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DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2013.2.7487

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Abstract: The article includes analysis of the policy documents of major political parties of the Russian Empire in the beginning of the twentieth century in terms of design and definition of a vision of economical, social and political modernization. Particular attention is paid to the presence of a retrospective analysis of Russian society in the post-reform time and at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in these documents. This approach allows to estimate the value of science-based theory in the development programs of political parties not only in the past, but also in contemporary political life.

Keywords: history, national history, policy papers, political parties, history of programs, retrospective analysis, industrial modernization, definition of tasks, task sequence, the theoretical underpinnings

Abstract: The article deals with the issue of funding of engineering and business schools in the Ministry of Trade and Industry system, which was after the Ministry of Education the second largest agency with a network of institutions of higher education. In the forced development of higher education in the early twentieth century there was a transition to a multivariate model of learning that is manifested in the coexistence of high schools with state-owned, public, private and mixed funding. Based on the analysis of a large amount of statistical data the article shows that the social basis of students’ democratized by freeing students from tuition fees, giving state and charitable grants.

Keywords: history, colleges, Russia, financing, students, benefactors, scholarships, civil, modernization, economics

Abstract: The political struggle among the parties in Glasgow in the late XIX – the beginning of the ÕÕI century. The stages of «laborisation» of urban policy in the XX century is studied. The article analyzes the reasons for political strengthening of the Scottish Nationalists in Glasgow at the end of XX century – the beginning of the XXI century.

Keywords: history, Scotland, Glasgow, political struggle, the Labor Party, the Scottish Nationalists, Scottish National Party, the Westminster, Holyrood, the regional council.

Abstract: the article is devoted to the Simba revolt (lions) — one of the most dramatic episodes of the Congo crisis in 1960–1965. It happened as a result of the confrontation of the leftist nationalists and the Westerners. By the beginning of 1964 the West seemed to completely won on the Congolese front of the “Cold War”: with the support of the USSR prime-minister P. Lumumba was killed in 1961, his successor A. Gizenga in custody, soviet embassy was expelled from the country, the government was controlled by Binzen group linked with the CIA. Lumumba’s supporters organized a mass aimed rebellion, brining the government to the verge of collapse. Heavily armed governmental troops were unable to withstand the rebels. The West intervened, sending mercenaries who provided the turning point of the war. Simba responded by with capturing hundreds of hostages in Stanleyville; to release them the operation “Red Dragon” (Belgian troops landing from the U.S. Air Force aircraft) was conducted. By the spring of 1965 the revolt was suppressed. The author used previously unknown documents from the Russian Foreign Ministry on the causes and the nature of the contradictions within the Congolese elite.

Keywords: history, the Belgian Congo, the Cold War, P. Lumumba, fables, Simba, Macas, M. Tshombe, the “Red Dragon” operation, Democratic Republic of Congo.

Abstract: the article reviews the history of the creation and operation of training centers for Rwandan genocide in 1994: “Akazu”, AMASASU, Coalition for the protection of the Republic (CDR), as well as legal and illegal organizations with which it was implemented (paramilitary police of the NRDDR and CDR parties, Interahamwe and impuzamugambi, “death squads”, the Civil Self-Defense). The article identifies their origins, social composition, structure, goals, ideology, form of spheres of influence and activity. The analysis shows that the genocide of Tutsis was not due to spontaneous outbursts of Hutu anger because of the assassination of the President Habyarimana J., but was the result of a focused training. It was carried out at different levels, involving extremist circles associated with the regime and the tip of the Rwandan army. The author concludes that in Rwanda by the spring of 1994 there was a structure to the mass mobilization of the Hutu to carry out the genocide of Tutsis. This system consisted of both legal and illegal or informal elements and included senior centers, trained executants and well-established mechanisms for the transfer of orders from the top down.

Keywords: history, Rwanda, genocide, 1994, “Akazu”, AMASASU, Coalition defense of the republic, the Interahamwe, impuzamugambi, “death squads”.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2013.1.62078

Abstract: the article raises a question of the Korean community in Japan for the first time in national historiography. The author analyzes the work of quasi-labor union “Soaykay”, created and ruled by the Japanese state and police. The article is devoted to the 90th anniversary of the “catastrophe of the century” in Japan – the Great Kanto Earthquake (1923) and the followed Korean riots. This subject is also important in the context of current situation with the immigration processes and the need to manage the new “Great migration of peoples”.

Keywords: history, ethnology, migration, Korean community in Japan, reformism, monopoly, police labor union “Soaykay”, the Great Kanto Earthquake, ethnic discrimination, manipulative practice of labor conflicts settlement.

Abstract: the article deals the theme of “the incident in Fiume” – with a very popular in today’s media and Internet space, as well as in the popular literature, which is a typical example of a social myth. It is clear that positive reform of Russian society can not be properly carried out under similar conditions.

Keywords: documents, reports, log book, incident in Fiume, “the honor of the flag”, media, Internet, popular scientific literature, social myth, positive reformation of society.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2013.2.62603

Abstract: the article explores socialist competition as one of the premier stimulating factors in Soviet engineering institutions during the first pre-war five-year national economy plans. Shock labor and Stakhanovite movement analysis allows to determine the correlation between the scale and role of an engineering institution (factory) in Russian economy with the role and the efficiency of competitive practice, basing the research on archive data.

Keywords: history, industrialization, engineering, socialist competition, shock labour, Stakhanovite movement, labour relations, motivation of labour, productivity of labour, discipline of labour.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.5.14671

Abstract: During the years of the first Soviet Five-Year Plan one of the key questions was the increase of labour productivity, which compelled plant managers to devote particular attention to the creation of work stimulus. A significant role was played by the quality of the social services that the plants could offer their workers: housing, provision of essential commodities, etc. Undoubtedly, the ideological setting had its effect and the struggle for the creation of a “socialist way of life”, which by definition had to be of better quality in comparison to the pre-Revolutionary one, forced the development of the social sphere. At the same time, plant managements were well aware that the household disarrangement lowered productivity, labour quality and discipline. This research, based on archival material and directed at the study of the social factors in labour motivation on a separate plant during the years of the first Five-Year Plan (1928–1932), permits a detailed analysis of the precise measures undertaken in this sphere by the party and economic managements, their effectiveness, including as opposed to the earlier period. In this case at the heart of the study is the large textile plant with a rich pre-Revolutionary history – the Trekhgornaya factory.

Keywords: Trekhgornaya factory, social sphere, first Five-Year Plan, worker qualification, textile-workers, labour relations, labour motivation, income level, housing, provision of essential commodities

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.5.66349

Abstract: During the years of the first Soviet Five-Year Plan one of the key questions was the increase of labour productivity, which compelled plant managers to devote particular attention to the creation of work stimulus. A significant role was played by the quality of the social services that the plants could offer their workers: housing, provision of essential commodities, etc. Undoubtedly, the ideological setting had its effect and the struggle for the creation of a “socialist way of life”, which by definition had to be of better quality in comparison to the pre-Revolutionary one, forced the development of the social sphere. At the same time, plant managements were well aware that the household disarrangement lowered productivity, labour quality and discipline. This research, based on archival material and directed at the study of the social factors in labour motivation on a separate plant during the years of the first Five-Year Plan (1928–1932), permits a detailed analysis of the precise measures undertaken in this sphere by the party and economic managements, their effectiveness, including as opposed to the earlier period. In this case at the heart of the study is the large textile plant with a rich pre-Revolutionary history – the Trekhgornaya factory.

Keywords: Trekhgornaya factory, social sphere, first Five-Year Plan, worker qualification, textile-workers, labour relations, labour motivation, income level, housing, provision of essential commodities