Law and Politics - rubric International relations: interaction systems

Abstract: The article includes analysis of key diplomatic and political steps of the US towards regulation of the Palestine and Israeli conflict, which were taken in last 2 years by Obama Barack. The author shows gradual growth of inclusion into the peace-making process in the Middle East. The Washington managed to bring the parties to direct negotiations on political regulations, which then got stuck due to lack of wish of Tel-Aviv to “freeze” growth of Jewish settlements on occupied territories.

Keywords: political science, Palestine, Israel, USA, regulation, Obama, Abbas, Netanyahu, negotiation, mediation

Abstract: The modern doctrines of human rights are uncoordinated, which leads to misunderstandings and inter-cultural conflicts. The authors of this article attempt to single out some touchy matters, in the issue of human rights in Arabian and European cooperation in the Mediterranean basin region.

Keywords: political science, jurisprudence, human rights, Mediterranean, UN, Europe, Arabian world, Sharia, Fikh, hijab

Abstract: The author analyzes the topical issue of international private law, that is establishing the applicable law for international commercial arbitration. The author compares common law and continental system of law, views norms and principles, which an arbitration may apply when establishing applicable law.

Keywords: jurisprudence, law, applicable, international, commercial, arbitration, conflict of law, law, foreign, UNIDROIT.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the development of legal regulation of scientifi c, technological and innovative activities within the context of legal globalization. The author analyzes the standards of legal regulation of scientifi c and technological development, as well as the role of international law in their formation, then establishes the thesis that international cooperation in this sphere is a factor for the improvement of national innovation legislation.

Keywords: jurisprudence, innovation, globalistics, cooperation, science, legislation, law, technology, market, commercialization.

Abstract: The author of the article understands dialogue as a form of interaction of civilizations, he considers possible achievement of a sustainable development of a global civilization only on the basis of dialogue and partnership of local civilizations, as well as on the general economic, international legal and cultural mechanism. In this article it is offered to recognize a place of Saudi Arabia in dialogue of civilizations as a center for the Muslim world that is caused by historical position of this country in the Islamic world, and be its modern natural and economic potential.

Keywords: civilization dialogue, Saudi Arabia, interreligious relations, OIC.

Abstract: In this article the author based on the analysis of bilateral treaties of the Russian Federation with the foreign states, analyzes the issues of foreign trade. Much attention is paid to trade treaties, their contents and key issues of this type of treaties. Based on scientific analysis and comparative analysis, the author establishes similarities, differences and peculiarities of the bilateral trade agreements as a key source of international trade law, regulating the foreign trade relations of the state. The legal search system Consultant Plus was used in research for this article

Keywords: jurisprudence, foreign trade, economic, goods turnover, international contract, inter-governmental commission, the regime of the most favored nation, trade mission, trade agreement, scientific and technical cooperation

Abstract: The article is devoted to application of the term “offshore” in Russian and international legislation, its application in law-enforcement practice, attitude towards this new phenomenon of the world community, application of anti-offshore regulation measures. The author also offers a definition of offshore, its subject and object elements based on differentiating between the profits from input of capital into the investment state and grounds for activities outside the investment state. Keywords: jurisprudence, offshores, anti-offshore regulation, offshore business, offshore jurisdictions, offshore territories, term, investment, subject and object elements, capital

Abstract: The article includes characteristics of a number of factors, which establish the role of international legal guarantees for the international security law. The most important ones are ensuring sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of states. The greater is the role of such factors in international relations, the greater is the role of international legal guarantee for them. At the same time, lack of conformity to the rules by some states only reestablishes the need and importance of such guarantees. At the same time, the lack of conformity with the guarantees on the part of some states undermines the role of these guarantees in regulation of international security law. Keywords: jurisprudence, contracts, guarantees, obligations, conventions, security, sovereignty, state, law, ensuring

Abstract: This article provides general overview on securitization as a modern instrument of financing in the international turnover. The author establishes its economical and legal nature, analyzes the history of formation of the institution, analyzes its key types, and the advantages, that it gives. The author also touches upon the problem of legal regulation of securitization, modern stage of Russian legislation in this sphere. Keywords: jurisprudence, securitization, originator, SPV, servicer, investor, guarantees, emission, regulation, bankruptcy

Abstract: International convention is a generally recognized way to regulate international disputes. Is it possible to come to agreement in the sphere of partition and use of foreign property of the former USSR via multilateral conventions among the former USSR republics, which now became foreign states. Was the principle of succession followed, or was it factually continuity. Is the partition of Soviet property over? This article relates to these and other related problems. Keywords: jurisprudence, law, international contract, foreign property, continuity, succession, CIS, foreign debt, asset, Foreign Economic Bank, “zero option”

Abstract: In this article the author views the key issues, relating some important aspects of legal status of physical persons in the international private law. Much attention is paid to analysis of material legal norms, which regulate the status of physical persons in the international labor and education relations. The author analyzes various aspects of international labor and international education law, when applied to the status of physical persons. Keywords: jurisprudence, law, legal subject, citizen, foreigner, labor, education, migrant, person, collision

Abstract: As the author of this article points out, legal regulation of international investment disputes between the state and foreign investor is of complex character. Such disputes are regulated by both public and private law, both international and domestic law. The article includes bases for international public law regulation of investment disputes. Keywords: jurisprudence, law, dispute, international, arbitration, investor, agreement, contract, convention, investment, regulation

Abstract: The article is devoted to the phenomenon of the leading empires as a value in international law. Based on the functional approach to the activities of the great states on the world arena, the author establishes their international legal status. Much attention is paid to the responsibility of great states for the whole architecture of the world order, and direction of the evolution of the international law. Keywords: jurisprudence, world order, equality, great state, hegemony, international law, peacemaking, leadership, values, multi-polar system

Abstract: This article is devoted to the topical issues of legal status of states as subjects of international private law. Much attention is paid to jurisdictional immunity of the state. The article includes analysis of the functions of the state in regulation of foreign economic activities, legal regime of state property and regulation of international turnover of cultural values. Keywords: jurisprudence, state, law, bodies, property, culture, representation, trade, immunity, status

Abstract: The author considers the Republic of Abkhazia to be one of the states of post – Soviet territory of the USA. Currently the Republic is not recognized by the international community and by international organizations. That is why the issues of correlation between international law and Abkhazian law are quite topical and complicated. The solution to above-mentioned problems is quite important in order to ensure the due entrance of Abkhazia into the world community of states.

Abstract: The Italian Republic holds one of the leading places among the key partners of the Russian Federation in Europe and in the world as a whole. Russia’s cooperation with Italy develops in various spheres, such as trade and economical, scientific and technical, touches upon the spheres of culture and tourism… This article by I.I. Atlangeriev includes a review of cooperation between Russia and Italy in these spheres.

Abstract: The value of the state cadastral register is due to the fact, that without the cadastral number the plot of land does not exist as an object of immovable property. That is why the rights and titles to the plots of land are now only possible after their cadastral registration. This article by T.A. Pasikova is devoted to the key novelties in the legislation on the cadastral registration of immovable property within this framework.

Abstract: In this article the issue of relations between the Security Council and the ICJ is viewed from the standpoint of Art. 94(2) of the UN Charter, as well as from the point of view of voting at the Security Council in order to bring the decision of the ICJ into force. The author reviews Art. 94 and 27 of the Charter within the framework of the more general competence of the Council under Chapters VI and VII of the Charter, and studies the scale of application of Art. 94(2) of the Charter, as well as the ICJ provisions on the temporary measures.

Abstract: The legal internationalization of the national legislation of the state is a reasonable consequence of the globalization processes. At the same time the investment relations are more and more influenced by the international contract law. These international integration processes call for legal basis both at the international and at the national level. What are the topical tendencies and the further ways of development of these relations?

Abstract: This article by I.R. Nasyrov is devoted to the topical problems of legal regulation of international cooperation of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation. The paper includes analysis of the current situation, and the author also offers a number of solution for the systematic conflicts in the sphere of political and legal regulation of international cooperation of the regions. The latter are based on the analysis of the international and Russian experience, including more than 15 years of practice of development of international relations of the Republic of Tatarstan.

Abstract: Two years ago in Austria they celebrated the 60th anniversary of the 2nd World War and the 50th anniversary of the State Agreement, and there was a number of new publications and facts, which made the issues related to the occupation of Austria (first of all, the Soviet occupation) even more topical. These new publications along with the well-known ones allow the author to turn to the political and legal problems of withdrawing the occupation forces of the Union states from the territory of Austria after the 2nd World War.

Abstract: The article is centered upon the general characteristics of application of international law by the national judiciaries and the constitutional limitations to such judiciary activities within the context of various states. These limitations should be taken into account, while criticizing the judiciary for non-compliance with the international law…

Abstract: This article by Sh.G. Seidov gives a methodological approach to the study of the information society as a factor influencing changes in modern foreign policy relations.

Abstract: Neutrality, as an actual or even more promising international legal institution, as an influential state policy, is not talked about, or almost not talked about. The concept of neutrality continues to be present in international law. But has it really been preserved as a special international legal status of a state declaring its commitment to the policy of neutrality? Is there any reason to believe that the policy of sovereign neutrality, which is based on the generally recognized neutral status of the State, continues to exist? The answers to these and other questions are presented in the article by E.R. Troekurov.

Abstract: Defining the role of international law within the legal regulation of protection of environment in the Russian Federation calls for solution of both theoretical and technical problems, study of correlation between international and national legislation. This article includes analysis of correlation of international and Russian environmental law, as well as of mechanisms of implementation of these legal norms.

Abstract: State monopoly, which characterizes military and technical cooperation, as opposed to other social spheres of Russian society, is based on the very character of the object of cooperation - military products. This article contains analysis of specific features of the state mediator activity in this sphere, of nature and realization of state monopoly, its legal and organizational aspects. The author also studies a problem of ensuring security of the Russian Federation within the sphere of military and technical cooperation.

Abstract: On the year of the 60th anniversary of the UN, one should surely note its considerable impact on strengthening the world order, and one should agree that preservation and development of the UN is a key goal in the international sphere. Since the UN is a multi-level, multinational, open and universal system, it is truly a prototype of the mechanism of unity of all states, all organizations and social structures, which would allow to realize the principle of unity in variety in the XXI century. The UN provides us with an opportunity to discuss any complicated issues, facilitates an effective dialogue of representatives of different nations, religions, languages, cultures and political views…

Abstract: Lately it became fashionable to point out the growing role of national courts in application of the international law norms within the legal systems of particular states. How successful are the courts in attaining this goal? Do they prefer to stand aside from international issues, and keep to the familiar sources of national law? In other words, are the courts able to successfully pass the steeplechase, and facilitate application and development of “living” international law, or are they putting a brake on its development? What can be done to make the work of national courts more effective? This article by K.N. Lapteva, part 1 of which, is presented in this journal, is devoted to the study of judicial practice of the courts of a number of states, such as the USA, the UK, the British Commonwealth, the European state as well as Russian practice. The author studies existing problems and solutions found in practice.

Abstract: It should be recognized, that competition, along with the enterpreneurial freedom, is one of the key moving forces behind economic development. That is why its protection is one of the key goals of the modern state and its policies. This article is devoted to the study of legally supported business practice and its qualifying elements under the legislation of the European Union and the South American Common Market (MERCOSUR).

Abstract: Fast spread of drugs around the world had truly become a danger to the whole humankind within one last decade. Moreover, illegal sale and trafficking of drugs cross over the borders of specific states and gets to every continent. The speed of spread of narcotic addiction among both large nation and smallish national groups is truly horrendous. This article by M. Khasan is devoted to history of fighting drug crime on the international level, as well as to the study of solutions found in particular nation states an cooperation between particular states, such as the USA and Mexico.

Abstract: Any corporate conflict has a potential of impeding the company’s growth, making the situation more uncertain, and constructive development less likely. Thus, the corporate conflict based upon confclicting interests of different parties may cause much harm to the company, both in material losses and lost profits. In order to avoid such conflicts in a company, one should not only see the causes for such conflicts, but also predict the means to overcome the tension. The author of this article studies the above-mentioned problem, including the specific features of Russian corporate conflicts.

Abstract: This article by M.R. Nakashidze contains analysis of the activities of the ICTY, as formed by the UN Security Council Resolution in 1990s, and its impact into the development of modern international law. The article also touches upon such issues as legality of the formation of the tribunal, its goals and the types of crimes, that it deals with.

Abstract: The private law relations, arising due to turnover of promissory notes form quite a specific object of international banking law. The key specific feature of their regulation is its complex character, which includes both national and international norms, as part of legislation on promissory notes. In this article by E.Y. Erpyleva one may find analysis of this sphere.

Abstract: As the author of this article points out, currently fighting terrorism takes a joint effort of the world community as a whole, and international bodies and organizations play an important role. Their sum is an institutional mechanism of international control over terrorism.

Abstract: This article is devoted to evaluation of key stages of formation and development of partnership between Russia and China. The studies show that both countries grow their powers in different spheres and now have the potential for development at both the regional and global scale.

Abstract: As the author of this article points out, cultural and spiritual unity lays at the basis of the relationships between Tatarstan and the Middle East states. At the same time, this geographical direction of international cooperation is of much interest both to the modern technology industry and to the oil industry. The economical cooperation is supported by cooperation in the sphere of culture, education and science.

Abstract: In this article the author studies the topical issues of fighting corruption, which became a threat to national security, institutions of democracy and the constitutional principles of social justice, to equality of people, normal functioning of the state, and efficient development of economics. This article includes ideas aimed to prevent and fight corruption.

Keywords: jurisprudence, corruption, fighting, prevention, liquidation, security, service, conflict

Abstract: The author analyzes the national innovative system,which meets the demand of the speedier use of achievements of science and technology for the purpose of realiation of the national priorities of thes state. The author studies the problems of development of innovative system of Russia, offers the ways of faster modernization within the system of the NIS, as well as defines topical spheres of development of innovation system from the positions of cooperation and innovative activities in Russia and Finland. The author also evaluates the perspectives of development in Russian and Finnish information and technological cooperation.

Keywords: political science, innovation, science, RAD, research, center, study, globalization, science city

Abstract: One of the key goals for the Republic of Tajikistan is to improve the diplomatic relations with the post-Soviet states, first of all with the Russian Federation, within the CIS, EurAsEC, SCO, CSTO. These relations with the Russian Federation were formed on April 9, 1992. On May 25, 1993 there was an Agreement on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance. Since then within the integration framework, more than 150 various international, inter-governmental, inter-departmental agreements, regulating cooperation in political, economical, military, humanitarian and other spheres, were signed.

Keywords: political science, political sphere, Republic of Tajikistan, foreign policy, Russia, CIS, EurAsEC, SCO, CSTO, Central Asia

Abstract: Development of integration processes in the world economics leads deeper and deeper involvement of Russia into the trade and economical relations. The Russian trade market is now the part of the global market. Accordingly, while implementing legal regulation, the Russian legislator should take global experience into consideration. In this article the author analyzes the influence of international norms on competition on the Russian legislation.

Keywords: jurisprudence, trade market, competition, anti-dumping measures, foreign economic activities, international obligations, company, material harm, processes of globalization and integration, commercial activity

Abstract: The author analyzes key approaches to disposal of the confiscated criminal income, as used in international and European law. The author then comes to a conclusion that clear and direct requirements on use of such income are absent in the international law, which prevents international cooperation in this sphere. However, the EU is an exception, since there the united rules for sharing the confiscated income among the member states does exist.

Keywords: jurisprudence, confiscation of criminal income, international cooperation, the principle of locus regit actum, the principle of mutual recognition of decisions on confiscation, agreements on transfer of confiscated criminal proceeds, return of property to

Abstract: Due to the forecast of considerable growth of global consumption of energy, domination of gas and liquid hydrocarbons among types of energy, and the limits of the resources of the exporting states, one can see the political tendency in power industry. One of the key aspects of this process, is role of various states in construction of conduit pipes, which is seen as a factor of protection and support of national interests. Currently participation in the oil and gas projects is based not by the economical profit, but rather on geopolitical reasons of the state.

Keywords: political science, politics, geopolitics, energy, power industry, oil conduit pipe, alliances, dependency, independency, strategy

Abstract: The article is devoted to the topical problems of the global policy, related to the existence of “unrecognized states” and their relations with other states in the world. The article includes analysis of the such states as legal subjects, provisions of international legal documents on rights of nation to self-determination and territorial integrity, characteristics of the states, political and legal bases for legitimacy.

Keywords: political science, problems, peace, politicians, non-recognized, state, recognition, legitimacy

Abstract: In this article the author evaluates key problems, which arise in international cooperation in the sphere of space studies. Efficient international cooperation in this sphere takes such elements as long-term organization structure, financial stimuli, national interests, long-term participation, management of outer partners and risks, efficient cooperation among the states

Keywords: political science, space, cooperation, national, interests, interaction, management, stimuli, structure

Abstract: The article is devoted to analysis of financial and legal mediation of transfer and spread of technologies and innovations on the global scale. Then he comes to a conclusion on the need to reform the architecture of the world financial system, taking into account the need to effectively guarantee global innovative technological development, with much attention paid to the innovative potential of the modern international financial institutions.

Keywords: jurisprudence, development, finances, globalization, stability, cooperation, transfer, technologies, economics, investments

Abstract: In this article the author shows important geopolitical position of the Dalnevostochny Federal District, as having suffi cient national resources. The author comes to a conclusion that in the modern situation overcoming the infrastructural and technological isolation of the region is key to the strengthening of the position of Russia in the world economic relations.

Keywords: political science, geopolitical situation, DFD, resources, integration, stability, globalization, investments, problems, firsthand aims

Abstract: The article is devoted to the international legal analysis of the global technological gap. The author studies international legal directions of activities of the states and international organizations, which are aimed to deal with the great differences in scientifi c and technological development. Much attention should be paid to legal regulation of international transfer of technologies.

Keywords: jurisprudence, innovation, transfer, technology, stability, cooperation, gap, globalization, diffusion.

Abstract: This article is devoted to the interaction between the Russian Federation and the NIC states in the sphere of military and political cooperation. CSTO being the key instrument of stability and peace on the post-Soviet territory. The article shows the aspects of strategic roles of the CSTO within the system of national security of the Russian Federation in complicated and unclear military and political situation in the post-Soviet territory.

Keywords: political science, NIC, CSTO, Strategy of National Security of the Russian Federation till 2020, NATO, EU, UNO, Russia, collective security, regional security.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2022.1.37286

Abstract: The severe natural conditions of the Arctic have impeded the economic development of the region for centuries. The norm for the recognition of special rights of circumpolar states to establish their own legal order in the region was established as a result of international custom. The application the generally accepted United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea allowed the Arctic countries to establish the own zones of jurisdiction, which enables the extraction of natural living and mineral resources. Such jurisdiction was also extended to shipping routes that require constant maintenance and significant investments; thus the shipping routes are close to acquiring the status of canals. However, the climate warming and ice melt have turned the Arctic from the isolated region with limited geopolitical and geoeconomic significance to the next frontier of opportunities for the world’s countries. There is currently no single all-encompassing treaty on the use of the Arctic. The legal order consists of the regional and subregional agreements, national legislation, and soft law. The circumpolar states actively and extensively used the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) for establishing the limits and legal regime of the zones of own jurisdiction in the Arctic Ocean. In May 2008, five Arctic coastal states signed the so-called Ilulissat Declaration, acclaiming the current trends in the development of legal order in the Arctic. For ensuring the political, economic interests of the Arctic states in the region, as well as global security and protection of regional environmental sensitive to detrimental effects, it is necessary to develop a uniform position of the coastal states on the entirety of regional problems in view of the growing activity of the non-Artic states that declare their national interests in the Arctic region.

Keywords: international law, national interests, Arctic states, marine transport routes, Arctic, international agreements, global warming, legal regime, environmental protection, ice melting

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2019.8.30364

Abstract: The subject of this research is the EAEU policy in the area of innovation development aimed at solving the task of formation of the regional innovation system in the context of implementation of the digital economy agenda. The author focuses on the correlation between the aforementioned policy and cooperation of the EAEU member-states in establishing the right to intellectual property. Special attention is given to the analysis of possible algorithms of the formation of regional innovation system and usage potential of the digital platforms. The also author underlines that all member-states should witch to unified policy in this sphere. Application of the comparative-legal method allowed to compare the legal framework for ensuring innovation development in the conditions of digital economy in EU and EAEU with consideration of the growing role of the right to intellectual property in these processes. The scientific novelty consists in the following: the questions of EAEU legislation in the area of the right to intellectual property are presented in light of cooperation on the convergence of innovation development of the EAEU member-states in terms of implementation of the strategy of digitalization of economy. The key conclusion of the conducted research consists in the statements that the content of EAEU strategies in the area of intellectual property and innovation development should reflect the measures on formation of the regional innovation system, considering digitalization of law and intellectual property systems.

Keywords: regional integration, clusters, EAEU, regional innovation system, digital agenda, digital technologies, intellectual property, innovation infrustructure, European union, legal policy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2018.3.25795

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the problem that is especially relevant for Russia at the moment. In March of 2018, presidential elections will be held in Russia, and in September – the direct elections of the heads of 17 subjects of Federation, including Moscow mayoral election. In the conditions of aggravation of relations with the West, the results of elections will compel special attention of foreign observers, including possible doubts in legitimacy of decision made by Russians. International monitoring at the elections allows forming a clear idea on the elections. The goal of this article is to reveal the importance of international monitoring of national election. The author also solves other tasks associated with revelation of historical facts, development of the institution of international monitoring of elections; as well as demonstrates the role and specificity of the works of OSCE and Council of Europe. The article examines a number of aspects that have not been previously discussed in the works of Russian authors. It is noted that the international monitoring has become a traditional form of control over the elections held at the various levels. The author makes generalizing conclusions and provides recommendations that can be considered in future organization of the national, regional, and local elections.

Keywords: European law, international law, international elections, CSTO, CIS, Council of Europe, OSCE, foreign policy, domestic policy, international organizations

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2022.10.38821

Abstract: This article discusses aspects of solving environmental protection problems and outlines issues characterizing the interaction between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. An assessment is given on the adoption of legislation for both states and joint coordinated measures aimed at reducing and eliminating negative trends associated with environmental degradation in Russia and China. The features of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China's influence on state environmental policies on environmental issues are described. The analysis of the state of legality in enforcing environmental legislation and the effectiveness of legal means used in implementing prosecutorial supervision in this area is carried out. Empirical, statistical, and scientific information is provided on how the prosecutor's offices of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China participate in the formation of methods and tools of national environmental policies that are of a state nature and carry out their activities mainly in legal forms using complex mechanisms of legal regulation. The proposed article compares the concepts of sustainable development in force in Russia and the People's Republic of China based on generally recognized environmental standards by the international community, which have been ratified in the legislation of the countries under consideration, and analyzes the problems and areas of improvement of Russian and Chinese environmental legislation.

Keywords: prosecutor's supervision, prosecutorial response measures, cooperation, exchange of experience, environmental legislation, activities of environmental authorities, environmental policy, People's Republic of China, Russian Federation, environment

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2020.1.30273

Abstract: This article explores the key stages of the development of U.S. policy with regards to Arctic Region. The goal is set to outline the fundamental interests of the United States in the Arctic, as well as analyze the actions aimed at their achievement. The article examines the main priorities in U.S. Arctic policy, namely the protection and preservation of resources and ecosystem in the Arctic Region, scientific study of climatic changes, peculiarities of economic development of Alaska, and national security interests of the state. The questions of interaction of Arctic states with regards to defense cooperation become increasingly relevant. Consideration of the mid-term and long-term prospects of U.S. Arctic policy allowed the author focusing attention on the news aspects of U.S. government actions. Maritime capabilities of the United States in the Arctic waters are views in the context of modern tendencies. The author attempted to trace the prospects for expansion of U.S. influence in the Arctic Region based on the current agenda of 2019.

Keywords: the continental shelf of the Arctic, northern sea route, Arctic coastal States, USA, NATO, Arctic, international relations, international security, security, Arctic Council

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2017.5.22831

Abstract: The subject matter of this article comprises legal aspects of different kinds of companies engaged in business activities in one of the BRICS countries and the partner of Russia – China, from the perspective of preference of doing business the work characterizes main features of each of the countries. This research includes the most important facets of their functions, from establishment to liquidation. Special attention is paid to the question of issue and characteristics of the shares, the rights and obligations of the parties, as well as the order of functions of the administration. From this position the author uses general scientific methods (system analysis and synthesis of normative and practical materials, etc.) and special legal methods of legal research (comparative, of interpretation of legal norms, etc.). The main conclusions of the study are, in particular, provisions according to which it iss established that national peculiarities of legal framework of activities of business companies in China are manifested in the conditions of formation of the authorized capital (the timing, amounts and types of payment, including payments at the time of registration), in the terms permitted by law to their participants; in the definition of the laws with regard to the quorum of the General meetings and number of votes for adoption of their decisions; in the composition, competence and responsibility of the Board of Directors and Supervisory Board; in the requirement of PRC law to establish companies and ensure the work of the Communist Party and Trade Unions; in the procedure of liquidation that requires uniform implementation stages. The results presented in this article are the source of relevant and up to date information about the existing law of one of the fastest growing countries in the world, and thus can be useful for practitioners with ties to China, as well as law enforcement bodies in Russia. It also serves as a source of valuable information that enriches the domestic private law.

Keywords: articles of Association, corporate management structure, establishment of a company, issue of shares, business companies, China, BRICS, reorganization, liquidation, business

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2022.2.37427

Abstract: The most important task of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation is to protect national security, prevent, detect and suppress crimes and administrative offenses, cooperate with customs and other competent authorities of foreign states, international organizations dealing with customs issues. One of the means of solving this problem is international treaties on mutual assistance in customs matters. The article considers the state of international legal regulation of law enforcement activities of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation by international treaties on legal assistance. Using formal legal and comparative legal methods, the relevant international treaties in which the Russian Federation participates are analyzed. В В The forms of legal assistance used in international cooperation in law enforcement activities of the Federal Customs Service are highlighted. The system of legal aid treaties under study is heterogeneous in its structure and does not cover relations with all States with which this cooperation may be necessary. As a solution to the problem, the systematization of international acts regulating issues of international cooperation of customs authorities in the law enforcement sphere is presented and proposals are presented to the legislator: to conclude agreements with those states with which an agreement on mutual legal assistance in criminal and administrative matters has already been concluded, but no agreement on mutual assistance in customs matters has been concluded.

Keywords: FCS of Russia, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Eurasian Economic Union, Kyoto Convention, Nairobi Convention, customs authorities, law enforcement activities, legal assistance, international customs cooperation, Tashkent Agreement

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2018.3.25817

Abstract: The object of this research is the activation of the Asia-Pacific political vector of Russia. The East development plan declared by the President in 2013 alongside the foreign policy turn of the Russian Federation towards the East due to the current crises of the system of international relations, created the additional prerequisites for close integration of the Russian Federation and its Far Eastern subjects with the Pacific Rim countries. The authors assume that the activity of the Russian Federation within the framework of the international institution of BRICS, which membership Russia has for over a decade, falls within the concept of modern eastern policy of Russia. For revealing the institutional potential of Russia for realization of its “eastern” political vector through BRICS, the authors analyze the participation of Russia in the integration processes in the East, as well as the interests of the key players of the “five”. The scientific novelty lies in application of the complementarity approach of BRICS mechanism and pursuance of its leading actors, including Russian Federation, towards realization of the “eastern” foreign policy vector. The researchers believe that in the conditions of global tension, the institutional potential of BRICS will encourage Russia’s integration into the Pacific Rim.

Keywords: institutes, international relations system, actors, federal policy, foreign policy, international integration, Asia Pacific, BRICS, transformation, processes

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2018.1.22850

Abstract: The object of this research is the international and domestic legal regulation in the area of dual citizenship. The subject is the dual citizenship. The issue of dual citizenship is currently relevant not only for Russian Federation, but also many other countries. The current models of legal regulation of dual citizenship greatly differ from country to country, without meeting the needs of the individual in the modern world and causing many collisions in the legal systems. The authors analyze international law and national models of regulation of the question of dual citizenship, primarily from the positions of human rights. The novelty of this research partially consists in account of the latest trends in domestic policy of a number of countries on the question of dual citizenship. The work reveals the peculiarities of the legal regulation of dual citizenship within the framework of integrated union states. Special attention is given to the evolution of legislation in Russia. The authors conclude that in the modern world of agitated global political processes, the issues resulting from simultaneous belonging to different legal systems due to citizenship require modernization of approaches to the established models of legal regulation and development of clear definitions in both international and domestic laws.

Keywords: convention, human rights, obtaining citizenship, migration, legislation, dual citizenship, citizenship, state, treaty, law

Abstract: The object of consideration in this article is international legal control, which is understood as based on an international agreement and carried out in accordance with the basic principles and norms of international law, the activities of subjects of international law or bodies created (authorized) by them to verify compliance by States with international obligations in order to ensure their proper implementation. At the same time, attention is focused on international control over compliance with international treaty obligations of States as the main subjects of international law.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2022.10.38296

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of current international legal problems of international cooperation of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation in the law enforcement sphere. The paper analyzes the performance indicators of the Federal Customs Service of Russia in the law enforcement sphere during 2013-2021. As can be seen from the official statistics of the customs authorities of the Russian Federation, the share of indicators achieved using various forms of legal assistance is extremely small against the background of general indicators. At the same time, the quantitative effectiveness of the use of these methods remains, and even a slight increase is observed, however, against the background of an even greater increase in overall indicators, the share of results achieved with the use of forms of legal assistance has fallen significantly. Such a situation testifies to the insufficiently effective development of international customs cooperation in the law enforcement sphere and indicates the presence of significant unresolved problems in this area. The preservation and improvement of quantitative indicators of efficiency with a huge decline in the share among the general indicators, which indicates the insufficiently effective development of international customs cooperation in the law enforcement sphere, has been revealed. As a solution to the problem, recommendations on improving strategic documents defining the legal policy of the Russian Federation in the field of customs service development are presented. Taking into account the expansion of the tasks of international cooperation in the customs sphere, it seems advisable to expand the geography of this cooperation by prioritizing interaction with the customs services of the EAEU, BRICS, SCO member states - in this case, the geography of international customs cooperation will coincide with the priority areas of international cooperation of the Russian Federation as a whole, which, with the help of the existing legal and technical base of these organizations that will quickly create suitable conditions for international cooperation of customs authorities, including in the field of law enforcement.

Keywords: Shanghai Cooperation Organization, Eurasian Economic Union, controlled delivery, effectiveness of law enforcement activities, Federal Customs Service, customs authorities, law enforcement activities, international customs cooperation, BRICS, international treaties

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2017.11.24718

Abstract: The subject of this research is the methods of foreign policy legitimation of political power in the post-Soviet de facto states. The object of this research is the foreign policy activity of the aforementioned political-territorial entities. Special attention is given to the description and analysis of the political (opening of embassies and representative establishments; creation of alternative international organizations), economic (establishment of economic ties with other countries; participation on international forums and exhibitions), as well as cultural (promotion of brand of the de facto state using the instruments of cultural diplomacy) instruments of the foreign policy legitimation. The topic at hand is insufficiently studied and of practical relevance because the political processes in the de facto states and their further institutionalization strongly affect the relations between countries within the region. The author comes to a conclusion that the presence or absence of a vast foreign diaspora produce substantial impact upon the character and scale of the foreign policy legitimation of political power in the de facto states.

Keywords: South Ossetia, Abkhazia, representative establishment, embassy, diaspora, political power, legitimation of power, de facto state, Nagorno-Karabakh, Transnistria

Abstract: Participation of the General Assembly in formation of the international conventiosn is well-recognized among the international legal scholars, and its status and powers provide for vast opportunities in various spheres. However, the issue of status and power of the GA Resolutions in more controversial.

Abstract: As the author of this article notes, the problem of “correlation of biological and social elements within the causal complex of criminal behavior”, which has been the center of attention for the generations of criminologists, contains series of defects in the way that it is set. This article of Professor S.G. Olkov is devoted to determination complex of deviant behavior, and to the study of key shortcomings of above-mentioned problem.

Abstract: The change and constant movement of the legal system is a historically conditioned phenomenon, and the entry into the legal system of the Russian Federation of generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties as a reaction to the geopolitical changes taking place in Russia is an objective process. The article by T.I. Idrisov considers this process taking into account the specifics of the legal system of the Russian Federation.

Abstract: The Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation for the first time legislatively provided for the procedural legal status of a witness as an independent participant of the criminal process with functions, rights and obligations. This article by N. A. Aliev is devoted to the elements of the legal status of a witness in a criminal process in comparison with the status of an individual and its elements.

Abstract: One of the key goals of the Council of Europe is to support economical and social development, and to achieve this goal it passed the European Social Charter, as well as the Additional Protocol to it. This article contains a critical analysis of the existing mechanism of control over the application of the ESC and its Protocol by the Member States.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2021.7.36104

Abstract: This article reviews the relevant issue of civil law regulation in the sphere of freight transportation. China is seeking for new safe routes for freight transportation to the European market, including sea routes, giving preference to the Northern Silk Road. The subject of this research is the comprehension of individual provisions of the Chinese legislation that are specific to both Russian and international law. The object of this research is the determination of peculiarities of the law of the sea, namely the question of limitation of liability for maritime claims in civil law of the People's Republic of China. Special attention is given to the aspect of harmonization of the norms of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China and the Merchant Shipping Code the Russian Federation in this issue. The acquired results demonstrate the shared interest of the two countries lies in the routes of the Northern Sea Road, which actualizes the problem of harmonization of legislation. The government of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China declare the need for harmonization of legal norms that regulate merchant shipping. Leaning on one of the normative fragments related to joint maritime operations along the routes of the Northern Silk Road, the author concludes that further development of cooperation and expansion of the list of bilateral issues of normative legal regulation in this sphere requires a collective plan aimed at harmonization of legislation based on the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation between the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation.

Keywords: chinese civil law, maritime silk road, sea transportation, maritime claims, limitation of liability, Northern Sea Route, merchant shipping code, carriage of goods by sea, China, civil liability

Abstract: The author of this article tries to find out what is the nature of legal obligations raising of torts, analyzes positions of renowned legal scholars on legal nature of tort obligations.

Abstract: The idea of establishing a special judicial body for the settlement of maritime disputes arose quite a long time ago, as soon as the international community realized the need for special regulation of the activities of States in the exploration and use of the oceans. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea has become the embodiment of this idea. The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea was established, in general, on the model of the International Court of Justice, but it is not inscribed in any international organization, as was done, for example, with the International Court of Justice, which is one of the UN bodies. The Tribunal was established as an independent international organization, and, like many other international judicial institutions, the Tribunal for the Law of the Sea has all the characteristics of an international intergovernmental organization. This article by S.V. Kovalenko is devoted to the history and specifics of the creation of this tribunal.

Abstract: International criminal law as a branch of law caused a lot of controversy at the time, although at the present stage there is a chapter dedicated to it in every textbook on international law. There is no unanimity among international experts not only in the definitions of new industries that are continuing their formation, but even in the formulation of concepts of generally recognized industries. For example, one can meet different points of view regarding international humanitarian law. In particular, the categories of the conceptual series "systems of law" and "systems of international law" such as: "branch of law", "sub-branch of law", "institute of law" require detailed development.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the legal consequences of adoption for an adopted child and his children in the Russian Federation, England and the USA. The author classifi es the legal consequences of adoption in general and adoption of a child. Then the author makes offers on improvement of the existing Russian legislation, the author analyzes the general approaches, which seem the same in the Russian Federation, the UK, and the USA, which can be seen as a prerequisite for the achievement of unity in the regulation of relations on adoption by unifi cation of norms of the material law at the international level.

Keywords: jurisprudence, adoption, child, protection, name, legal consequences, place and date of birth, citizenship, provision of funds, inheritance.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.1.9705

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.1.52349

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the problems of conducting forensic science carried out as part of providing legal assistance in criminal cases. The author comes to a conclusion that for the purpose of legislative consolidation and elimination of possible procedural problems in providing legal aid in criminal cases the forensic evidence requires validation, standardization of court methodologies, and accreditation of forensic institutions. The author proposes making certain changes to some of the legislative acts of the Republic of Azerbaijan that regulate the work related to forensics. After the changes to the legislation are made, it is necessary to devise national standards such as implementation of the ISO 17025 ENFSI standard, which is mandatory according to the international responsibility of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Currently the certification of forensic experts takes place in the actual Center for Forensic Science. It is necessary to make changes in the legislation of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the certification and requirements for licensing forensic institutions and entering them into the registry of the government forensic experts.

Keywords: Forensic science, legal aid, certification, validation, unified methodology, certification of forensic experts, national standards, the Republic of Azerbaijan, licensed activity.

Abstract: This article continues the line of O.Zh. Samatov's works devoted to various aspects of the NIC development. It contains a review of the Convention on legal aid and legal cooperation between the NIC states in civil, criminal and family cases, which was signed in Minsk on 22 January 1993, as well as of the Chisinau Convention of 2002. Author pays much attention to the issue of extradition of criminals and related problems.

Abstract: Legal assistance and legal counselling are the institutions aimed to ensure protections of rights and freedoms of people. Thus, as the author of this article notes, it is important to provide detailed legislative regulation of legal councelling and assistance. The author of this article studies this problem, offers to amend Russian legislation to ensure more effective protection of the right of people for qualified legal assistance.

Abstract: Author studies a number of preconditions and factors, which influence legal correlation of international and national legal systems, comes to a conclusion on social and normative unity of the process of creation, development and functioning of international and national legal systems. The author considers that there exists not only a possibility but also an objective necessity of interaction of those systems in order to ensure adequate and effective legal regulation of social relations of both international and national character in the Age of Globalisation.

Abstract: The continental shelf is one of the newest institutions of international maritime law. This is a spatial area that is subject to the jurisdiction of the coastal State in relation to natural resources. The proper international legal regime of the continental shelf of a coastal State under modern international law consists of a number of factors: the implementation of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea into national legislation, the compliance of national legislation with the norms and principles of international maritime law and the existence of delimitation agreements with adjacent and opposing States. The article by S.V. Glandin examines the problems related to the rights of the Russian Federation in the Arctic region.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2016.1.16066

Abstract: Using the method of historical reconstruction, the author reveals the essence of the French neo-colonial policies in point of Gabon after the Second World War. Comprehensive analysis of the unrenowned historical sources (materials of judicial and journalistic investigations, evidence of well-known politicians and diplomats) allows you to show the integral reliance of the political elite of this small but oil-rich African country on purely pragmatic interests of the owners of the Élysée Palace. This dependence is stipulated by the need of provision the Fifth Republic with oil and uranium. The methodological foundation consists in the systemic, structural and functional, comparative political approaches, methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, observation. The author substantiates the conclusion that the mechanism for implementation of this policy is typical of a latent French foreign policy: it consists in creation of corruption schemes, as well as secret agreements between political, military and business elites of the two countries. The Fifth Republic brings to power (and if necessary, keeps in power) independent leaders, who in turn provide the absolute favoritism towards Paris in the economic, political and military cooperation.

Keywords: politica, society, France, state, hybrid war, color revolutions, democracy, interests, values, Fransafrik

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2016.1.52573

Keywords: interests, democracy, color revolutions, hybrid war, state, France, society, politics, values, Françafrique

Abstract: The problems of security and development of the NorthEastern Asia do not always seem to be the center of attention of the mass media. However, this region is of great geostrategical value. Currently, many complicated issues are centered upon the Korean Peninsula with the People’s Democratic Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea. In this article one may find the review of the international conference devoted to the new approach to the peace and security on the Korean Peninsula, which took place in Moscow from 26th to 28th of May, 2005.

Abstract: In the modern world regional organizations become an integral and basic part of the world security system. In the Central Asia two such organizations were recently created and aimed at ensuring peace and security in the region. They are the Collective Security Treaty Organization and the Shanghai Organization of Cooperation. This article by I.S. Lyalina is devoted to analysis of activities and cooperation of these two organisation, taking into account the coincidence of their geographical situations, goals, and Member States.

Abstract: This article contains brief analysis of the role of the international criminal tribunals (Nurenberg Tribunal, Tokyo Tribunal, ICTY, ICTR), with most of analysis concerning the international criminal trials in Tokyo and Nurenberg. As the author points out, while it was quite clear that these two tribunals where the tribunals of victorious states over the states that lost in the WW2, their input into the international law was also valuable.

Abstract: On February 14, 2002 the International Court of Justice put the stop to the argument on criminal prosecution by the state of those, who hold international immunity. This article by I.V. Rachkov contains detailed analysis of the Congo v. Belgium case, where the International Court of Justice reviewed in detail the issues of diplomatic immunity and of universal jurisdiction.

Abstract: In this article the problem of inclusion of international legal norms into a legal system is studied. Author presents a number of views on definition and composition of a legal system. The author also studies correlation of provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and generally recognised norms of international law, pays attention to the role of international law as means of regulation of social relations in the Russian Federation.

Abstract: Between the Middle Ages and the early Modern period, there was no sharp technological gap in industry, as in agriculture in Russia. However, unlike agriculture, innovations in industrial production occurred more or less constantly, although very slowly. Many innovations of the XV-XVI centuries represented minor improvements (improvements) in existing technologies…

Abstract: In this article O.A. Kudinov provided his research on the constitutional theories and ideas in early XX century Russia, studied the views of renowned legal scholars, phylosophers, sociologists, historians and politicians of early XX century on personal rights and freedoms, legal status of a person, constitutionalism, federalism, separation of powers, role of the judiciary and judicial control, adiminstrative courts and problems of the election law.

Abstract: At the Globalization age we get to discuss the issue of formation of the common legal system within the framework of the international community more and more often. Can we then consider that the international community has reached the necessary degree of self-organization? Author of this article studies two main directions of correlation of normative elements of international and national legal systems, which technically, may be called “substantial” and “regulative”, gives his own answer to this topical question.

Abstract: The problem of “general principles of law” is a subject to heated discussion of both international law scholars and theoreticians of law. While the international law scholars study this term in its relation to international law, the latter study its correlation to national legal systems. This article by O.I. Rabtsevich contains the study of existing approaches, and includes the author’s own view…

Abstract: In this article A.A. Zaitseva studies existing legal basis on social relations in the sphere of information in the Russian Federation, notes the optimal directions of legal regulation in this sphere. Author comes to a conclusion that it is necessary to regulate information relations more effectively, bring more order into the legislative base, and pass a number of legislative acts, to make it possible to pass a codified act, such the Information Code of the Russian Federation, organise international co-operation in this sphere more effectively.

Abstract: This article by S.V. Guzei is devoted to the topical problems, related to the impact of the decisions of the ICJ on the development of inernational law. According to the position, which is supported by most scientists, the ICJ does not posess the legislative powers. The goal of its activities is to resolve disputes, applying international norms to each particular case, rather than to create new norms. However, it should be noted that in many cases decisions of the ICJ became the foundations for international conventions, and any serious study of international law refers to the practice of the ICJ. Why?

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2020.8.33204

Abstract: This article conducts the analysis of legal regulation of relations between the Kingdom of Spain and the Russian Federation with regards to adoption of Russian children by Spanish citizens. The authors examine the history of development of bilateral Russian-Spanish cooperation; legal normative base, and procedure for the adoption of Russian orphans in the Russian and Spanish legislation. Statistical data is provided on the trends in adoption of Russian orphans by citizens of the Kingdom of Spain. The article employs the following methods of scientific research: historical, comparative-legal, statistical, and systemic analysis. The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by the fact the for many years Spain demonstrates consistent interest in this question, ranking second among other countries that adopt children from the Russian Federation. At the same time, the legal and bureaucratic framework for realization of Russian-Spanish cooperation in this field requires improvements. The authors conclude that although the number of adopted Russian orphans by Spanish citizens has dropped in recent years, it is necessary to continue cooperation in this field by improving the existing legislation.

Keywords: orphans, legislation, international adoption, regulatory framework, international cooperation, child rights, citizen, state, Spain, Russia

Abstract: Modern Russian law provides for two stages for realization of the deposit holder’s rights. Stage one is seizure of property, and stage to is sale of deposit property. D. Pashov’s article contains analysis of Russian legislation and positions of leading scholars, author also study the problem of mortgage and housing deposit.

Abstract: The interest to the Caspian region by the leading states and transnational corporation is growing, and so is their activity in the region. Russia’s regional interests strongly related to national and everyday security of Russia as a whole, as well as to region in question.

Abstract: As the author of this article notes, it would be incorrect to say that the OSCE lacks mechanisms necessary to realize its goals, however, the criticism of application of these mechanisms has certain basis to it. This article includes critical analysis of organization and activities of the OSCE, ways to make its activities more effective.

Abstract: After the breakup of the Soviet Union and formation of 15 independent states within its territory the problem of international cooperation in the sphere of power industry and its normative regulation became extremely topical. So, from the point of view of cooperation and due balance among the power industries of various states, it is rather interesting to study the cooperation between the international regional power industry organization – The Power Industry Council of the CIS and other similar organizations, as well as the transnational power companies.

Abstract: Criminal activities have been traditionally viewed as local (or at best, national) issues, and accordingly, investigation of crimes and criminal prosecution have been seen as national issues, not international ones. However, one of the obvious negative points of globalization is appearance of transnational crimes, which, in turn, calls for cooperation of law-enforcement bodies of various states. In N.I. Kostenko's article one can find analysis of this problem and existing practice, as well as possible solutions…

Abstract: S.N. Dubinkina’s article is devoted to the history of development of universal regulation of international trade relations in the sphere of services. The author reviews the key provisions of the General Agreement on Trade in Services, which came into force in 1995, and of other international legal instruments. As the author notes, since the time when GATS came into force one may speak of universal (global) regulation of the sphere of trade in services. The article also contains the study of key international legal instruments in this sphere, in particular, in the sphere of carrying passengers and goods.

Abstract: What was and what shall be theoretical and practical influence of widening of the EU on the Russian Federation, its people, and its legislative, executive and judicial bodies? In Professor A. Kellermann’s article he reviews key legal acts and documents, which played their role in widening the EU in the recent years. He also studies influence of widening of the EC on development of the Russian-EC relations, and the future perspectives.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2019.8.30304

Abstract: The subject of this research is the establishment and promotion of the international humanitarian centers as the means of “soft power” for creating a positive image of Russian in Eastern Europe and Transcaucasia. The author meticulously examines the peculiarities of the institution of “soft power”, as well as its application techniques. One of the recent is the humanitarian cooperation realizes by the Russian Federation in form of institutional international cooperation of the specially designed centers that provide humanitarian aid and other assistance in the area of protection against disasters. Special attention is given to the activity of the Russian-Serbian Humanitarian Center, its legal and political status, foreign policy issues encountered by the partnering countries. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the international humanitarian centers became the subject of interdisciplinary research for the first time. The author describes them as the international law institutions on one hand, and the state’s “soft power” strategy on the other. Humanitarian cooperation itself is rarely analyzed in the context of fulfilling foreign policy interests of the country. The author underlines the following facts: the importance of application of the various “soft power” techniques for creating the country’s image and advancing its foreign policy; use of humanitarian cooperation in the area of protection against disasters in this context as one of the effective methods; despite the existing opposition of Western countries, the further implementation and promotion of the activity of humanitarian centers is necessary.

Keywords: international centre, image of the state, foraign policy, humanitarian centre, international cooperation, protaction of disasters, humanitarian cooperation, soft power, humanitarian assistance, foraign policy interests

Abstract: The problem of cooperation of the states in the sphere of criminal legal proceedings is topical not only for the Russian Federation but for other states as well, which is evidenced by attention to this issue in various international legal documents. R.Z. Abdrashitova’s article is devoted to the study of the UN legal documents, bilateral and multilateral treaties of the Russian Federation. The author also studies the process of formation of the national legislation in the sphere of international legal cooperation, in particular, changes introduced into the Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation.

Abstract: Today the Council of Europe is one of the most recognized and widely represented international organizations. It unites 40 European states, and this is more states than there are in any other European international organization. This article by V.N. Myasnyankin is devoted to the topical issues of obligations of the Russian Federation under the “Council of Europe law”, he also studies the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, such as the Maslov v. the Russian Federation case.

Abstract: Development of the protection of human rights in the Russian legislation can best be achieved by implementation of international legal norms. Thus, the international law serves as a bridge between national and international legal systems. In this article by O.V. Belyanskaya and O.A. Pugina one can find review of mechanisms and key problems in this sphere.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2020.9.33981

Abstract: The subject of this research is the international relations associated with the development of cooperation in the area of corruption prevention, and the national legal policy of the countries s in this sphere established since the 1970s to the present day. The article determines the trends in development of international cooperation in the area of corruption prevention, reconstructs the dynamics of international legal policy with consideration of the produced subsequent real effect, as well as analyzes the origination of corresponding international initiatives as the crucial factor in their advancement. The article provides periodization of the process of establishment and development of international cooperation in area of corruption prevention: the first stage (1970 – early 1980s) is characterized by the negotiation process oriented towards creation of international normative legal regulation, but appeared to be inefficient in the situation of international tension and collision of interests; the second stage (late 1980s – 2005) is characterized by the transformation of ideology of the international anti-corruption cooperation, which implies conventional-institutional approach towards international cooperation; the third stage (2005 – present) is marked by the transition towards institutional-procedural mechanism of cooperation. The conclusion is made that the promising victors of international cooperation of the Russian Federation consists in implementation of extraterritorial legal instruments for preventing corruption and adoption of the institutional-procedural approach with essential formal compliance with the international anti-corruption standards.

Keywords: intergovernmental organizations, legal policy, globalization, anti-corruption, international cooperation, Russia, USA, UN, OECD, GRECO

Abstract: In this article, D.O. Yezhevsky examines the problems of law enforcement reform in Eastern European countries, including in connection with accession to the European Union. As the author notes, the transformations also apply to the training of law enforcement personnel, while some countries completely borrow the Western model, while others develop their own combined version. The article discusses the applicable international standards, and offers suggestions for adapting Russian practice.

Abstract: Participation of state in the investment relations is aimed at the realization of the public goals of the state itself. Accordingly, the state, while taking part in the private civil relations and the public legal relations in the sphere of investment, often gets itself into a dubious position. On one hand it should protect the public interest of the society as a whole, and on the other hand, it should obey the civil law requirements, protecting the interests of the private persons in a particular case. This article by V.A. Trapeznikov is devoted to the conflict of interest issues within the framework of investment law, which the author regards as an independent complex branch of the Russian law.

Abstract: This is a review of the monograph of I.Z. Farkhutdinov, which is devoted to the key issues of the new sphere of international law - international investment law. The author’s analysis of the problems of modern investment law is worth of much praise and detailed analysis of facts and legal practice makes this book a must for all those interested in the problems of international investment relations.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the process of development of one of the key initiatives of the President N. Nazarbaev, which was successfully implemented lately. This program does not have any analogous ones in the Eurasian territory, and it widens the scope of cooperation between Kazakhstan and the European states, as well as provides the basis for the new Agreement on extended partnership and cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the EU.

Keywords: political science, address of the President of Kazakhstan of 2008, the Initiative of N.A. Nazarbaev, “Way to Europe”, the State Program, Program Priorities, the strategy of the partnership for 2007 -2013, Agreement on extended partnership and cooperation, Chairmanship in the OSCE, improvement of national legislation.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.5.11787

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.5.52193

Abstract: This article contains results of the analysis of some most topical and pressing global problems in the international relations within the context of formation of a new global order based on the multi-polar principles. Among the said problems the author points out chaotization of the international relations and the submersion of the world into the “controlled chaos”, fighting the network forms of international terrorism and political extremism, fighting the production and global transit of drugs, and this problem becomes considerably more topical after the American troops were drawn out of Afghanistan, managing international conflicts. The author pays attention to the fact tat many of these problems are directly caused by the short-sighted policy of the Western global leaders, first of all the USA, who, while following their idealistic pursuit of forming a “democratic world” from Tripoli to Kabul, from Belgrade to Astana by any means, artificially formed, educated, consolidated and armed the forces, which they would end up fighting against at all of continental fronts. The examples of such policy include the tragedies of the Libyan, Syrian, Yugoslavian peoples, who were brought to the civil war, and the situation in Ukraine.

Keywords: international relations, politics, law, global problems, controlled chaos, diplomacy, interests, security, values.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.6.14698

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the research of the issues of positioning of Latin America in the global arena. The author analyzes issues of world order and use of “hard power”, as these are namely the causes for ideological disagreements between the members of world politics. The main problematic field of the research addresses the questions of world order, architecture of the system of global governance, and use of force in resolution of international conflicts. The article sheds light on the positions of various Latin American countries on questions such as: implementation of sanctions, recognition of sovereignty of states, creation of international organizations, etc. The author reveals certain common positions of the countries of the region regarding the world structure (all countries stand for multipolarity). Positions of the countries coincide within the unifying structure – integrational bloc Mercosur, ALBA, and Pacific Alliance. The correlation of Latin American approaches with Russian is rather high, which is promising for the development of political dialogue between Russian and the countries of Latin America on various international platforms (General Assembly of the United Nations, UN Security Council, BRICS, and others).

Keywords: international law, sanctions, humanitarian interventions, duty to protect, multipolaity, world order, Latin America, sovereignty, non-interference, terrorism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.6.52439

Keywords: international law, sanctions, humanitarian interventions, duty to protect, multipolaity, world order, Latin America, sovereignty, non-interference, terrorism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2016.7.13453

Abstract: The author examines the question of establishment of abolition of death penalty within international law, which in his opinion corresponds with the main principle of respect of the human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as acknowledgment of the absolute right to life. A claim is made that one of the substantial conditions for invitation of Russia to join the European Council was the condition of abolition of the death penalty, but Russia yet to ratify the Protocol No. 6, did not take actions towards complete abolition of the death penalty, thus the issues of application of death penalty as a form of criminal punishment continues to maintain its relevance. Such situation would seem to contradict both, Russia’s obligations before the international law, as well as the constitutional law of the Russian Federation. The author proposes the measures for realization of the international obligation of Russian Federation aimed at abolition of the death penalty: 1. Ratify Protocol No. 6 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms; 2. Sign and ratify Protocol No. 13 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom, as well as the Second Faculty Protocol to International Pact on Civil and Political Rights; 3. Make changes into the current legislation aimed at removal of the positions on the death penalty.

Keywords: Suspended sentence, International obligations, Abolition of the death penalty, Moratorium, Ratification, Protocol No. 6, Protocol No. 13, Crime, Death penalty, Right to life

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2016.7.52663

Keywords: Suspended sentence, International obligations, Abolition of the death penalty, Moratorium, Ratification, Protocol No. 6, Protocol No. 13, Crime, Death penalty, Right to life

Abstract: The author provides political analysis of the causes for the 10 years of “skidded” decisions and the ways to overcome the existing situation in this integration project. As an example, the author points out the great differences among the economies of the member states, which infl uence the implementation of decisions directly. In spite of the great historical integration potential, the Member States fail to return to the former integration level of the USSR times. Then the author analyzes EurAsEC in respect to Russia, Byelorussia, and Kazakhstan.

Keywords: political science, EurAsEC, the Eurasian Union, development, perspectives, decisions, economics, potential, achievements, society.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space as a central element for the entire system of international cooperation in the studies and use of outer space, the author then evaluates its activities and cooperation mechanisms. Much attention is paid to the changes in the role of the Committee, and the development of international cooperation as a whole due to the changes in the sphere. The author also analyzes of the UNISPACE – III as one of the most effi cient forums of inter-state cooperation in cosmos. The author then comes to a conclusion on the possibility to form a similar conference in the nearest decade in order to solve the most pressing problems of the modern space law.

Keywords: jurisprudence, cosmos, challenges, improvement, UNISPACE, perspectives, codifi cation, convention, consensus, cooperation.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.7.8828

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.7.52224

Abstract: The development programme concept has appeared rather recently, but the fast growth of range of both donors and recipients of aid, as well as the interest of the global community have proven its topicality. In the late XX there was an extraordinary event. The Russian Federation, which was a successor of one of the largest donors became a recipient. Starting from 1991 Russia has been cooperating with various agencies and specialized institutions of the UN, which provided aid for the development purposes. One of the organizations, which has started to work in Russia rather recently was the UN Development Programme, and starting from 1999 it gained a leading role in restoration of one of the least sustainable regions of Russia – the Northern Caucasus. At the same time UNDP implements the programs for assistance to the Bryansk region, which has suffered as a result of the Chernobyl catastrophe and some projects in the sphere of preservation of the unique biological variety of Russia. This article concerns the key directions of activities of the UNDP in Russia at the turn of the centuries.

Keywords: UN, UNDP, concept, assistance to development, facilitating development, Russia, Caucasus, biological variety, projects, Development Programme.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.7.12352

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.7.52225

Abstract: The author shows that from the doctrinal standpoint the legal regulation of foreign investments should satisfy the requirement of balance of public and private interests. This requirement shows the limits to interference into the private relations due to the connections between the state and civil society. International law does not deny this legal position. The state may limit proprietary rights, including the rights of foreigners for the public purposes, which is one of the generally recognized conditions for nationalization. At the same time the public interests should not oppress the interests of private parties, and private party should not be overly burdened due to the limitations of proprietary rights. International law does not prohibit a state, which accepts investment to forcefully seize these investments on the condition that the seizure is not discriminatory and investor gets fast, efficient and adequate compensation. The article includes analysis of the criteria allowing to reveal unlawful seizure of property. The author provides examples of situations, when according to the decision of an arbitration court measures of state regulations are included into the category of indirect nationalization.

Keywords: 160-FZ, international law, foreign investments, state sovereignty, nationalization, expropriation, adequate compensation, indirect seizure, forceful seizure, investment arbitration.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.8.12742

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.8.52245

Abstract: The article provides analysis of subjects of legal relations regarding the international loan contract. The author discusses specific features of legal status and character of participation of natural persons, foreign commercial banks, international banks, states and commercial organizations in these relations. Special attention is paid to the problems arising in the Russian judicial practice regarding participation of foreign banks in the international loan relations in the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as to the specific features of participation of international banks and states in these relations. Special attention is also paid to the role of third parties in the legal relations regarding international loan contracts. The article involves systemic and complex methods, and the method of analysis is applied in part of description of subjects. The article provides analysis of various sources of both international and national law. Depending on specific features of their legal status the author singles out five types of subjects of legal relations regarding international loan contract: natural persons, foreign commercial banks, international banks, states, commercial organizations. The author reveals blanks in the Russian legislation regarding legal status of foreign banks, as well as mistaken approaches of the Russian courts in some cases involving these persons. The article includes detailed description of specific features of participation of international banks and states in the international loan relations.

Keywords: Loan contract, international banks, foreign banks, states, commercial organizations, transborder relations, derivatives, export crediting, state guarantees, state immunity.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2013.10.9652

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2013.10.52057

Abstract: Currently the analysis of the “soft power” factor in the foreign policy of the modern nation states becomes an extremely topical issue. Today the American political leaders consider introduction of the new high-hume administration standards to be a foreign policy priority. As a result, the US actively forms high-hume knowledge and cognition systems, which become one of the key elements of the “soft power” of the USA, making it a highly intellectual system for the manipulation of its own population and select foreign target audiences in its own national interests. The USA made foreign political propaganda an important means to construe human minds at almost any global location. In this sense the “soft power” of the USA aimed to promote the American values and world views became an actively used political instrument, influencing the actors of international relations.

Keywords: international relations, politics, the USA, soft power, political instability, diplomacy, interests, values, security, cooperation.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2013.10.9424

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2013.10.52058

Abstract: The article is devoted to the topical issue of audit development at the current stage within the framework of membership of Russia in the EurAsEC and the Customs Union. The author evaluates specific features of definition apparatus in the audit sphere, and singles out specific features of obligatory audit regulation, as well as the problems related to unification of national legislations of the Member States to the EurAsEC and the Customs Union, then she formulates the propositions for their improvement. Much attention is paid to audit of the foreign official supervision system as means to guarantee due security level of the goods imported to the territory of the Customs Union. Analysis of various normative acts of the Member States of the EurAsEc and the Customs Union allowed the author to make a conclusion that audit is one of efficient means of influence on economic development, however, the normative basis in this sector is not completely formed, and it needs further improvement with active cooperation of the EurAsEc and the Customs Union Member States.

Keywords: audit, EurAsEC, the Customs Union, obligatory audit, supervision system, product security, unification, inspection, field audit, standard.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2013.10.9786

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2013.10.9193

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.10.13125

Abstract: Based on the comparative legal approach, this article analyzes the modern migration processes and the processes of liberalization of migration legislation within the European Union and the Brussel’s attempts to build protection of its external boundaries in order to confront the new “soft threat” to its security. The European legislation, legislation of separate European states in the area of migration policy, as well as the international legal regulation on the issues of migration are being reviewed in the course of this research. The author examines various social-economic factors that encourage the illegal migration into the European states, as well as individual structures of the EU responsible for fighting against illegal migration (European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union – Frontex). It is stated that the realization of “democratic reforms” by Western countries lead to the onset of total chaos due to the fact that the local population of African and Asian states found themselves on the edge of the humanitarian disaster. It is evident that the amount of refugees in Europe has grown significantly. However, despite the negative experience of previous policy changes with “good intentions”, the EU continues to have the same policy with regards to a number of countries including Ukraine and Syria, further worsening the “push factor” of migration within these regions of the world.

Keywords: European Union, Refugees, Dublin Regulation, Illegal migration, Frontex, Soft threat, Transit countries, Readmission, Immigration, European legislation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.10.52510

Keywords: European Union, Refugees, Dublin Regulation, Illegal migration, Frontex, Soft threat, Transit countries, Readmission, Immigration, European legislation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2013.11.8918

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2013.11.52078

Abstract: This article traces the development of international law regulation of the trade and economic relationship between Russia and the USA since the establishment of a market economy of Russia. The article contains a brief analysis of the major trade and economic agreements between the two nations, as well as the main provisions of Russian laws which apply to trade between the two countries and a description of the specific forms of bilateral trade and economic co-operation. In the recent past, Russia and the USA belonged to different socio-economic strata; this has, in some ways, left its mark on the trade and economic relations between the two countries. Throughout every stage of relations between the USA and Russia, their economic component was closely linked to, and often directly caused by, the political interests of the two nations: primarily, it was in the interest of USA. As a rule, the aggravation of political relations invariably led to a stagnation or a reduction of foreign trade and the scope of other areas of economic relations.

Keywords: Russia, USA, trade, relations, agreements, bilateral, international, trade and economics, treaty, political

Abstract: In this article the author shows the key principles of national strategy of China within the context of internnational and national security of the Russian Federation. The author notes that currently the relations between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China include strategic partnership in many issues of international cooperation. At the same time an American factor influences the relations between these states.

Keywords: political science, People’s Republic of China, strategic partnership, co-development, priorities, various vectors.

Abstract: The President of Russia V.V. Putin signed the Federal Law on ratifi cation of the Protocol, by which Russia joins the Marrakesh Agreement on the formation of the WTO of April 15, 1994. This protocol establishes the membership of the Russian Federation in the WTO. Several days earlier the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation examined the constitutionality of this protocol, as it was demanded by the opposition, which did not know what the Government agrees to during the lengthy negotiations. The World Trade Organization (WTO) facilitates the ideas of liberalization of international trade, which in the opinion of many foreign and Russian scientists, are much mifologized. Therefore, there is need for the state protectionism, or so say the critics of the global free trade. For many developing states, which joined the WTO, it brought growth of unemployment, the national companies were pressed by the transnational companies. The law of the WTO have priority over the national legislation, and they provide for a specifi c way of development of the state economics, where the interests of international capital are of greater value, than the interests of the people of the WTO member states. The WTO member states understand that the requirements of the WTO coincide with the requirements for the credits of the WTB and IMF, which closely cooperate with the WTO. Liberalization of international trade directly infl uences the agriculture, which is export-oriented in the developed states. It, in turn, leads to the local markets being overfi lled with the subsidized products. In order to provide for the competitiveness of the Russian goods the adaptation period of 2 to 7 years is provided, and the support to the agriculture shall be up to 9 billion US dollars. How shall Russia manage to use it effi ciently? There are no guarantees that the requirements of the WTO shall be fulfi lled by all of the participants of the agricultural production, and many segments of agriculture shall simply vanish. The opponents of the WTO in Russia consider that the foreigners shall have about 15% of the domestic market in addition to the 15%, which they have already. The supporters of the WTO also have their own arguments. However the real balance of losses and gains, which Russia shall have after it enters the zone of free trade shall depend solely on the professionalism of economical policy of the Russian government.

Keywords: jurisprudence, opponents, supporters, law of WTO, liberalization of international trade, state protectionism, WTO (World Trade Organization), WTO Member States, international law, investment, global infl uence of the WTO.

Abstract: In 2010 the European offi ce of OBSE/ODIHR, which is one of the most authoritative organizations in the sphere of observation of elections and referenda, issued the 6th edition on its manual on observing elections. The article includes comparative analysis of the 5th and the 6th editions, then the author discusses the tendencies of development of international observation, he establishes the issues, which need more detailed description, as well as the contradictions between its provisions and the obligations of the states and some other problems in this sphere. The author then notes that most changes regarded the issues of the organization of the mission, and not the contents of observation itself. On the whole, the 6th edition shows some positive tendencies towards the reform of the institution of observation, while it fails to meet most of the expectations of the experts.

Keywords: jurisprudence, elections, international, observation, the OSCE/ODIHR, method, manual, obligations, standards.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.11.16186

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the analysis of the current state and dynamics of the Yemen conflict. The goal of the research is to give the characteristics of the interests and specificity of the conflict behavior of the direct participants of the civil war in Yemen – Houthi rebels, supporters of the former President Hadi, Saudi Arabia; as well as indirect participants – the United States and Iran. The object of this research is the armed conflict (civil war and foreign intervention) in Yemen. The subject is the goals, interests, and motives of the conflict behavior of the direct and indirect participants of the armed conflict in Yemen. The author gives attention to the peculiarities of the confrontation between various sides in the Yemen conflict. The goals and tasks pursued in the civil war by the Houthi leaders (among which there are leaders of non-Shiite descent – sheikhs of the Sunni tribes who have joined the rebels) substantially differ in opinion with the world and even Russian mass media, and the confessional factor in this confrontation does not play a defining role (although is present, nevertheless). Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, entrenched in the south of Yemen having proclaimed the supremacy of the “Islamic State”, acts in this conflict as the adversary to both Houthis, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Keywords: politica, society, USA, Yemen, hybrid war, color revolutions, democracy, interests, values, security

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2015.11.52529

Keywords: interests, democracy, color revolutions, hybrid war, Yemen, USA, society, politics, values, security

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2013.12.8917

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2013.12.52102

Abstract: The article describes the process of development of international legal regulation of trade and economic relations between the USSR and the USA starting from the time of formation of the USSR, and ending with its break-up. He provides brief analysis of the key trade and economic treaties among two states. Special attention is paid to the trade relations between two states during the 2nd World War. This issue is topical, since two states – the USSR and the USA belonged to different social and economic formation, and had an impact upon their trade and economic relations. Throughout all of the stages of Russian-American relations their economic element was closely connected and directly determined by political interests of the states, first of all, of the USA. Usually, the problems in political relations caused stagnation or lessening amount of foreign trade and economic relations in other spheres.

Keywords: the USSR, the USA, trade, economics, land-lease, treaties, international, trade relations, trade and economics, Soviet-American.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.11.12937

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.11.52298

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the research on the details of the structure and specifics of modern international conflicts, which emerge on the grounds of clashes between world’s civilizations and the values that they bring into the forming multipolar world. Object of this research is the international conflicts; the subject of it is the civilizational factor, which defines the nature of the relations between the sides, aspects of the evolution of the conflict, axiological antagonism, specificity of the mechanisms of conflict mobilization, and steering the conflict and all its participants towards finding a way of a peaceful resolution. Some of the methods used in this research are: structural-functional and culturo-civilizational approaches, historico-comparative, politico-comparative, and retrospective analysis. The result of the research shows that modern civilizational conflicts can develop in multiple scenarios: relations between civilizations can result in a conflict, or various forms of dialogue and even partnership.

Keywords: Politics, law, international relations, conflict, civilization, culture, conflict management conflict resolution, conflict mobilization, security.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.11.13266

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0706.2014.11.52299

Abstract: The subject of this research is the work of mass media and its role in the informational confrontation during the Russo-Georgian conflict of 2008. The article reviews the origins, specifics, character and the main milestones of the informational warfare between Russia and Georgia during the period of 1991-2014. The author offers the periodization of this conflict, highlights its details that emerged during the informational war of 2008, and offers an assessment of its current status. The theoretical fundament of this work is the research of Russian and foreign scholars, experts in conflict resolution and modern informational and political processes. The methodology behind this work includes: systemic, dialectic, logical, functional, analysis and synthesis, empirical, prognostic scenario analysis, and content analysis. The scientific novelty of this research consists in the substantiation of the new approaches to the role of mass media during military and political conflicts, identification of the mechanisms of informational warfare in the modern world, as well as use of conceptual progress in the context of Russia-Georgia relations.

Keywords: Georgia, Russia, media, information warfare, South Ossetia, war, relations, politics, conflict, mass communication.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the international cooperation in the sphere of human rights. The author shows the role of international norms on domestic legislation. Much attention is paid to the interaction of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation with the norms of international law. The author also shows the role of the UN Committees in the sphere of protection of human rights and bringing the domestic legislation into accord with the norms of international law.

Keywords: jurisprudence, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Pact on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Human Rights Committee, protection of rights of individual and citizen, international cooperation, international principle.

Abstract: The article includes a review of the typical elements of the structure of bilateral treaties on protection and support of investments, which are also known as bilateral investment treaties. The author analyzes the key definitions and formulae of such treaties. In particular, the article includes analysis of the terms \"investments\", \"investor\", \"income\" and \"territory\" within the context of their interpretation and application for the purposes of the investment treaties. The author then comes to a conclusion that investments may be regarded as contractual or other transactions of economic value. The article is also concerned with the issues of support and encouragement of foreign investments, including access of personnel and establishment of offices. The author also pays attention to the issues of investment protection, which may be implemented by the standards of treatment towards the foreign investments. It is defined that international investment arbitration serves as a mechanism for the implementation of such obligations. The terms related to the arbitration and other means of conflict resolution are also analyzed in this article.