International Scientific Conference "Historical Informatics as Historical Data Science": on the 30th anniversary of the Association "History and Computer"

The XVIII International conference of the Interregional Association "History and Computer" (AIC), held on November 11-13, 2022 at the Faculty of History of Lomonosov Moscow State University, was called "Historical Informatics as Historical Data Science". This was a reflection of the continuing trend of increasing the role and importance of data, as well as methods of their analysis and processing in scientific, in particular, historical research. The specifics of working with historical data have become a powerful factor in the emergence and development of such an interdisciplinary field of research as historical informatics. Last year, the community of researchers working in this field celebrated two significant dates at once – the 30th anniversary of the Association "History and Computer", within the framework of which historical informatics originated and continues to develop successfully, as well as the 10th anniversary of the scientific journal, the name of which coincides with the name of the scientific direction. For 10 years, Historical Informatics has published over 400 materials on the theory, methodology and history of historical informatics, as well as its individual areas related to the analysis and processing of historical data through mathematical methods and information (digital) technologies.

It should be noted that the conference was held in person after a long break due to the epidemiological situation, which resulted, in particular, in the holding of the previous, XVII AIC conference, held in 2020, in an online format ^[1]. The very fact of the meeting of colleagues after a long pause largely caused a special atmosphere of friendliness and high communication activity of the participants, which resulted in a large number of questions asked, active discussion of reports and the formation of a special friendly atmosphere of the conference. Nevertheless, within the framework of the conference, not only face-to-face presentations were presented, but also a fairly significant number of online reports.

The conference included 2 plenary sessions, the work of sections and a round table "Inter/multi/multidisciplinary historical science in the context of Data Science". The program included over 100 reports approved by an expert commission consisting of members of the AIC Council. The authors of the reports represented scientific centers of Russia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Germany, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Norway and Uzbekistan. Before the first plenary session, the participants were welcomed by the Dean of the Faculty of History of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences L.S. Belousov, President of the AIC, Professor of the Altai State University V.N. Vladimirov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Deputy. Academician-Secretary of the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences E.I. Pivovar. The greeting of the General Director of NB-Media LLC V.I. Danilenko was also read out.

As part of the first plenary report "The Evolution of the professional community: to the 30th anniversary of the AIC", a group of authors from Moscow and Barnaul (L.I. Borodkin, V.N. Vladimirov, I.M. Garskova) presented extensive material on the history, main stages of development, evolution of the theory and practice of historical informatics within the framework of the professional Association "History and computer".

G. Torvaldsen (Tromso, Norway) made a report on the prospects for the development of a multi-year project to create a historical register of the population of Norway in the XIX-XX centuries. in connection with the opening of access to census data in 1910 and 1920 and the improvement of data linking techniques.

The report of D.S. Korobov (Moscow) presented the current state of the use of digital technologies in archaeological research. Yu.Yu. Yumasheva devoted her speech to such an important area of historical research as prosopography, presenting, in particular, her periodization of the history of prosopographic research.

The second plenary session was held after the completion of the sections. K.V. Vorontsov (Moscow) made a presentation on data markup for teaching neural network models of language as a way of formalizing humanitarian knowledge. The presentation demonstrated the growing interest in artificial intelligence technologies in scientific and educational activities and was listened to by the conference participants with great attention. *** 

The main part of the conference consisted of breakout sessions, where reports were presented on topical historical problems, the solution of which was proposed by the authors on the basis of methods and technologies of historical informatics.

At the same time, in most of the reports, considerable attention was paid to the characteristics of the data used, which was well consistent with the topic of the conference. The section "Historical Sources and Databases" is one of the key ones at AIC conferences.

Database technology is the direction from which historical computer science began in many ways. The organization of information from structured sources in the database format, as a rule, involves further analysis, most often using statistical methods (perhaps that is why some authors sometimes talk about the "database method", although it is still a technology). Note also that young researchers often use the name "electronic database", although the term "database" by default assumes that it is electronic. The specifics of the section at the 2022 conference is that along with the traditional work on the creation and analysis of databases, "pilot" studies of sources that can serve as the basis for the database in the future were included here.

Among the traditional works using databases is a study presented by the authors from Yekaterinburg, E.A. Zabolotnykh and E.M. Glavatskaya, devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of illegitimate births in the urban environment on the example of Yekaterinburg in the late XIX – early XX century, one of the major cities of the empire. With the help of statistical methods, the "Register of the Population of the Urals" is analyzed – a database compiled on the basis of information from metric books for five parishes of Yekaterinburg for 1880-1919. For the analysis, records of baptisms were used, in which only the mother of the child was indicated. The Perm province in the studied period was in third place in the number of illegitimate births after Moscow and St. Petersburg. It is shown that the illegitimate birth rate in Yekaterinburg on average reached 15%, increasing during the years of socio-economic and political cataclysms. The spatial specificity of the phenomenon at the level of individual parishes of Yekaterinburg is also investigated, a number of explanatory hypotheses are formulated.

The use of database technology based on the same sources on the example of preferences when choosing names in one of the parishes of Yekaterinburg in the 1880s-1910s was presented in the report of Yu.V. Borovik (Yekaterinburg). The basis for the analysis was a database that includes about 6 thousand records of those born and baptized in the Yekaterinburg Cathedral. The analysis of the prevalence of names by decades was carried out for individual groups of parents-citizens by class status, occupation, rank, as well as for "non-citizens". Such indicators as the average coefficient of the same name, the share of the most common, frequent and one-time names were calculated. Along with the expected results (high frequency of "royal" names), the author also notes the appearance of new names at the beginning of the XX century, linking this phenomenon with public discussions, historical journalism and leisure reading.

The report by S.A. Bakanov, N.V. Grishina and K.A. Khamitova (Chelyabinsk) considered an approach to creating databases based on materials from such mass historiographical sources as dissertations, and the possibility of using it for bibliographic and prosopographic research, for analyzing the topics and evolution of certain areas of historical science. This is an ongoing study that includes the period of the XIX – early XX century, the middle of the XX century, and currently covers an array of dissertations of the late XX – early XXI century on economic history and historical urban studies based on the materials of the electronic catalog of dissertations of the RSL.

Historians have accumulated considerable experience in using database technology in prosopographic research. A number of reports at the section continued this tradition. Thus, in the report of V.P. Pushkov (Moscow) and S.M. Zavyalov (Istra), which has a prosopographic character, descriptive statistics are given for 564 people – natives of Tver province - based on the materials of the author's database "Graduates of Moscow University 1877-1916": social and national composition, type of secondary education, family ties (the presence of "university dynasties" horizontally and vertically), the frequency of distribution by faculty, as well as the analysis of the frequencies of surnames and names.

Report by N.V. Strekalova and S.L. Zuev (Tambov) It was devoted to the description of the database structure created on the basis of a complex of mass biographical sources of a specific socio-professional group (dentists and dentists of the Central Chernozem region of Russia in the second half of the XIX - early XX century, 389 personalities). Its research potential is characterized both in terms of a social portrait and in the context of studying the modernization processes of this period in the Russian province, in particular, the ability to refine and supplement information with information from other formulary sources and databases.

V.A. Lovtsov (Tambov) in his report tested the hypothesis that one of the factors of P.A. Stolypin's personnel policy in 1906-1911 was the replacement of gubernatorial vacancies by the most successful officials. For this purpose, a prosopographic database of 91 records was created, which were divided into two approximately equal groups: "Stolypin" and "Dostolypin" governors. The author determined the success of his career by the number of years of service: from its beginning to the first governor's post; from receiving the first class rank to the rank of the IV class; between the first governor's appointment and production to the rank of the IV class. Based on the constructed grouping, the author concluded that the governors who began service under Stolypin were more successful in their careers than their predecessors. Unfortunately, the question remains unanswered as to how statistically significant the result is.

In several works, the tasks of the socio-cultural and socio-historical plan were set. Thus, L.N. Mazur (Moscow; Yekaterinburg) presented a report exploring the everyday life of Soviet scientists and based on archival materials of a budget survey of researchers in 15 cities of the USSR conducted by TSEKUBU. The survey program includes information about family, work, living conditions, time budget, income and consumption structure, on the basis of which a database containing 301 records was created. The analysis showed the state of the slow process of restoring science and the standard of living of scientists after the crisis years of the revolution and the civil War: a high level of labor and social burden, the ubiquity of part-time work and additional earnings, private practices and consultations, minimizing the cost of food and cultural needs, unsatisfactory housing conditions.

N.V. Dmitrieva (Rostov-on-Don) raised the problem of reflecting in the monumental culture of the South of Russia the practices of combining memorial spaces associated with the history of the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars as part of the socio-cultural infrastructure of memory. The author uses the materials of the open network database of the Unified State Register of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Russian Federation. Since the memory of crisis processes does not always have an unambiguous interpretation both in science and in society, clashes in the assessments of the Civil War still occur. Nevertheless, the analysis revealed a change in trends towards the idea of reconciliation between representatives of the "red" and "white" movements.

The remaining reports in the section were either related to the project of developing a specific database, or characterized the sources and the possibilities of their quantitative analysis. Thus, the report of T.N. Kandaurova (Moscow) shows the possibilities of statistical analysis of the information contained in the reports of the Moscow Merchant Society of the 1860s-1900s for studying the socio-cultural and charitable practices of the business community in the post-reform period at the micro and macro levels. The author notes that along with the general upward trend, periodic recessions are also observed, and explains these "multi-vector trends" by a significant differentiation in the scale and volume of short-term and one-time promotions.

M.A. Oblitsov (Tambov) raised the question of the influence of economic factors on the level of involvement of the peasantry of the northern (non-provincial) counties of the Tambov province in the events of the "Antonovshchina" of 1920-1921. This study conducted a pilot analysis of sources, mainly historiographical, containing information about natural conditions, rural population density, the amount of arable land, the level of prodrazverstki, occupations of the peasantry of the northern and southern counties (agriculture, crafts, waste). Based on the review of the sources, the author concluded that with a limited amount of arable land, a high degree of separation from agriculture, and relatively little pressure from the surplus, the peasantry of the northern counties did not seek to join the peasant agrarian protest in the province.

Report by A.S. Shchetinina (Barnaul) It was devoted to the review of the results of work on the identification of archival materials of the State Archive of the Altai Territory containing information on the remuneration of mining workers and employees in the Altai Mining District in the 80-90s of the XIX century, and the assessment of their information potential. The types of sources containing information of different levels and completeness are considered, the task of expanding the range of sources at the expense of materials from other regional and federal archives is set. The report noted that the sources provide more opportunities for analyzing the salaries of employees than the wages of workers, but the analysis of documents and the scientific reference apparatus of the archive showed that there are prospects for studying the wages of workers.

A.S. Shapko (Belarus, Minsk) presented a report on a project to create a database for working with office documentation from archival funds in the Republic of Belarus and the Belarusian State Archive of Film and Photo Documents. In fact, it is planned to create electronic archival inventories with keywords describing the content of documents – a kind of analogue of a full-text database with the inclusion of not only text, but also graphic and multimedia materials. This work may lack references to similar archivist projects.

The section "Historical information resources: methods of creation and analysis in the context of Data Science" was one of the most voluminous in terms of the number of reports and "multidirectional" in its subject matter and problems. Approximately half of the participants' presentations were held in an online format. In total, the 13 reports presented can be divided into 2 groups.

The first, more numerous, group includes reports whose topics were more or less connected with the Internet. Thus, in the reports of E.V. Bobrova (Moscow) on the study of open data and Sh.D. Batyrbaeva (Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek) on Google Trends data in the study of the history of modern Kyrgyzstan, it was about the application of new methods of data research published on the global network: how to work with datasets hosted on open data portals and how the Google Trends mechanism can be useful. The report by A.A. Frolov (Moscow) talked about new approaches to using the technology of publishing documents on the site, compared the traditional method of creating websites using CMS systems and creating websites using frameworks. The reports of A.F. Oskin (Belarus, Polotsk) and D.A. Oskin (Belarus, Minsk), as well as the report of E.V. Baranova, V.N. Maslov and A.V. Stalmakova (Kaliningrad) show the use of intelligent information systems when creating websites. In the first case, we are talking about the use of OSTIS technologies (Open semantic technologies for the design of intelligent systems) to build an intelligent information and reference system on the history of the Polotsk Cadet corps. It should be noted that this work, as well as the previous projects and studies of A.F. Oskin and D.A. Oskin, presented at AIC conferences, aroused great interest of the audience and seems very promising. In the second case, the authors presented the electronic educational resource "Kaliningrad Pravda", which is a web platform for accessing and creating digital archives of periodicals.

A report by a team of Barnaul researchers E.A. Bryukhanova, V.N. Vladimirova and N.V. Nezhentseva on the creation of an information system "Historical Statistics of Altai Online", a report by A.B. Antopolsky (Moscow) on the development of a reference information system on digital humanities and a report by D.V. Andriyan were devoted to the creation of information systems for a wide range of researchers.ovoi (Tyumen) on the creation of an information resource "Civil servants of provincial administrations Western Siberia of the late XIX–XX centuries.". The same group includes the report by A.A. Akasheva (Nizhny Novgorod), dedicated to assessing the quality of machine-readable materials of the First General Population Census of 1897, which are supposed to be used for subsequent analysis by Data Science methods. The author evaluates the suitability of these materials for creating an information resource and subsequent processing.

The second group of reports combines topics devoted to the processing of materials contained in existing resources, using, in particular, mathematical methods. This is a report by E.A. Bryukhanova, N.V. Nezhentseva, O.I. Chekryzhova (Barnaul) "The population of Siberian cities at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries: sources and methods of analysis", where a wide range of methods and technologies were used to study the problems of urban history. In the report of R.B. Konchakov and M.A. Karpenko (Moscow) "Dynamics of retail prices in the cities of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century." methods of descriptive statistics and cluster analysis were used. The report of Akhanchi Parvin Amirali kyzy (Azerbaijan, Baku) provides statistical results of processing surveys of refugees from Nagorno-Karabakh.

In general, the work of the section confirmed the interest of the scientific community in the "resource" topic, emphasizing the current trend of creating information resources not only as heuristic documents, but also as a repository of datasets – historical data sets for their subsequent processing. Section "Concepts of quantitative history:

statistical sources, data and methods" with various variants of the name is invariably present at all conferences of the Association "History and Computer", denoting the continuity of quantitative history and historical informatics. In 2022, 12 reports were made in this section on a fairly diverse range of issues and with approximately equal attention to pre-revolutionary and Soviet economic and socio-economic history.

In the report of D.V. Didenko, R.B. Konchakov and M.A. Karpenko (Moscow), it is proposed to test the hypothesis of improving the welfare of the population using such an indicator as the dynamics of the proportion of stone buildings. The authors presented the results of the analysis on several time slices for the period 1825-1910, confirming the hypothesis of an increase in the material well-being of the urban population of Russia in the XIX century – the beginning of the XX century. as a result of the development of the country's economy, the processes of urbanization, industrialization and accumulation of human capital. The scale effect was manifested in a higher proportion of stone buildings in large cities, but small cities had catching up growth rates and reduced the backlog. This is especially true for the county towns, which differed in the period under review by the greatest dynamics of the level of well-being. It is shown that the administrative status of the city and its provision with transport communications are most closely related to the dynamics of the well-being of its population.

E.V. Danilov (Moscow) presented an analysis of the dynamics and territorial distribution of the population's access to medical care. To determine the possible causes that influenced the uneven distribution of the level of appeal across the provinces, a regression analysis was used in the work, in which the financing of health care, the level of the urban population, the number of medical staff, the literacy rate, the share of the Orthodox population, the zemstvo status of the province were used as factor features. An interesting interpretation is proposed in the paper to explain the influence of the literacy factor, which is negative on the general data set, but changes its sign when the Privislinsky and Ostzey provinces are excluded from the model.

Three reports in the section were devoted to financial history. A.V. Dmitrieva (Moscow) compared the indicators for the Moscow Stock Exchanges, relatively little studied, although the second largest in the Russian Empire, and the St. Petersburg Stock Exchanges and traced the general dynamics of the development of the capital stock exchanges in the early twentieth century. A database has been created for the study based on information from the official quotations of the capital's stock exchanges and information about joint-stock companies. As a result of the work, high-quality statistics were obtained for analysis, which expands our understanding of the Moscow stock exchange and the general development of stock trading in the period under study.

S.A. Salomatina (Moscow) presented a report on the analysis of interregional cash flows in the Russian Empire, corresponding to the flows of goods and services according to the statistics of transfers between branches of the State Bank for 1868, 1878, 1888 and 1898. One of the important conclusions of the study was the identification of large changes in the payment network around St. Petersburg and Moscow, the share of which has significantly decreased due to the outpacing growth of regional networks and the growth of regional markets. An analysis of the networks of St. Petersburg and Moscow showed that in 1898 it was a "double star", where St. Petersburg played the role of the largest shopping center, and Moscow - the main sales center.

Another report on financial history was made by R.D. Murashkin (Moscow). Using the example of the Moscow Merchant Bank, one of the largest in Russia, the author analyzed the credit policy of a non-investment commercial bank during the industrial boom of the 1890s. For the study, a database was created on the resolutions of the Accounting Committee of the bank with orders on the terms of the loan for customers. Statistical analysis revealed the quantitative characteristics of the loans being opened, the industry composition of the clientele, the hierarchy of clients in terms of credit conditions.

The problems related to the study of inequality were presented by three reports with the results of the project "The evolution of income and property inequality of the population of Russia: from the Great Reforms to the "Great Turning point" in the regional dimension (statistical and geoinformation analysis)"

The report by L.I. Borodkin (Moscow) examined general methodological issues of assessing income and wealth inequality and discussions on these issues among economists, politicians and specialists in the field of economic history. There are many different opinions in historiography on the assessment of inequality in late Imperial Russia. The statement of a low (lower than in the West) level of property inequality in this period, although it increased in the post-reform period, does not confirm the assumption of huge income inequality in late imperial Russia as the main factor of the Russian revolution. On the other hand, there are significantly higher estimates of the level of inequality in the literature. These discussions, according to the author, indicate that the issue of assessing inequality in pre-revolutionary Russia requires further study and careful source work.

The results of the statistical analysis of the differentiation of salaries of workers and employees based on the materials of sources for the 1920s are considered in the reports of I.M. Garskova (Moscow) and V.N. Vladimirova (Barnaul).

In the first of them, trends in the remuneration of industrial workers and employees in the first half of the 1920s are analyzed using statistical methods. According to the statistical publications of the CSU. It is shown that during the Civil War and the early NEP, monetary wages did not play a significant role: in 1920, monthly earnings gave a worker only 2-3 days of rather meager food (a daily ration of 2,700 calories). However, the monetary part of the salary reflects the main factor determining the total amount of earnings at this time – the cost of living, compared to which the influence of other factors, in particular qualifications, recedes into the background. The paper shows a noticeable change in the dynamics of the size of monetary wages since the second half of 1921 and the continuation of the trend of its increase in 1922-1924. Thus, in the first half of the 1920s, various periods of salary dynamics can be distinguished: from almost complete naturalization and the dominance of equalization through rapid and disordered growth of nominal and real wages to a decrease and cancellation of in-kind payments and the beginning of a return to normal principles of remuneration.

In the report of V.N. Vladimirova, inequality in wages of the urban population is considered on the materials of all industries of the Siberian Territory in the second half of the 1920s - the period of the late NEP. Decile coefficient and Gini index are used to measure inequality. It is shown that there is a significantly greater differentiation of wages among employees, and this differentiation does not decrease. However, data on workers' salaries show a decrease in inequality indicators, which confirms the existence during this period of a tendency to equalize the wages of workers with high and low qualifications.

In line with social history, the work of S.A. Zhakisheva (Almaty, Kazakhstan) was carried out. The author turns to the analysis of the processes of debaization and dispossession in Kazakhstan with the involvement of previously unclaimed mass sources identified in the funds of the Archive of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Central State Archive, regional and specialized archives. The return to the topic of mass repressions of those employed in the agricultural sector of Kazakhstan is connected with the state policy of full rehabilitation of victims of political repression, since a significant part of the victims and victims of political repression in Kazakhstan has not yet been rehabilitated. The appeal to the materials of investigative cases, which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the use of mathematical methods and database technology allowed the author to reproduce the socio-political portrait of the repressed with sufficient representativeness, to build a model of the Baysko-Kulak farms in the period under review and to revise some well-established provisions and conclusions in Kazakh historical science.

Some local problems were also considered at the meeting. Thus, in the report of A.V. Smetanin, V.V. Yarkova and U.V. Abdullina (Perm), the object of research is the intergenerational structure and transfer of experience in fishing artels on the example of two well-known folk crafts – Dymkovsky and Kholuisky – for 60-70 years. Using social network analysis, a little-studied sphere of the economy is considered – the activity of closed production collectives in the context of the formation of artistic traditions of folk crafts and the transfer of experience from teacher to student.

In the report of Yu.V. Kuzmin (Moscow), analytical methods were used to study the history of the development of general-purpose aircraft production in the XX century. Based on the created database on the characteristics of 2,690 general-purpose aircraft models and more than 4,000 records on the production of these models by year and country, a comparative analysis of the dynamics of production and development of new models, as well as their qualitative and quantitative characteristics, which revealed some previously unknown patterns. The report shows that with a decline in production, one should not experiment with new product schemes, but it is necessary to focus on the production of cheap models familiar to customers. The study shows how often aircraft manufacturers act inefficiently, which leads to a drop in demand, and often to the bankruptcy of companies, while the study of historical experience would avoid such failures or at least mitigate their consequences.

The work of the section was completed by a report by E.V. Zlobin (Moscow) on the history of domestic computing technology, dedicated to the project of creating the largest supercomputer that was developed in the USSR. Many details of this project remain unknown to this day, and the project itself ended with the fact that in 1991 all the released computers were turned off and handed over to precious metals. The author concludes that the creation of this computer monster has diverted huge resources that could be used to develop domestic microprocessors. The section "Modeling of historical processes" gathers, as a rule, not as many participants as other sections due to its complex and specific subject of study.

The 5 reports presented at it were very diverse both in terms of the issues studied and in terms of the methodology and methodology used.

Thus, the work of researchers from Vladikavkaz E.K. Basayeva, E.S. Kamenetsky and Z.K. Khosayeva was devoted to the application of one of the promising methods of predicting internal conflicts in the analysis of the events of the Arab Spring 2011. To assess the level of socio-political tension, the authors use the sum of the number of intentional murders and suicides, and by instability they mean socio-political conflicts of varying severity (from small protests to civil war). Their analysis found that in countries where the proportion of immigrants is high (with the exception of Bahrain), the increase in tension does not correlate with manifestations of instability. On the other hand, for countries with an immigrant share of more than 15%, the growth rate of tension depends almost linearly on the growth of tension in their environment. The authors explain this circumstance by the migration policy in these countries, in which the active role of immigrants in the social and political life of society is completely excluded. All this allows us to conclude that in countries with a high proportion of immigrants, high tensions, as a rule, do not lead to serious conflicts and instability.

The report by D.V. Didenko (Moscow) provides an overview of the main trends in studying the role of the natural environment in the accumulation of human capital as a key factor in the economic development of countries and regions – based on the materials of English-language research publications of the last 20-30 years. Historical data and quantitative methods of their analysis were used to reveal the topic. The author identifies two ways of the impact of natural factors on the accumulation of human capital: direct and indirect. In the first case, these factors directly affect productivity and economic growth; in the second, they significantly contribute to the formation of institutions that favor or hinder the accumulation of human capital. The author 's argumentation in favor of applying this technique to the relevant historical data on Russia of the XIX – early XX century deserves attention .

The report of D.S. Zhukov and V.V. Kanishchev (Tambov) presents new results of studying the demographic processes of the rural population of the Center and South of European Russia in the second half of the XX – beginning of the XXI century using the theory of self-organized criticality (SOC). Previously, the authors discovered the attributes of JUICE ("pink noise") in the demographic series for individual rural settlements, which was interpreted as a manifestation of demographic transition. In the course of this study, the power law indicators were calculated in the spectrograms of dynamic series reflecting the change in the number of Russian rural population in the regions of Central and Southern European Russia in the second half of the XX– early XX century. The authors consider the complete absence of "red (brown) noise" to be an important result, linking this with the absence of a strictly regulating demographic policy in the USSR. Another result is the identification of pink noise, characteristic of almost all the studied territories that survived the German occupation. This circumstance, according to the authors, may indicate a noticeable manifestation of SOC in the demographic behavior of residents of agrarian areas affected by the war, when, in the absence of significant social support from the state, the peasantry traditionally rushed to compensatory fertility.

S.V. Shpirko (Moscow) presented two reports at the section. The first is devoted to the development of a mathematical and statistical approach to solving the problem of reconstructing the size of the merchant community of Byzantium at the end of the XIII century. according to indirect evidence sources. Although the notarial acts reviewed do not contain information about the entire clientele of notaries, they may indirectly indicate the desired size of the trading community. The construction of a formalized model describing a notary transaction makes it possible to move from the initial problem to the evaluation of the final aggregate and use the apparatus of this mathematical theory for its calculation. Separately, the author notes the methodological aspect of the study, which allows testing the proposed approach on a different source base.

In the second report, S.V. Shpirko examines the modeling of the spatial placement system of the late medieval rural population. The proposed model is based on the idea of population placement as a process in which each of its participants (households) is guided in their activities by natural rational goals, for example, maximum accessibility of the cultivated area, its proximity to the central settlement. To account for the heterogeneity of the territory, a variational approach is used, within which it is possible to describe the optimal relationships between the parameters of the system (population density, its number, the area of the territorial district). Additional analysis of historical material leads to the need to refine the model in the form of a two-level hierarchy of centers: churchyard–settlement – the main settlement of land ownership - yard. Approbation of the model was carried out on the data of the scribal books of the Shelonskaya Pyatina of the turn of the XV–XVI centuries. The author suggests considering mathematical modeling as an adequate auxiliary tool in studying the nature and dynamics of historical rural settlement systems. Its application is possible, for example, to make up for lost data during the reconstruction of the approximate rural population of Shelonskaya Pyatina. 

The section "Methods of computerized analysis of texts of historical sources", as well as the section of quantitative history, is permanent at AIC conferences. In 2022, 8 reports were presented in this section on the computerized analysis of two groups of sources: on the one hand, these are collections of memoirs and letters, on the other – press materials.

The report by E.M. Goretskaya (Moscow) presented the results of the analysis in the gender aspect of the collection of sources of personal origin – "Memories of the GULAG and their authors", on the basis of which the author created and analyzed a full-text thematic collection of memoirs using a set of analytical methods: content analysis, network and statistical analysis. The analysis shows that the descriptions of the tragic camp stage of their lives by former prisoners have a lot of similarities, regardless of gender, profession, age at the time of arrest and the number of years that prisoners spent in camps. This can serve as a confirmation of the thesis that the thematically homogeneous collection of memoirs collected and studied in the framework of this study is a mass source.

The source base of the study by E.Y. Aletkina (Moscow) "Motivation of the oil industry workers of the Ural-Volga region in the 1940s - 1980s in the reflection of territorial and sectoral press bodies: content analysis of workers' letters" was composed of letters from employees of associations and enterprises of the oil industry to local industry newspapers. The content analysis of the letters allowed the author to consider various aspects of labor motivation - an issue that has traditionally been given great attention in modern research on socio-economic history. The main problems and difficulties in the functioning of the labor motivation system are considered, first of all, the problems of consumer services and working conditions, which received preferential coverage in the letters of oil workers.

The rest of the reports were devoted to the study of press materials – from the multi-circulation to the central one. So, in the report of A.A. Beklyamisheva (Moscow), the content of the large–circulation newspaper "Soviet Physicist" (1967-1971), published at the secret scientific institute - the I.V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, as a unique source for studying the history of the Soviet atomic project, was analyzed. Its pages reflect the life of the Kurchatov community in all its diversity, which makes the publication an actual source for studying the history of the Soviet atomic project and the most important topics in the social and cultural life of the Institute.

The regional press (regional newspaper) was analyzed in the report of A.V. Stalmakova (Kaliningrad). The content of the publications of the newspaper "Kaliningradskaya Pravda" was studied by the author to identify the specifics and transformation of historical representations on its pages for the period 1985-1991. The report showed that in the Kaliningrad region, the policy of "glasnost" in the coverage of the past was implemented mainly through public interest in the history of the region, primarily to pre–war German and European history, the study of which was previously limited in accordance with the official policy of "banishing the Prussian spirit".

The research, based on the materials of the central Soviet / Russian press, was presented in the report of I.V. Grebenchenko (Moscow) on the reflection of the Soyuz –Apollo project in the central Soviet newspapers. This flight and the docking of two ships in orbit are considered as the most important event not only in the history of space exploration, but also as an important contribution to improving Soviet-American relations and the entire international climate. Obviously, an event of this magnitude was widely covered in the press of that time, as well as subsequently. In the work, using content and network analysis, the dynamics of the reflection of the first experience of Soviet-American space cooperation on the pages of the newspapers Izvestia and Pravda are considered. The historical context was formed due to the information used by the author from collections of documents, as well as materials of personal origin and thematic historiography about the space cooperation of the USSR and the USA.

A series of three reports on the materials of the press was proposed by researchers from Perm. S.I. Kornienko, L.A. Obukhov, A.R. Yehlakova and D.A. Renev with the help of content analysis investigated the features of the dynamics of coverage of the fighting on the Eastern Front on the pages of "white" newspapers, highlighting the stylistic techniques by which the images of "white" were constructed"and "red". To visualize the results of the study, a map was compiled reflecting the frequency of mentions of hostilities on the pages of newspapers.

In the second report, S.I. Kornienko, A.V. Senina, N.A. Matkin and I.D. Ismakaeva continued the topic of the discourse of "whites" and "reds", also based on the materials of the periodicals of the Eastern Front of the Civil War. In this work, which has an experimental, methodical nature, a number of digital technologies and methods of analysis are considered (such as clustering of publications based on identifying their stylistic proximity, network analysis), their advantages and disadvantages are noted.

The third Perm report was made by N.A. Matkin, who used semantic modeling of toponyms from the periodicals of the "reds" with the help of specially developed tools in Python and the construction of clusters using an artificial neural network. The results obtained at this stage of the work are also rather experimental in nature, due to the specifics of the local source base. The section "Historical Geoinformatics: geographical information of sources and geodata" turned out to be quite compact – 10 reports were made in it, which highlighted the intermediate results of research by individual specialists or teams originating mainly from long-known centers for the use of geoinformation technologies in historical research.

The greatest attention in the work of the section (half of the reports) was paid to such a direction as the development of historical atlases that create, if possible, a systematic view of the historical geography of a particular region within a significant historical period. A team of authors from Moscow and Tver (Yu.V. Stepanova, M.V. Karpova, A.A. Frolov, A.D. Gusak) presented a report on the historical atlas of Toropetsky Uyezd based on sources of the XVI-XVII centuries. From a methodological point of view, this project is in the paradigm of mapping by means of GIS of land descriptions of early Modern times formed in Russia since the beginning of the XXI century on the basis of a layer of toponymic information of the earliest mass cartographic materials that arose as a result of the General Surveying of the second half of the XVIII-XIX century. In the same paradigm is the work of S.S. Kutakov (Staritsa) on the materials of the General Surveying, attracted to work on the atlas of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina of the Novgorod land of the late XV - XVII century., however, the main attention of the speaker was focused on the characteristics of the geographical features of the land dachas themselves of the second half of the XVIII – XIX century.

The material that is mapped within the framework of the project on the history of the Belgorod zasechnaya line also belongs to the early Modern period. The corresponding electronic atlas is currently under development, its concept was discussed in the report of K.S. Kunavin and V.V. Kanishchev (Tambov). The fourth report, related to the same direction, was prepared by T.Ya. Valetov (Moscow) and devoted to the development of an atlas of digital historical maps of the USSR – RF 1922-2010. Of course, mapping objects that existed between 1922 and 2010, meets with completely different difficulties and requires completely different approaches than working on a regional historical atlas of early Modern times. Despite the abundance of known facts of changes in the administrative affiliation of villages and adjustments to the boundaries of territories, they are mostly not reflected on large-scale maps of the corresponding time. The speaker proposed a number of optimal solutions for creating an atlas of the administrative division of the USSR – RF in the XX–XXI centuries.

Another report by T.Ya. Valetov was devoted to the characteristics of some of the possibilities of using open cartographic services to create historical digital maps. In general, this report can be considered as developing the direction of research on historical atlases. In previous years, such works were rare in the Russian-speaking segment of historical science, so even without going beyond the analysis of the content of the reports of the last AIC conference, we can talk about the design of a new vector of development of domestic historical GIS.

Four reports of the section presented the analysis of historical data using GIS tools. Of course, the most popular in this regard is the visualization of historical source objects on the map and understanding through it the interrelationships of these objects or their groups in space. In each of the reports of this group presented at the section, this method took into account the features of the historical sources used and the research objectives.

Yu.V. Stepanova and A.I. Savinova (Tver) visualized in GIS the trajectories of the movements of the Ladoga Karelians to the territory of the Bezhetsky Top before 1650, which occurred after the loss of Karelia by the Russian state under the conditions of the Stolbovsky Peace of 1617. Mapping indicates that Koreans of all pogosts-districts of the territory that was ceded to Sweden participated in the resettlement. In addition, the localization of intermediate points was also possible, in which one or another family of immigrants stayed for several years before ending up at the place where the census of 1650/51 found them.

D.E. Sarafanov (Barnaul) investigated the process of formation and development in the 1750s-1820s of the network of factory parishes of the Barnaul spiritual board by means of GIS modeling of the process of settlement structure development and building a topologically correct picture of parish boundaries according to five chronological sections. Statistical data for the model were taken from the confessional statements of the Barnaul Spiritual Board.

A.V. Bobitsky and A.S. Bakharev (Yekaterinburg) performed a mapping to the topographic basis of subscribers of the Yekaterinburg city telephone network as of 1914. The analysis of attribute data made it possible to classify the subjects of economic activity, and spatial reference – to analyze the features of the distribution of subjects belonging to various sectors of the economy on the territory of the city.

The spatial aspect of demographic processes and the distribution of the population in space by types of economic activity in Kyrgyzstan for 2010 were investigated by means of GIS R.T. Elemanova (Barnaul).

In general, it seems that works that use the visualization of attribute data for the purpose of their subsequent study, taking into account the spatial aspect (but without involving the special mathematical apparatus offered by geoinformatics), have always dominated historical research using GIS.

The only presentation that consisted of a description of the results of creating a web resource with geodata was a report by E.M. Vorobyova (Tambov). But it should be borne in mind that, to varying degrees, the presentation of geodata on the web was discussed in some other reports of the section: for example, as a basis used when creating a historical atlas. Section "3D modeling technologies in the study and preservation of historical and cultural heritage.

VR, AR" included 10 reports, a significant part of which was related to the problems of historical urbanism – virtual reconstruction of historical urban development and its individual buildings. Thus, in the report of E.V. Baranova, V.A. Vereshchagin, V.N. Maslov (Kaliningrad), the project "The World of Immanuel Kant" was presented, within the framework of which a virtual reconstruction of several non-preserved streets in the vicinity of the Konigsberg Castle, where the philosopher lived, is being carried out. The authors discussed the possibilities of constructing 3D models in conditions of scarcity of written and visual sources, as well as the complexity of architectural forms of reconstructed historical buildings.

The report of N.A. Fedotov (Tambov) presented a virtual reconstruction of the historical building of the Chaka Agricultural College, one of the oldest buildings in the Tambov region, built in the early twentieth century. modeled on the college in Lyon in the style of English Romanticism. The building loses its original integrity over time. The use of sources allowed us to build a fairly reliable 3D model of its original appearance.

Temples are becoming the traditional object of virtual reconstructions. The section presented a report by K.D. Lysenko (Moscow) on the virtual reconstruction of the Trinity Cathedral in Stavropol-on-Volga (now Togliatti) in the first half of the twentieth century. For 200 years, the cathedral was rebuilt four times and moved twice, and in the end it was blown up and flooded during the construction of the Kuibyshev (Zhigulevskaya) Hydroelectric power station in 1955 The creation of a 3D model of the Trinity Cathedral has contributed to the preservation of the cultural heritage of the city. The study was conducted with the support of the Togliatti Museum of Local Lore, which provided numerous materials. An important result of the work was the placement of a virtual reconstruction of the cathedral in the museum's exposition.

The report by Yu.V. Tarabarin, D.I. Zherebyatyev, R.V. Khrechko, O.G. Kim (Moscow) discusses the problems of research and hypothetical restoration of the vaults and interior design using the example of a 3D model of the Cathedral of the Alekseevsky Monastery in Moscow, founded in 1634 and destroyed in 1838 in order to build the Cathedral of Christ the Savior in its place. Work on a 3D model of the building allowed us to raise new questions about the restoration of interiors similar to the first half of the XVII century. The reconstruction was published in the Twinmotion Cloud with the ability to access the results of work from a personal computer and mobile device.

The non-standard task of virtual reconstruction of the temple building was solved in the study of S.A. Mamonova (Moscow). Her report considers the task of creating a 3D model of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, a monument of the Russian presence in Armenia of the XIX-XX centuries in the village of Amrakits (until 1938 – Nikolaevka, Lori region in Armenia). The church, built in the neo-Russian style and a unique monument of Orthodox architecture of the early twentieth century, was severely damaged during the 1988 Spitak earthquake. Based on the available drawings, photographs of the early twentieth century, descriptive sources, a 3D model of the church was created. To determine the original color of the roof, black-and-white photographs of the church were processed by a neural network. The conducted research may be useful for the realization of the intention to give a second life to a unique monument of Orthodox architecture in Armenia.

The presentation of the report by researchers from Veliky Novgorod and Moscow M.I.Petrov, O.A. Tarabardina, D.A. Salomatin, P.A. Sapozhnikov, N.N. Faradzheva can be called a "Journey into the depths of centuries". The authors presented a three-dimensional reconstruction of a 14th-century Novgorod estate based on a set of sources obtained during field research: drawings of buildings and stratigraphy, photographs, text descriptions, as well as ethnographic materials and information accumulated during many years of archaeological research of Novgorod about buildings from various excavations. Such models based on scientific reconstruction are of considerable interest for use in the creation of augmented or virtual reality, which in turn increases the opportunities for the popularization of archaeological knowledge – an urgent problem for museums and educational institutions.

The possibilities of using virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) technologies in the tasks of virtual reconstruction of industrial heritage and the history of science were presented in two reports. A.A. Hasanov (Moscow) devoted a report to the creation of a virtual reconstruction of an industrial heritage object – the Trekhgorny Brewery in Moscow at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. The result of the research is not only 3D models of the production building of the plant and its equipment, but also a special application for virtual reality, in which the user can independently view the external and internal appearance of the constructed three-dimensional reconstructions, carry out the production processes of brewing of the XIX century in virtual space. In the report of M.S. Mironenko, the characteristics of interdisciplinary AR/VR projects for the creation of historical reconstructions and the features of their mobile development were given. Such a project for the author was the reconstruction of the chemical cabinet of D.I. Mendeleev, which was created immediately with a focus on working in a VR helmet in conjunction with a computer. A special task was to recreate historical interiors and, with the participation of chemists, to develop an interactive system of interaction with elements to get acquainted with the scientific creativity of the scientist. To use mobile AR solutions, as well as to prepare content for autonomous VR systems, a special pipeline was developed based on mobile game development practices and special approaches to packaging and optimizing content and interface elements.

In general, the work of the section showed a noticeable increase in the level of research in the field of 3D modeling of cultural heritage. Priority attention to the source base of virtual reconstructions is becoming the norm, the set of software tools used is expanding (the speakers used tools such as SketchUp, Sketchfab, Blender, Autodesk, Lumien, Twinmotion, Spatial Media Metadata Injector, etc.). The section "Archaeological monuments as objects of virtual archeology" turned out to be relatively small.

She combined topics related to GIS technologies and 3D modeling, however, due to the fact that the approaches used to work with archaeological sources differ significantly from approaches that allow extracting data from other types of sources (primarily written ones), the allocation of archaeological reports into a separate section turned out to be expedient. 

The report of G.V. Trebeleva and V.G. Yurkov (Moscow) demonstrated the use of the photogrammetry method for fixing archaeological objects of the Markul settlement in Abkhazia, considered the positive and negative sides in the practice of using this method for objects of various types.

The topics of the report of researchers from Moscow (D.S. Korobov, Yu.M. Svoiskiy, E.V. Romanenko) and Munich (Y.V. Romanenko) correspond to two major trends in modern archaeology at once. Fassbinder) on the use of digital technologies in the non-destructive survey of early Alan monuments in the Central Caucasus. The authors demonstrated the possibilities of detecting catacomb burials based on the analysis of remote sensing data and the results of a magnetometric survey. In addition, the use of photogrammetry methods allowed us to gain experience in developing elements of an information system that integrates three-dimensional models of various levels: archaeological monuments, individual complexes and objects found in them.

The report of Izhevsk researchers (I.V. Zhurbin, A.G. Zlobin, A.S. Shaura, A.I. Bazhenov) made perhaps the greatest impression on the audience of the section – the researchers demonstrated the results of using GIS analytical tools to identify several zones within the territory of the settlement and the adjacent site, differing in vegetation intensity, which was based on the data multispectral aerial photography. Interpretation of the role of these zones in the life of the archaeological settlement was made possible by comparing the results of zoning with the data of geophysical, soil and archaeological studies.

R.V. Paranin (St. Petersburg) addressed GIS tools for modeling the stages of development of the Prinevskaya lowland in the Holocene in his report.

The report of D.Y. Guk (St. Petersburg) was devoted to the problem of using images from online collections of museum objects for scientific work. In the Russian segment of the network, the state of this problem is worse in comparison with samples of foreign experience, which uses international standards for describing cultural heritage objects. The author came to the conclusion that the solution of the problems of comparability and representativeness of data in electronic catalogues of museums for archaeologists could be the placement on museum websites of a section with digitized publications of catalogues of collections.

Speaking about the archaeology section as a whole, it is worth noting its presentation part. Most of the reports were not just well illustrated and accompanied by expressive presentations – I would like to emphasize that the presentations themselves incorporated a whole set of modern technologies of archaeological research. Drone surveys, precise excavation plans, three–dimensional reconstructions of archaeological artifacts, video reports on various stages of research - this is not a complete list of what was presented at the section. This indicates that digital archaeology is becoming a reality and promises new significant results of studying the past. 

The section "Approaches and methods of historical informatics and Data Science in the research work of archives and museums" combined reports that highlight the variety of possibilities for using computer science tools in the field of archives and museums. 

Yu.Yu. Yumasheva (Moscow) made an analysis of foreign experience in using Data Science technologies for archives (with an emphasis on the use of artificial intelligence algorithms). The speaker's foreign research was divided into four blocks: the theory of archival affairs; automation of the processes of acquisition and accounting of archival documentation; organization of access to archival documentation; development of new forms of digital archives. The content of the publications allowed the speaker to outline the main directions of using new methods, which, according to foreign colleagues, are promising in the coming years. In general, the orientation of researchers at the present stage to the implementation of "small projects" necessary for the approbation of Data Science methods in archival business was noted.

The report of D.Y. Guk (St. Petersburg) discussed the need to document digital images, including the creation of accompanying texts, annotations to them and fixing clearly defined purposes of their use in museum business.

Yu.N. Gerasimova (Pushkino) presented the experience of the Central State Archive of the Moscow Region in documenting digital photographs as part of the research project "Virtual reconstruction of historical estate complexes of the Moscow region: archival sources and digital technologies". The results of this work were later used for 3D reconstruction of architectural objects.

Of course, the discussion at the section was not only about the research work of archivists and museum workers, but also about the possibilities of an expanded presentation to users of the resources of archival and museum repositories. The experience of using artificial intelligence algorithms to create digital assistants in the State Archive of the Russian Federation deserves special attention. This was the subject of a report by A.A. Kolganov, O.N. Kopylova and T.N. Kotlova (Moscow). The researchers started by creating training datasets for the assistant and training the model on this material using Google tools, but later it turned out to be possible to switch to their own software product that uses the analytical database of archive user requests accumulated at the first stage of operation. The speakers stressed that much depends on the competence and professionalism of those specialists who create and train digital assistants.

V.A. Markova (Petrozavodsk) described the projects of presentation on the Internet of archival heritage created in recent years in the National Archive of the Republic of Karelia. Similarly, the report of E.Y. Shapoval (Ulan-Ude) highlighted the projects of the State Archive of the Republic of Buryatia. The section "Digital technologies in professional historical education" presented a wide range of reports on the difficulties of introducing digital technologies into the daily practice of historical education.

G.V. Mozhaeva (Moscow) devoted her report to the need for individualization of modern education. This will allow him to escape from the trap of time, into which, according to G. Dryden and J. Vos, there are modern education systems that continue to serve the past, long-ended era. Today has required the speedy application of hybrid technologies in the training of historians, but it is not the technologies themselves that are important, it is important to understand how they allow us to evaluate the results of learning, adjust to the speed of mastering the material, predict the trajectories of further education of each individual student, and as a result – personalize the experience of cognition.

The report of A.Y. Volodin (Moscow) was devoted to a curious change in emphasis in teaching historians strategies for finding professional information. Historical Internet heuristics has recently made a noticeable turn to data search, and, consequently, there are problems of exploratory data analysis, finding ways to optimize work with large data arrays, and the next step will be ways of data processing by interacting with neural network interfaces and computer vision technologies. R.B. Konchakov (Moscow) made a futuristic study on the topic "The Historian and avatars: how the metaverse can change historical education", in which he presented an image of the interaction of a wide range of technologies (5G, AI, VR/AR, NFT, Digital Twins, IoT), changing not only the runtime environment, but also the quality of relationships in the online environment in the very near future.

N.G. Povroznik (Perm) shared her experience in creating a new course for the historical Master's degree, dedicated to conceptualization, generalization of experience and study of the born-digital historical and cultural heritage, presented, among other things, on the pages of the speaker's book "Web history of society and its institutions".

N.V. Razdina (Moscow) shared her experience of using the MAXQDA program in teaching the discipline "Computer Methods of Text Analysis", existing within the framework of the Digital Humanities minor of the Liberal Arts direction of the RANEPA Institute of Social Sciences. The report presented methodological developments designed to interest students in the problem of text analysis, as well as systematize their research practice.

Conference participants from Tambov University M.Y. Sidlyar, E.V. Klygina and A.I. Savchenko shared their experience of teaching three-dimensional modeling in Blender to students of history. A wide variety of laboratory work was shown, which should form and consolidate the skills of three-dimensional modeling of objects of historical and cultural heritage among students. 

N.P. Ivanova (Barnaul) told about the experience of using the rotary model of mixed learning in teaching courses on the history of culture: this approach can be a good solution for group work of students in a situation when the amount of necessary material is large, and few contact hours are allocated for the course. 

E.N. Balykina and V.V. Sergeenkova (Belarus, Minsk) presented examples of digital transformation of historical education in Belarus on the basis of lecture and educational projects with extensive use of historical and educational resources, in particular, on the example of the discipline "History of Russia and Ukraine".

D.A. Oskin (Belarus, Minsk) and A.F. Oskin (Belarus, Polotsk) talked about the possibility of using a fuzzy logic controller for early forecasting of the academic performance of first-year students: using several concrete examples, it was possible to get acquainted with the predictive capabilities of this approach by comparing the forecast data with the actual results of first-year students.

N.G. Povroznik with colleagues A.S. Kosmovskaya, D.A. Renev and E.D. Ponosov (Perm) presented an impressive educational project — a virtual platform "What's the point?". The project is dedicated to the history of salt mining in the Perm Region, it combines biographies of famous industry figures, data on geology and geoecology, video chronicles and virtual excursions. Z.R. Ishankhodzhayeva (Uzbekistan, Tashkent) showed the current state of the use of digital technologies in historical education in universities of Uzbekistan, noting that technologies allow not only to improve the quality of historical education, but also to significantly activate the motivation of students. 

In general, the breadth of the topics presented shows that the traditions of discussions about educational technologies at AIC conferences are alive, and educational issues are significantly updated through the use of new approaches of data science and artificial intelligence technologies. *** 

The final scientific event of the conference was the round table "Inter/multi/polydisciplinarity of historical science in the context of Data Science", which was led by Yu.Yu. Yumasheva and A.Yu. Volodin.

The participants of the discussion discussed the terminology characteristic of interdisciplinary scientific research, emphasized new trends in the information support of historical science and the expansion of methodological and technical support of the humanities. At the same time, it was noted that in the modern era it is necessary to continue the development of classical approaches and techniques of historical source studies, which undoubtedly represent the strong side of Russian historical science. No less important is the study of historiographical trends, attention to which, according to the participants of the round table, it is unacceptable to weaken.

At the general meeting of AIC members, which traditionally took place after the completion of the scientific part of the conference, its results were summed up, and diplomas were awarded to the winners of the traditional competition of young scientists for the best reports. After that, elections were held for a new Board of the Association "History and Computer" and its new President, who became a Doctor of Historical Sciences, a leading researcher of the IVI RAS A.A. Frolov. The main directions of the AIC's work for the next 2 years were also outlined, including scientific seminars, publication of scientific papers, a school of young scientists, etc. The next two-year cycle of the Association's activities will end in 2024 with the holding of the XIX AIC Conference.

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