st century, it should be of particular importance to increase the authority of international law by updating international legal awareness with qualitatively new content. The author sees the use of the experience of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as one of the promising and objectively justified options for such modernization, the success of the functioning of the law enforcement mechanism within the SCO allows us to assume the possibility of borrowing the positive experience of the SCO in this area to increase the effectiveness of general universal international law.

Keywords: international legal responsibility, international organization, international legal mechanism, dialogue of cultures, international security, international integration, regional legal awareness, international legal awareness, regional legal system, international legal system

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2021.2.35889

Abstract: The author reviews the key aspects of using the norms of private international law in intergovernmental relations, development of the universal legal norms and methods in the conditions of globalization. It is noted that public and private international law differ in multiple parameters, particularly the method of regulation. Private law relationships are regulated by the national legislations, while public law relationships are regulated by international treaties, which can be expressed in form of agreements, customs, or tacit consent. consent form. The author underlines the importance of distinguishing between the sphere of private and public law, as well as proper application of the corresponding regulatory mechanisms. To research employs formal-logical, systematic, comparative, and other methods. The relevance of modernizing legal regulation of foreign economic activity is emphasized. The author notes that the norms that establish the procedure for regulating the behavior of private and legal entities have been included into the international law. The manifestation of this phenomenon can be seem in the international investment law (investment process), law of the sea (in the area of resource extraction). The future position of privately held companies in the development of lunar resources is being actively discussed. This phenomenon can be substantiated by the need to establish a unified rule of law for the activity of non-state actors in the corresponding branches of international law.

Keywords: space law, investment relations, conflict rules, legal regulation, private international law, international public law, maritime law, legal liability, individuals, legal entities

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2021.1.35087

Abstract: The subject of this research is the examination of evolution of the idea of self-determination of peoples based on the fundamental works of the Russian and foreign scholars, thinkers of the antiquity and modernity. The author considers the transformations experienced by the principle of self-determination at various historical stages of development; as well as builds a corresponding systems of the development cycles. The conclusion is made that after conception of the idea of self-determination, the colonial powers viewed this concept as ethical, seeing the threat to legitimacy of the established order. Therefore, throughout almost a century, the leading countries refused to include this right into the corresponding international and domestic documents. The main conclusions are as follows: after consolidation of the principle in the Charter of the United Nations, it became the foundation for the emergence of news states and destruction of the colonial world; the principle served as a leitmotif for the development of human rights and international relations, but at the same time became a threat and challenge to the territorial integrity; wars between the countries are replaced with the civil and interethnic conflicts; the world is captured with such phenomena as state nationalism that subsequently grew into extremely radical forms, such as fascism and Nazism; the modern international law actively promotes the two competing principles – territorial integrity and self-determination; in modern world, the right to self-determination is not limited by peoples under the colonial past – there occur new forms of self-determination that threaten the existence of sovereign states. Uncertainty of the status of the newly emerged states formations serves as the source of domestic and international tension, which inevitably leads to intergovernmental clashes and negatively impacts geopolitical situation in separate regions and in the world as a whole.

Keywords: peoples, unrecognized States, sovereignty, United Nations, League of Nations, territorial integrity, self-determination, nations, international law, international organizations

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2021.4.37115

Abstract: This article reviews the prerequisites, content and consequences of the impact of global processes on the sovereignty of modern states. The object of this research is the international legal relations and their peculiarities in the current context. The subject is the conditions and forms of restriction of sovereignty of national states, as well as contributing factors. Special attention is given to representations on the “fate” of sovereign rights and variants of their transformation reflected in the scientific literature, as well as change in the vector of development of globalization processes under the influence of strategy of the countries that act in accordance with their sovereign rights and national interests. The main method of “diluting” the state sovereignty are viewed based on the general scientific methods − induction and deduction, analysis, generalization, abstraction, modeling; sectoral methods of studying global processes: political scientific, statistical, formal-legal, specific-historical, and comparative. The research relies on the dialectical approach towards analyzing the concept of state sovereignty. The following conclusions were made: 1) modern world marks to multidirectional trends that testify to the transformation of state sovereignty, narrowing of its separate spheres in the conditions of globalization, or on the other hand, change in the vector of development of the global processes; 2) there is virtually no formal legal equality of the countries set by the leading norms of international law and underlying sovereignty; however, the national states continue demonstrating the resistance to global challenges; at the same time, the most “impregnable” for leveling sovereign rights is not the economy or politics, but cultural-historical values (the sphere of humanities); 3) in the conditions of globalization, the prospect of losing sovereignty depends on the degree of resistance to external challenges demonstrated by a particular state.

Keywords: Westphalian system, international organizations, human rights concept, limitation of sovereignty, globalization, state, sovereignty, global information space, hyperglobalists, transformationists

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2022.4.39303

Abstract: The article focuses on the special public international relations emerging among the subjects of public international law regarding the enforcement of state sovereignty in the conditions of digitalization of the economy and ensuring national interests in the field of security. The subject of the study is the Chinese doctrine of public international law. The author analyzes the legal regulations in the field of digital economy in China. The Chinese model of "digital nationalism" is being analyzed. The state sovereignty over the cyberspace is being embodied through the category of "cyber sovereignty" and the doctrine of "five principles of peaceful coexistence". The state has to implement the policy of "digital nationalism" to ensure its sovereignty. The Chinese theory of public international law is based on the doctrine of the peaceful existence of nations with different political, economic, social and cultural systems, based on a set of five fundamental principles, which facilitate the achievement of common goals while maintaining a balance of national interests. State sovereignty is the crucial point of this doctrine, since peaceful coexistence of nations is achieved through mutual respect for sovereignty. The concept of a "community of common destiny" defines the goal identified by China implementing the five principles of peaceful coexistence. The Chinese approach to the implementation of cyber sovereignty does not imply the "Balkanization" of global cyberspace, on the contrary, it is supposed to maintain the ground for the development of international legal norms in the field of information security. Therefore, the Chinese concept of cyber sovereignty, which is based on "digital nationalism", embodies the logical and expected reaction of national authorities to internal and external security threats. The Chinese theory of public international law is not a scholastic construct, but an objective reality.

Keywords: community of common destiny, digital technologies, national security, information security, principles of peaceful coexistence, public international law, cyber sovereignty, digital nationalism, China, FinTech

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2021.4.36891

Abstract: The subject of this research is the phenomenon of economic diplomacy as an instrument of “soft law”, which is becoming widespread in the international relations of modern multipolar world. The object of this research is the international relations and the impact of international legal norms upon formation of their peculiarities. Attention is given to the differences between “soft” and “hard” international law, as well as international and “quasi-international” law. The author explores various historical aspects of international relations, within the framework of which are implemented certain legal mechanisms and instruments. Incompletion of evolution of the phenomenon of “soft law” at the present stage is observed. The conclusion is made that the task of “soft law” in international relations lies in the use of the established international legal toolset and correction of the global world order to the benefit of a certain country of group of countries. It is noted that that key criterion that determines “soft law” as a unique instrument of international relations and international law is the nature of the means that without the extensive use of non-legal instruments. At the same time, the authors claim that in a number of cases, the emergence of legal mechanisms is the result of continuous application of “soft law”.

Keywords: norm, lex, system, history, princip, relationship, law, akt, state, regulation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2015.3.16209

Abstract: This article presents an original concept of establishment of international regional law as a branch of international law at the present stage of social development. The legal system is constantly being updated with new branches and sub-branches of law, institutions, and norms, which makes it more efficient overall. The study of integrational processes within Eurasian territory in the conditions of development of geopolitical competitiveness, active formation of new regional economic, social, and military-political spaces, demands mobilization of not only political, social, and economic resources, but also legal. A complex analysis of integrational processes within the framework of current regional formations allowed the author to determine a number of signs such as fusion and interconnection of national interests, which ensures balance of national interests of the member-states of regional formation on one hand, and the interests of the regional formation itself on the other. The author substantiates the conclusion that creation and functionality of such regional formations is impossible without presence of international regional law, the element of which can possess certain level of autonomy with regards to both, national law of the member-states, as well as the international law.

Keywords: principles of law, structuring, systematization, legal system, Eurasian Law, system of law, international regional law, regional integration, branch of law, regional law

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2015.3.66831

Keywords: principles of law, structuring, systematization, legal system, Eurasian Law, system of law, international regional law, regional integration, branch of law, regional law

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2016.3.17366

Abstract: This work demonstrates the international legal inclusion of Russia in the modern world order in terms of the subject composition of the Russian Federation. The involvement of the Russian Federation into a universal international legal space destined to the sovereign State of the existence of the country. The postulate of a unified system of state power in the parameters of the rule of authority throughout the spatial extent of the Russian Federation and independence in the international arena, which is justly stated by the scholars and experts of international judicial and arbitral authorities, establishes a clear format of the subject perception of the concept of "state sovereignty". International legal positioning of the Russian Federation as a bona fide member of the system of modern international relations is indicated in the format of the state with the characteristic to it legal capacity. In its national status, the Russian Federation has such intrinsic element as the international legal personality: a combination of rights and responsibilities with the simultaneous existence of the actual legal opportunity to protect for ensuring its subjective rights and legal interests. In this regard, the international legal personality of the Russian Federation completely meets the general at the universal level standards of the doctrinal perception of the notion “international legal personality”. The author determines that the international legal importance of the contribution of the Russian Federation into the support of the modern legal order manifests in execution of the entire frame of international obligations based on the good faith principle, as well as in strengthening of the International Court as the main judicial authority of the UN and provision of the integrity of the universal system of international security.

Keywords: Globalization, Legal standards, Government authority, Nation, Sovereignty, Independence, International legal personality, Constituents of the Russian Federation , International normative system, Russian Federation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2016.3.68160

Keywords: Globalization, Legal standards, Government authority, Nation, Sovereignty, Independence, International legal personality, Constituents of the Russian Federation, International normative system, Russian Federation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2015.4.16400

Abstract: The world order created by the nations of the winning side of the World War II exists until the present day. Its key trait is that the important decisions are made by several states, which hold a special place in the world thanks to their military power and their fixed position within the UN Charter as the permanent members of the UN Security Council. But the modern world has drastically changed, became multipolar, and thus it is necessary to change the methods of managing global situations, including rethinking the place and role of the primary branches of the United Nations. The novelty of this research consists in the fact that the authors note that the political world structure is moving towards the so-called multipolarity. Within the modern political conditions it is necessary to establish a direct connection between the results of the Second World War and the current world order. Demonstration of the necessity to make changes to the world order is substantiated by the changes in the set of values shared by the international community.

Keywords: world order, international law, United Nations, the UN Charter, the UN security Council, permanent members of the Security Council, second world war, victorious powersl, multipolar world, international relations

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2015.4.67244

Keywords: victorious powers, Second World War, permanent members of the Security Council, UN Security Council, UN Charter, United Nations, international law, world order, multipolar world, international relations

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2014.4.11371

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0633.2014.4.65688

Abstract: This article examines the old doctrine of international law, including dogmatic points of view of the concept of international criminal law, as well as its tasks and principles at the current stage. The main goal of this research is to formulate the defi nitions of international criminal law taking into account the establishment of International Criminal Court on July 17, 1998. An attempt is made to explore the stages of development of international criminal law that led to its present state as an integral and complete legal system. The topic of “New approaches towards concept, subject and system of international criminal law” in itself became important within theory and practice from the very moment the International Criminal Court has been founded.