History magazine - researches - rubric Social history

Abstract: This article explores the factors for conducting administrative reforms in the United States in the area of public health. For detailed consideration, the author selected New York City as an example the largest metropolitan area that faced aggravation of social problems due to the shortcomings in the existing public health system. Rapid increase in the number of resident in the conditions of significant growth of population density led to proliferation of the dangerous infectious diseases, for elimination of which local authorities had to take prompt actions of state regulation, including creation of the new administrative branches. Special attention is given to the treatment of tuberculosis and preventive measures thereof, namely the importance of tracking all new cases. In studying public health system of New York City, the author applied interdisciplinary approach that ensured comprehensive and objective outlook upon the problems of poorest population groups of the city. Comparative-historical method was used juxtapose the situation in New York and typologically similar US metropolises. Chronological method allowed tracing the patterns in evolution of administrative innovations, and assessing them in a single historical perspective. The main conclusion consists in the statement that private medicine appeared to be insufficient due to the drastic changes of social conditions in the densely populated metropolises, as the constantly growing population of poor immigrant neighborhoods was capable of paying for medical services. At the same time, namely the residents of such ghettos were most vulnerable category of population from the standpoint of epidemiology. Taking preventive measures by the municipal authorities, which included mass vaccination and clearing New York streets from dirt and trash, became an effective way to alleviate the situation. The administrative reforms in the city significantly improved the situation, which laid the foundation for sweeping changes in the future.

Keywords: Hermann Biggs, vaccination, industrialization, public health, population growth, USA, urbanization, New York, tuberculosis, smallpox

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2021.1.34779

Abstract: The topic of the living standards of population during the World War I remains polemical, namely due to the fact that worsening of food insecurity was traditionally regarded by Soviet historiography as one of the factors of escalation of revolutionary moods in the society. The article describes the dynamics of industrial protests during the wartime, which were caused shortage and costliness of food products. The research is based on the 2019 edition of the chronicle of industrial protests during the World War I, which contains information on the higher number of conflicts than that of materials used in earlier research. Assessment of the severity of food insecurity through the prism of industrial strikes demonstrates that the situation becomes critical by the beginning of 1917, gradually changing for the worse during the wartime. In the initial stages of the war, the demands for food provision and lowering the prices were expressed during the strikes in the remote provinces. Although in 1916, the provinces of the Central Industrial District take on the leading positions, the Moscow province is not among them. The employees of light industry, and particularly textile industry, were engaged in the strikes more often. By the end of 1916, the escalation of protest activity due to food insecurity issue is observed in Moscow and Petrograd provinces, involving the workers of metal industry and defense enterprises.

Keywords: arrests, factory shops, prices, workers 'living standards, food issue, World War I, strikes, economic demands, industry, workers' protest

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.1.37465

Abstract: The subject of this research is the examination of socioeconomic development of post-revolutionary Kabardino-Balkaria. The experience of engaging women in public space and industrial manufacturing draws particular interest. In the conditions of transition towards large-scale enterprise, women turns into an active participant of public life and social structure. Highlanders were engaged to industries that did not require high skills. Professional activity was accompanied by educational work, as well as organization of meetings and conferences. The article explores archival documents that are newly introduced into the scientific discourse, which reflect the transitional stage of inclusion of women in the Soviet sociopolitical space. The scientific novelty lies in the study of the participation of women of Kabardino-Balkaria in the industrial manufacturing over the period from 1920s to 1930s, ethnic peculiarities of overcoming the difficulties related to industrialization, and creation of conditions for its liberation. It is demonstrated that in the conditions of personnel shortage, the participation of female highlanders in the industrial manufacturing was not only of ideological and political importance, but also contributed to the formation of a new social and cultural infrastructure. The emergence of labor force, growth of urban population and engagement of women in manufacturing had progressive meaning and significantly changed the people’s mentality. Women became a full member of society, their rights were codified by law, and the plan for gender equality outlined by the Soviet state was on the path to implementation.

Keywords: women's labor, gender policy, industrialization, Soviet power, industrial production, gender equality, emancipation, woman, women's status, propaganda

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2024.1.69429

Abstract: The object of the study is the charitable activities of Moscow entrepreneurs in the pre-revolutionary period. The subject of the study is the hospital named after the brothers P., A., V. Bakhrushins (representatives of the famous merchant dynasty). The authors consider in detail such issues as the contribution of Moscow entrepreneurship to the development of the city, for example, through assistance to the poor or health care support. Special attention is paid to what exactly the money given by Moscow merchants, industrialists or bankers to the city Duma was spent on. The funds invested in the hospital by the Bakhrushin brothers are considered as an example. The authors investigate how the money invested in the specified institution could have been spent and to what extent its activities justified these investments. To answer these questions, the authors studied the materials of the fund of the Central State Archive of Moscow – "Moscow City Duma and Council (1870-1917)". Among the materials found, there is information with a detailed description of the income received for the construction of the hospital, as well as final expenses and those subsequent approximate amounts that the hospital subsequently spent annually on the example of 1897. The methodological foundations of the study include the principle of historicism, the principle of objectivity and the principle of consistency. The main methods used in this study include the historical-genetic and retrospective method. The main conclusions of the study are that from the standpoint of today, the charitable activities of Moscow entrepreneurs at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries had a deep historical significance. Using the example of the Bakhrushin Brothers Hospital, it was proved that the huge funds donated by Moscow merchants for its creation were not spent in vain and fully corresponded to the activities of this institution. A special contribution of the authors to the study of the topic is the introduction of a new source into scientific circulation – a review of the activities of the Moscow City Duma and a report on the movement of office work in the office for 1897. The novelty of the study lies in a deeper study of the topic of charity of Moscow entrepreneurs, a more detailed study of sources (and the introduction of new materials into scientific circulation), as well as research on how specifically, the money was spent after it was given to the creation of specific institutions.

Keywords: health development, city Council, cash donations, pre-revolutionary period, Bakhrushin Brothers Hospital, Moscow, entrepreneurship, patronage, merchants, charity

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.4.33156

Abstract: The primary task of this research is to elucidate the reasons for stereotyping “new” immigrants as dangerous criminals and anarchists in society of the United States. The subject of this research is criminality within the immigration environment, while the object is the immigrants from Southeast Europe and Asia who came to the United States in the second half of the XIX century and surpassed the immigrants from Western and Northern Europe. The author refers to the analysis of social and economic situation of “new” immigrants as the factors that impacted the rise of crime rate in the immigrant quarters. Special attention is given to organized criminal activity and radical political movements, as well as their influence upon the public image of “new” immigrants. The conclusion is made that the representatives of “new” immigration were involved in various unlawful actions, from minor administrative offenses and crimes against private property to murders, robberies and creation of organized criminal communities. An important place among the factors that affected criminalization of immigrants from Southeast Europe and Asia was held by social isolation of immigrant communities, problematic assimilation, and tough economic situation due to intense competition on the job market and high unemployment rate. At the same time, “new” immigrants were no different from the local dwellers in disposition to commit crime: criminal rate among immigrants did not exceed average in the country.

Keywords: social problems, anarchism, crime, Chinese immigrants, European immigration, new immigration, USA, organized crime, stereotypes, image

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2013.3.7667

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2018.6.28141

Abstract: The article is focused on an examination of the epidemiological situation of typhus during the Russian Civil War on the example of the Vyatka governorate. On the basis of previously unknown documents from the State Archives of the Kirov region, the authors analyze the work of local authorities in eliminating the epidemic and present statistical data on the course of the epidemic's unfolding. The authors identify the main problems faced by the authorities of the governorate in the fight against typhus and describe in details the measures which made it possible to reduce the percentage of typhus infections in the region. In solving posed research problems, the historical-systemic method was used as the main research approach, while as auxiliary methods, the authors used the statistical and comparative-historical methods. The novelty of the presented research lies in the fact that the authors introduce previously unknown archival materials into scientific circulation. One of the study's main conclusions is that only with the help of the Extraordinary Commission for the Control of Typhus it became possible to partially resolve the health crisis. By the end of 1920, the epidemic of typhus in the governorate began to decline.

Keywords: Soviet health education, doctors, Soviet medicine, emergency authorities, typhus, Civil war, epidemics, Vyatka province, everyday life, the establishment of Soviet power

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.6.34562

Abstract: The subject of the study is the study of the main directions of medical care for children of Western Siberia during the Great Patriotic War. Based on previously unpublished documents, data on the organization of measures for the medical and sanitary care of evacuated children, the development of a network of specialized children's institutions located in the department of the People's Commissariat of Health: nurseries, orphanages, children's hospitals and polyclinics, consultations, maternity homes, etc. were analyzed. Materials on changes in the staffing of these medical institutions, measures to improve the professional level of medical workers are presented. The nature of changes in the quality of medical care for children aimed at reducing their morbidity and mortality is investigated.The main conclusion of the study is that children's healthcare in Western Siberia, which experienced a number of problems in the pre-war period, was not ready for a multiple increase in workload with the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. The lack of resources has led to a deterioration in the quality of care provided to the children's population, which has led to an increase in morbidity and mortality among children. Despite this, the health authorities throughout the war years conducted systematic work to strengthen children's healthcare. Ultimately, the efforts made made it possible in 1943 - 1945 to reverse the situation with child mortality and achieve its significant reduction.

Keywords: morbidity, evacuation, The Great Patriotic War, Western Siberia, children's consultations, nursery, mortality, children's healthcare, the medicine, orphanages

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39150

Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of issues of cooperation between the USSR and the PRC in the field of personnel training for the healthcare sector in the 1949-1960-ies. Based on the analysis of archival data, sources and literature on this topic, the authors came to the conclusion that after the establishment of diplomatic relations between the countries in 1949, intensive interaction began in various sectors of the economy and public life. The research focuses on the features of building the healthcare system as a whole, as well as training personnel for this area at the initial stage of development of the Chinese state and its healthcare system. It is revealed that despite the short historical period of active cooperation, China, with the help of the USSR, was able to integrate the Soviet model into the national health system, which allowed solving one of the acute social problems in the specified historical period. In addition, the Soviet model of public health made it possible to deal in a timely manner with the threats of the spread of diseases, including those of a mass nature, up to the present time. The authors concluded that the development of cooperation in the field of healthcare between our countries can be divided into five main stages. The period 1949-1960 is the most effective, since it was at this time that comprehensive assistance was provided by the USSR.

Keywords: education, scientific exchanges, cooperation, PR China, USSR, healthcare sector, training personnel, doctors, experts, consultation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2024.2.69338

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the labor contingent in the South Kuzbass Corrective Labor Camp of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in the period from 1947 to 1953. The purpose of the publication is to identify the composition and number of workers involved in the production sector of labor camps and their employment. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from the formation of the camp until the beginning of a radical restructuring of the Soviet Gulag system. When studying this issue, the author used general scientific and special historical methods (methods of quantitative analysis and statistical processing of materials). The novelty of the work lies in the use of unpublished archival documents and addressing local history issues that have not received widespread scientific coverage. Based on archival materials from the current archive of the Main Directorate of the Federal Penitentiary Service for the Kemerovo Region, the dynamics of changes in the number of both forced labor camp prisoners and civilian workers, as well as the degree of their employment, are examined. A comparative analysis of the quantitative composition of the working fund of the South Kuzbass Corrective Labor Camp of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs predecessor, the Yuzhkuzbassles trust, showed that the transition to the use of forced labor in the logging industry in the south of the Kemerovo region made it possible to solve the problem of labor shortage. Particular attention is paid to the issues of employing the camp contingent in the production sector of the Corrective Labor Camp. The reasons why labor functions were not always performed by the prison population were identified, and statistics for each of them were also provided. Particular attention is paid to the processes of transformation of the labor fund in 1953.

Keywords: logging, prisoners, Gulag, camp economy, Southern Kuzbass Corrective Labor Camp of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, forced labor camp, forced labor, Gornaya Shoria district, Kemerovo Oblast, USSR

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.5.34131

Abstract: This article examines the correlation between individualism and collectivism with regards to economic and household activities, as well as festive culture in the settlements during fairs, festivals and holidays. Characteristics is given to the phenomenon of ecological settlements. Chronology of the development of this movement is provided. The author reviews the economic practices alongside private and collective leisure activities, determines the features of individualism and collectivism thereof. Analysis of the content of leisure activities demonstrates the clear prevalence of collectivism, which indicates the need for realization of the ideological principle through social practices within the community. However, the economic activities of Anastasians mark the prevalence of individualism, which is widely described in the narratives, and illustrates significance of the processes of personal fulfillment and self-actualization in the new environment. In realization of the aforementioned practices, inhabitants of the settlements resort to the “traditional, passed down through generations lifestyle”. The author believes that sociocultural practices represent an attempt to integrate positive aspects of modern individualism and archaic collectivism and communalism. The conclusion is made that the practices of patrimonial estate communities are collective in nature, which distinguishes them from the practices of urban life; however, they remain individualistic. What was considered an ordinary collective practice in peasant environment, now can be interpreted as the infringement of personal space, since the individual becomes the supreme unit, initiator of most cultural practices, both individualistic and collectivistic (harvest festivals or community help on birthdays). The communities of patrimonial estates mark the formation of new social reality, which intertwines the individual and the collective.

Keywords: neopaganism, New-Age, sustainable development, collectivism, individualism, archaic, anastasiystvo, ecovillage, community, downshifting

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2021.3.35739

Abstract: This article explores poorly studied aspects of the emergence and development of the foundations of higher education in Buryatia. Special attention is given to the historical analysis of the knowledge traditions of the Buryat society and educational practice of Buddhism, as well as to examination of the experience of proliferation of the Western secular culture in Siberia after its annexation to Russia. The author considers the key principles of functionality and main trends in evolution of the traditions of higher education in the context of specific historical conditions of the late XIX – early XX centuries. The article describes the pivotal historical periods of the formation of higher education in the region. It becomes clear that the educational institutions that existed in different historical periods served as catalysts for the development of higher education in Buryatia. The author determines that the development of the foundations of higher education in the region was influenced by the main trends in the development of pre-revolutionary Russian society and the initial stage of Soviet modernization. However, the peculiarities of historical-cultural development of Buryatia substantiated the specificity of solution of educational problems that were grounded on the rich cultural-historical heritage of the Buryat ethnos, ethnic processes, and national traditions of the Russian system of education. Soviet modernization accelerated the establishment of the foundations of higher education. The opening of higher education institutions in the republic in 1932 prompted the development of higher education in Buryatia, as well as preparation of highly qualified specialists.

Keywords: Irkutsk State University, Pribaikal People's University, Eastern Institute, national intelligentsia, secular education, Buddhist education, Higher Education, VerkhneUdinsk, Intellectuals, Scientific and Educational Worker

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2021.6.37022

Abstract: The subject of this research is the establishment of the system of preparation of teaching staff in the ethnic republic at the initial stage of the formation of the Soviet state. The relevance of this research is directly related to modernization of educational curriculum at the present time. Thus, numerous educational projects that require the preparation of professional teaching staff are carried out within the framework of the national project “Education”. The authors believe that similar situation developed during the years of the Cultural Revolution. The severe shortage of professional personnel was observed in Buryatia, while the public education was undergoing significant changes. The goal of this article lies in tracing the establishment of the system of preparation of teaching staff in Soviet Buryatia. The analysis of documentary materials of the republican archives allows assessing the results of efforts applied by the republican government to resolve the personnel problem. The scientific novelty consists in the attempt to compare the situation in the 1920s–1930s and 2020s for giving a more in-depth perspective upon the system of preparation of teaching staff. Although this topic is the subject of special research in the scientific literature, it requires further discussion. Methodological framework is comprised of the principles of historicism and systematicity, which view the process in its entirety and in accordance with a particular historical era. The conclusion is made that the results achieved were acceptable within the socioeconomic reality of the region. The regional government was able to create the necessary conditions for preparation of professional teaching staff and lay the groundwork for the subsequent development of the educational system. The creation of the republican system of preparation of teaching staff improved the level of education of the local population and led to the formation of the socialist culture in Soviet Buryatia. The acquired conclusions are valuable for studying regional history of the period of the Cultural Revolution.

Keywords: enlightenment, cultural revolution, national school, personnel training, Soviet education, national outskirts, Soviet Buryatia, Soviet Russia, vocational education, public education

Abstract: the article disuses creation of the Russian system of food supply in crop failure established in the end of XVIII century and its’ reformation during the XIX century as well as its peculiarities of the different levels (village grain reserves and capital, types of food capitals — empire-wide, province, etc.) in the post-reform era. The author analyses reasons of the reform of the food industry in 1900 and its results, highlights the main problem of the level of bread consumption by Russian people in the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX century.

Keywords: history, famine, food, level of consumption, crop failure, reform, charity, country council, the Red Cross, statistics.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2023.1.38406

Abstract: The subject of the research is the peculiarities of educational and patriotic work with cadets of the Irkutsk Fire Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in 1970. A brief analysis of the development and transformation of this type of educational activity is given on the example of the work of structural training units of a fire school. The role and list of staff of the command and teaching staff who carried out educational and patriotic work with cadets during the activity of the educational institution are indicated. The research methodology includes a concrete historical approach (M.V. Astakhov, I.D. Kovalchenko, V.F. Kolomiytsev, A.P. Pronstein, etc.), as well as generalization, comparison, synthesis, classification, specification; analysis of archival documents, legislation and scientific literature; retrospective analysis; method of historical analogies. The novelty of this scientific article lies in the fact that during the scientific research, historical sources, archival data describing in detail the history of the formation and development of educational and patriotic work in the Irkutsk Fire Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR have been identified and summarized. The conducted research is of interest to a wide range of readers, since the study of educational-patriotic, educational-pedagogical, structural-organizational and service activities in educational institutions of fire protection of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR is a very important component in the study of the formation and development of departmental education of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR on the territory of the Baikal region in the 20th century.

Keywords: moral qualities, fire community, historical approach, educational activities, training of specialists, educational institution, emergency situation, patriotic education, educational work, fire education

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2024.1.69519

Abstract: On the basis of archival sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the issues of preparation, the peculiarities of conducting the census of the urban population of the Tobolsk province in 1917 are revealed, and its results are analyzed. The census materials were in demand to coordinate the food issue, supply the population with food, the urban economy as a whole, and prepare for elections to the Constituent Assembly and local authorities. In the study of the processes of formation of urban settlements and their transformation, various methodological approaches are traced. In this regard, the modernization theory of social development is of interest, where, according to the concept, urbanization is considered through the prism of demographic processes primarily in cities. The work is based on the materials of the 1917 urban census in the Tobolsk province. To analyze documentary sources, a set of statistical methods was used, as well as historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological research methods, methods of graphical representation of the obtained statistical data. Based on newly introduced and published sources of population statistics. The author made the following conclusions: despite the presence of general instructions, there are specific features in the preparation and conduct of the census associated with tight deadlines, lack of qualified personnel and other reasons; the results obtained, although they had a number of drawbacks, suggest an increase in the proportion of the alien population, a decrease in the number of males due to mobilization to the front. The author made the following conclusion: despite the presence of general instructions, there are specific features in the preparation and conduct of the census associated with tight deadlines, lack of qualified personnel and other reasons.

Keywords: Instruction, Statistical accounting, Urban settlements, Population census, age and gender composition, Population size, Demographic modernization, Urbanization, Western Siberia, Tobolsk province

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.4.38570

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of one of the urgent problems of childhood - neglect and homelessness. The object of the study is the social policy of the USSR in 1930-1950, within the framework of which the Soviet authorities had to solve this problem and ensure the preservation of the younger generation. The subject of the study is the process of implementing social politics in the Baikal region. In particular, the author touches upon the issues of regulatory and legal support for the fight against homelessness and childhood neglect, highlights the features and difficulties of fighting in wartime. The statistical data on the region in comparison with the all-Union indicators are given, as well as an assessment of the effectiveness of the activities carried out. The article emphasizes the importance of measures of the social policy of the USSR in relation to the problems of neglect and homelessness, however, the lack of consistency in the implementation of these measures, as well as the existence of problems related to the financing of children's institutions, is noted. The novelty of the research lies in bringing as a source base a wide range of unpublished materials, including archival documents, sources of personal origin, periodicals and statistics. The author comes to the conclusion that social policy in relation to childhood was not implemented effectively enough, despite the fact that it was based on ideological principles that united the population in the fight against common problems.

Keywords: foster family, guardianship, Republic of Buryatia, Irkutsk region, social policy, neglect, homelessness, childhood, Baikal region, patronage

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.5.34191

Abstract: This article considers the questions of labor compensation of the industrial workers in prerevolutionary Russia based on the materials of one of the largest textile factories – Yaroslavl Big Manufactory (YBM). Attention is focused on the dynamics of nominal and real salaries at different phases of business cycle, as well as the ratio of salaries between high- and low-paid groups of workers in the early XX century (depending on the level of qualification and gender affiliation). The research contains the archival materials preserved in the State Archive of Yaroslavl Oblast in the fund of the Yaroslavl Big Manufactory (F. 674), including personal records of the employees and payroll registers for the period from the end of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries. The conclusion is made that during the period of economic depression until 1908, the nominal salary of YBM employees grew faster than during the industrial ramp-up of 1909 – 1913, which was justified by the policy of factory’s administration, which in 1905 – 1907 raised the prices in order to meet the demands of the strikers. At the time of economic depression, the gap in salaries of high- and low-paid categories of workers (by professional, gender, and age groups) was reduced. In 1909 – 1913, the previous level of salary differentiation gradually came back to the situation of the period of depression. The conducted research allows formulating the hypothesis that at the time of unfavorable economic conjuncture, the entrepreneurs were oriented towards reduction of salary differentiation by raising salaries of the low-paid categories to the level of higher-paid workers; while during the years of economic upswing, the level of salary differentiation was increasing again, which was justified by intention to improve labor motivation among most qualified workers.

Keywords: living standards of workers, wage differentiation, wages, textile industry, economic conditions, pre-revolutionary industrialization of Russia, factory inspection, price index, labor relations, strikes

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2023.4.43632

Abstract: The article discusses the issues of organizing assistance to Soviet families during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). In wartime conditions, accompanied by economic instability for the state, families with children, including military families, were in a difficult situation. Taking care of the Soviet family and the younger generation became the basis of the course of social policy, but the state could not always provide targeted assistance in time. That is why an important element of the organization of conditions for a stable situation of the population has become the involvement of collective farms, industrial and commercial enterprises, as well as individuals to assist families with children. The scientific novelty of the article consists in attracting a wide range of sources from the archives of the Republic of Buryatia and the Irkutsk region. Analysis of the documents showed that during the Great Patriotic War, the population helped those in need in various forms. In difficult times, the people acted unanimously and created various aid organizations: red Cross societies, charitable foundations, maternity and childhood committees. The population also helped those in need by accepting orphans, evacuated citizens and refugees for temporary residence. The enterprises did not stand aside. For the Baikal region, these measures were as important as for the rest of the USSR.

Keywords: Republic of Buryatia, rear, helping families, The Great Patriotic War, childhood, soviet family, Baikal region, Irkutsk region, support measures, USSR

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2013.1.62072

Abstract: the article examines the grounds and scale of the bad harvest in 1901, as well as the efforts of the authorities to overcome the food crisis, which followed. The author analyzes the food campaign regulation orders of the Minister of Internal Affairs Sipyagin D.S, the dynamics of issuing grain loans to the starving people, the organization of public works and the epidemiological situation (scurvy, typhus and other diseases) in the provinces affected by the crop failure during the spring of 1902.

Keywords: history, famine, consumption level, bad harvest, Sipyagin D.S., price level, agrarian unrest, disease, Lenin V.I.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2019.5.30851

Abstract: The article examines the issues concerning childhood morbidity during the Great Patriotic War. The research subject is the means applied in combating childhood morbidity during these years of war. The aim of this publication is to present the basic methods of preventing and fighting childhood morbidity in the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the years of the Great Patriotic War. The author focuses particular attention on analyzing the strategy implemented in the Bashkir ASSR for the prevention and elimination of the epidemics that erupted in this region, which had affected children and the younger generations. The article's research methodology is based on the principles of systematics, historicism, and objectivity. In this work, the author applied the historical-genetic and retrospective research methods. The scientific novelty of this study is that it is based on the analysis of archival materials for the first time introduced into scientific circulation, and specifies in the context of one defensively important war region of Russia during the Great Patriotic War - the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the medical strategy used for preventing in 1941-1945 infant mortality and morbidity. The author considers the struggle against infectious and acute gastrointestinal diseases among children both living and evacuated to the Bashkir ASSR during the war.

Keywords: epidemic situation, mortality, infectious disease, vaccinal prevention, morbidity, children, Bashkir ASSR, Great Patriotic War, typhus, septic quinsy

Abstract: the article highlights the work of the Orenburg order of public charity. Creating of the orders (at the end of XVIII century) initiated far-reaching changes in the care of the needy. Their efforts were aimed at improving the situation for those in need through the opening of the almshouses, hospitals, pharmacies, workhouses and restraints homes, madhouses. Those who found themselves in a difficult situation could apply to an institution of the order for help. The duties of the orders was not only in charity: they served as the bank, lending institution. Orders have joined state and society in helping the needy, because only by the joint efforts it was possible to achieve the desired result — the welfare of society.

Keywords: history, philanthropy, charity, care, compassion, almshouses, orphanages, societies, orders, Ufa.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2023.5.44148

Abstract: The object of this study is the system of national education in the Khakass Autonomous Region in 1946-1964. Special attention in this study is paid to such elements of the national education system as the development of a network of educational institutions, methodological and logistical support of the educational process, as well as quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the personnel. The author also examines the influence of geographical and demographic features of the region on the dynamics of national schools, and also draws attention to the consequences of the educational reform of 1958 in the field of teaching in the native language and the study of Khakass as a native language. The author analyzes the reasons for the gradual reduction in the number of national schools, and also notes the problems that hindered the development of the national education system in the Khakass Autonomous Region. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that for the first time the materials of the funds of the State Archive of the Krasnoyarsk Territory are introduced into scientific circulation, as well as a comprehensive study of the problems of national education in the post-war period is carried out. The author comes to the conclusion that the reduction in the number of national schools, as well as the reduction in the number of students who studied in the Khakass language and studied their native language, was due to a whole complex of factors, including: administrative, logistical, personnel.

Keywords: educational policy, material and technical base, teaching staff, post-war period, school reform, Khakass language, the system of national schools, Khakass Autonomous Region, public education, school system

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2021.4.36531

Abstract: Throughout the XX century, the demographic policy of the Soviet State was aimed mostly at working-age population or labor resources, taking into account regional and territorial aspects. Demographic change of the early XXI century was the result of political events of the 1990s, when the concept of population policy was under the radar of the government. The socioeconomic cataclysms destabilized the employment structure of population, caused deterioration of living standards, which affected the demographic characteristics of the XXI century. The demographic policy crisis of the late XX century generated one of the crucial organizational issues faced by the northern regions. This article is dedicated to the main demographic trends in the northern regions of Buryatia, which were affected by the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline, since completion of the construction project until stabilization of socioeconomic situation in the country by the early 2010s. In the course of construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline, Buryatia took the lead in terms of birth rate, and ranked last in mortality index per thousand people. This testified to relative density of young poplar and children in the age structure, as well as stable population reproduction with insignificant demographic fluctuations.

Keywords: mortality, birth rate, population density, population, demography, economic development, Republic of Buryatia, railway, regions of the Far North, territories

Abstract: in the article the author tries to present the milestones of the evolution of the Russian Cossacks in the past hundred years of its history, focusing on the time after the revolutions of 1917 and the Civil War. Author shows the essence of the policy of the Soviet government in relation to the Cossacks, marks the tragic events that led to their neglect since the 1930s to the mid-1980s. The main attention is paid to the revival of the Cossacks in the new Russia, the measures the government and the President of the Russian Federation to enhance its role in serving the fatherland, in the development of economy and culture of Russian people.

Keywords: history, the Cossacks, Russians, army, division, village, legislation, rehabilitation, recovery, troop Cossack society.

Abstract: The article characterizes the interaction of rank-official and title-vicegerent characteristics of social and service positions of the boyar-and-prince aristocracy and nobility during the last decades of existence of the parochialism at the time of post-parochial structure of the Russian state and the state service. The analysis of title-vicegerent system shows a new facet of the position of the ruling elite at the time of the formation of the Russian absolutism. The conclusions are based on the analysis of books of vicegerent titles (Russian State Archives of Ancient Acts: Works and writings on the titles)

Keywords: history, the parochiality, position, title, rank, aristocracy, nobility, court, elite, power, service

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.1.37535

Abstract: The subject of this article is the life of criminal criminals in the Sakhalin penal servitude and their view of the island's penitentiary system. This issue is very important, as it will allow us to take a fresh look at the dispute about the expediency of developing Sakhalin by exiled convicts. Special attention will be paid to the desire of criminal criminals to change their lives by means of labor in a new place, which is what government officials expected from them when planning the Sakhalin colonization project. As a source base, we will use a variety of interviews with prisoners, as well as the memories of the recidivist criminal Fyodor Shirokolobov, who tells, among other things, about his life on the island. In the historiography devoted to the Sakhalin penal servitude, works considering the views of a particular social group on the local penitentiary system are increasingly published. Writers, travelers, officials and even political criminals have already become the subject of various articles and monographs, which cannot be said about criminals. The novelty of our work will consist precisely in showing the attitude of the prisoners to the Sakhalin penal servitude. In the course of the study, we will come to the conclusion that in many respects it was formed under the influence of "Ivanov" - local authorities who were alien to physical work and honest work. This, in turn, became one of the reasons for the failure of the colonization of the island, since without the interest of the bulk of the population in the results of their work, there was nothing to dream of turning the "cursed island" into the "pearl of the Far East".

Keywords: the history of mentality, regional studies, oral history, colonization, criminal offenders, hard labor, link, penitentiary system, Sakhalin, source studies

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.1.12086

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.1.65017

Abstract: On the basis of the classical Marxist-Lenininst works, the article examines the problems in the establishment of a new socialist-type labor in Russia in the post-Revolution period (1918–1928). The author names the main characteristics of the labor that the Bolsheviks tried to create according to the Marxists directives: universality, freedom from exploitation, planning, creative sense, social orientation, new principles of labor discipline, etc. Particular attention is paid to the main stages of the government’s policy in the sphere of labor, and also to the circumstances that influenced the formation process of the new type of labor in the period between 1918 and 1928. The article gives an objective analysis of the successes and failures of the Soviet power in the creation of “the socialist labor”. The author comes to the conclusion that the Marxist principles pertaining to the creation (formation) of a new type of labor in Russia (USSR) could not be achieved in the given period. The policy of the Soviet power towards labor was inconsistent and contradictory. The practical situation did not permit the creation of the new “free” type of labor, which required a long period for its establishment. The economic situation of the country and social factors were natural hindrances in the realization of the theoretical directives of the Socialist Revolution’s leaders.

Keywords: socialist labor, K. Marx, V. I. Lenin, revolution, labor discipline, NEP, workers, civil war, material position, ideology.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2018.3.26265

Abstract: This article examines the condition of the Adygeyan peasantry in the second half of the 18th century - first half of the 19th centuries. The author describes the general features of the largest strata of the Adygeyan peasantry, the degree of their enslavement and the nature of their relations with the ruling class. At the center of the author's attention lie the questions of the emergence among the peasantry of ideas of freedom and independence, of their struggle to improve living conditions and to change the correlation of the value of life among the representatives of the upper class and peasants. Additionally, a lot of attention is paid to the migration processes among the Adygeyan peasantry, which had intensified during the studied period in two directions: from the "aristocratic", more rigidly feudalized groups of the Adygeyan society to the Western Adygeyan "democratic"; and from both groups of Adygeyan peoples to Mozdok, under the patronage of the Russian government. Furthermore, the author discusses the impact of entering the pan-imperial space of Russia on the brink of the traditional way of life, and, consequently, the relationship between owners and peasants.

Keywords: North Caucasus, the peoples of the North Caucasus, feudalism, ruling classes, peasantry, circassians, adygea, aristocracy, people, dominant class

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.1.15674

Abstract: The traditional assessment of poor material living conditions of the parish clergy during the period of the Empire partly corresponds to the realities of the 18th century, however, during the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries their situation drastically changed. Visible actual revenues of the clergy systematically grew and during 1760–1904 it increased by approximately 7 times per clergyman, including from sacramental duties – by 5,8 times, from land – by 5 times, through government endowment – by 14 times. The main factor in the earnings growth was the rise in congregation numbers, which led to an increase in revenue, but also to an increase in parish work for the clergymen by 2,7 times in 140 years. All the other factors, put together, had approximately the same value. At the beginning of the 20th century the income of priests was approximately the same as that of workers in the intellectual labour field – country doctors and grammar school teachers, junior clerks and officers. Church clergy had a more modest prosperity, but still at least above the average living standard of country and city populations: the income of a country clergyman was 4 times higher than the wage of a farm labourer, and 8 times more than that of a village headman.

Keywords: officer pay, clergy revenue sources, relative deprivation, clergy income, consumer price index, population standards of living, Russian empire, peasant income, worker wages, inflation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.1.66605

Keywords: officer pay, clergy revenue sources, relative deprivation, clergy income, consumer price index, population standards of living, Russian empire, peasant income, worker wages, inflation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2019.6.31404

Abstract: The article's subject is the social status of the two groups of Terek Cossacks: the “free” and the serving Cossacks. Many scholars do not know or forget about the second group. The aim of this study is to reveal the features of the two groups' social statuses, which are attested by the circumstances of their service, the nature and amount of their salaries, and their relationship with Terek governors. The author pays particular attention to some of the differences in the relations of the Terek “free” and the Don Cossacks with the state. The article is based on documents from the late 16th - 17th centuries, both preserved in archives and published. Among the research methods used, one of the most important ones was the historical-comparative method. The author compares the social statuses of Terek "free" and serving Cossacks, and of the Terek and Don Cossacks. The conducted study has allowed the author to sustain the conclusion that at the end of the 16th - 17th centuries on the Terek lived both the “free” and serving Cossacks. These two groups differed in their social organization. The "free" united themselves into a Cossack army, while the service Cossaks obeyed "heads" and the Terek governors. For the first time in historiography, evidence is provided to support the thesis that the Tersk-Grebensky "free" Cossacks in the 17th century were much more dependent on the state than the Don Cossaks.

Keywords: Terek voyevodas, Terek town, belomestnye Cossacks, ‘free’ Cossacks, service Cossacks, Greben Cossacks, Terek Cossacks, North Caucasus, oath to the Tsar, royal allowance

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39342

Abstract: The subject of the study is the degree of severity of stratification of the urban population in pre–revolutionary Russia. The authors set the task to calculate the decile coefficient and identify other indicators useful for understanding the degree of inequality among the citizens of two large Western Siberian cities of the early XX century. For this purpose, rarely used sources are taken, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The advantageous difference between apartment tax documents is that they allow you to estimate the income of citizens for the period when there was no income tax in Russia yet. The advantage of the "Statements of homeowners on apartment tax" in comparison with other sources on this tax is that they contain information not only about rich citizens (tax payers), but also about those who were exempt from tax due to poverty. The authors conclude that the decile coefficient indicators in two large Western Siberian cities work rather in favor of the pessimistic tradition that considers inequality in pre-revolutionary Russia to be high. The difference between Tomsk and Barnaul was revealed by the following characteristics: the gap in apartment prices between homeowners and tenants ("housing scissors"), the share of tenants among citizens, the share of householders living "on the settlement" with tenants. These differences are associated with a higher level of development of the rental housing market in Tomsk, which can be explained by its greater attractiveness as an economic, cultural and administrative center. The authors consider it useful to study living standards as one of the ways to study inequality.

Keywords: tax offices, house rent, flat tax, tax history, Siberian studies, living standard, inequality, economic history, late imperial Russia, tax inspectors

Abstract: the article shows the process of consolidation of the bourgeois class — this «forgotten by the state and society» estate of the Russian cities — in the revolutionary 1917. High potential of middle-class estates was shown in the creation of the All-Russian Union of bourgeois societies at the I and II All-Russian Congress of bourgeois societies, where were also outlined the contours of the further development of middle class after the liquidation of estates.

Keywords: history, philistine class, classes, society, urban middle classes, Labor Union of citizens of Bogorodsk, All Russian Union of bourgeois society, All Russian conventions of bourgeois society, citizen, corporativity.

Abstract: the article deals with the problem of suicide in among the peasants in late XIX – early XX century. It covers the legal side of this question, as well as attitude of the villagers towards the facts of voluntary withdrawal from life, tells about methods and motives of peasants’ suicides. Based on ethnographical materials and police reports author makes the analysis of the dynamics of village suicide, reasons for voluntary withdrawal from life, gender characteristics.

Keywords: history, legislation, peasants, village, statistics of suicides, motives of suicides, gender factor, the Church, ordinary perception of suicide, modernization.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.2.31589

Abstract: The research subject of this study is the reciprocal influence of the problems of food supply and the social stability of the Soviet state with an analysis aiming to establish the relationship between the onset of the provision crisis and the massive politicization of economic processes in the USSR on the part of society during the examined period.The article is directed at studying the degree of impact the unfulfilled consumer expectations had on the social perception of power by the population of the Soviet Union during the agrarian crisis of the early 1970s.Particular attention is paid to the interaction between the government and society on questions of food supply, as well as the alleviation of the provision crisis through imports.The methodological basis of this work is founded on the basic principles of scientific knowledge - objectivity and historicism, which allowed the authors to study the evolution of the population's mass consciousness in a dialectical relationship with the era's phenomena. Upon implementing the above-mentioned principles, a number of both general scientific and specific historical research methods were applied (historical-situational, historical-comparative, historical-systemic, and statistical methods). The scientific novelty of this work is its attempt to reflect on the course of the socio-political development of the USSR under the influence of changing internal and external factors caused by the consumer crisis.The authors note that under difficult conditions, the authorities of the USSR and the CPSU Central Committee were forced to meet the social needs of the population in order to maintain a certain level of food provisions, as well as to support welfare. Evidence supports that increased social payments and higher wages in the early 1970s temporarily reduced the population's discontent with the Soviet political regime. The authors conclude that the concentration of the population’s attention on the low level of meeting their urgent needs was the basis of social inversion and the revision of the Soviet government approval index.

Keywords: social discontent, food stamps, deficiency, confidence in government, consumer crisis, food, supply, protests, détente, CIA

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2021.3.35724

Abstract: The reforms and post-reform period of the second half of the XIX century mark significant changes in the political, socioeconomic, and cultural life of the country, and acceleration of urbanization by the beginning of the 1880s. The author also indicates the growing number of employed women, which was particularly evident in the large cities of the Russian Empire. For studying the problem of women’s employment of the end XIX century, the article used the aggregated census data of the three largest cities of the Russian Empire – Saint Petersburg (1881), Moscow (1882), and the capital of the Kingdom of Poland Warsaw (1882). The subject of this article is the examination and analysis of the number of female workers in each group and information about occupational groups, contained in the form of tables in separate volumes of censuses. Emphasis is placed on the quantitative distribution of women by occupational groups, as well as broader categories – types of activity; this allows determining the differences for each city, as well as comparing Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Warsaw during the 1880s in percentage terms. The conclusion is made that the market for female household personnel and day laborers was more developed in Warsaw, while the number of women employed in household service and industrial sector prevailed in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

Keywords: industry, spheres of labor, occupational groups, labor force, dependents, census, female labor, non-traded, blue-collar workers, servants

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39355

Abstract: The paper characterizes the location, density (density), economic and socio-cultural development of the network of rural settlements of the Ostyako-Vogul and Yamalo-Nenets national districts according to data for 1935-1936. The subject of the study is the rural settlement network of the named districts, the object is the location, density of the settlement network, its industrial, economic and socio-cultural infrastructure. In the study, statistical data collected by the Omsk Regional Department of National Economic Accounting (OBLUNKHU) were used as the main source Gosplan of the USSR on key indicators of economic and cultural development of the administrative-territorial units of the region, including the districts of North-Western Siberia. The dependence of the density of the settlement network on the natural and climatic zone, the peculiarities of the management of the local population is shown. The territories of sparse and relatively dense settlement within the boundaries of the national districts under consideration are determined, indicators of economic and socio-cultural development of settlements are presented. As results of the study author presents the conclusions about the dispersion of settlement in the polar tundra zone, the presence of territorial concentrations of rural settlements in the forest tundra and taiga zones not around administrative and economic centers, but along important transport arteries, the role of which in the north of Western Siberia was mainly performed by rivers. The predominance of the simplest industrial associations as the most common form of collective farms in the region is noted, positive changes in the development of the socio-cultural infrastructure of rural settlements of the region are recorded.

Keywords: trading points, infrastructure, collective farms, territorial concentration of settlements, settling, district, density of settlements, national district, rural settlement network, school

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2024.1.69499

Abstract: The subject of the research of the scientific article is the peculiarities of the process of formation of the educational and pedagogical base in educational institutions of the fire department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in the 60-70 years of the XX century on the territory of the Irkutsk region. A brief analysis of the transformation of structural units of educational and pedagogical orientation is given, and a list of heads of educational cycles and departments is indicated at the stage of formation and development of the Irkutsk Fire Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, as well as the Irkutsk branch of the Higher Engineering fire Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. The research methodology includes a concrete historical approach (M.V. Astakhov, I.D. Kovalchenko, V.F. Kolomiytsev, A.P. Pronstein, etc.), as well as generalization, comparison, synthesis, classification, concretization; analysis of archival documents, legislation and scientific literature; retrospective analysis; method of historical analogies. The novelty of this scientific article lies in the fact that during the scientific research, historical and pedagogical sources, archival data describing in detail the history of the formation and development of the structure of the educational and methodological base in educational institutions of the fire department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR were identified and summarized. The conducted research is of interest to a wide range of readers, since the study of educational, pedagogical, structural and organizational activities in educational institutions of the fire department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR is a very important component in the study of the formation and development of departmental education of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR in the territory of the Baikal region in the XX century. The scientific article analyzes the features of the implementation of pedagogical activity at the stage of formation of educational institutions of the fire profile. Examples of professional development of educational and structural units of cycles and departments of these educational institutions are considered, indicating the academic disciplines taught. The list of heads of these structural divisions at the stage of formation and development of the Irkutsk Fire Technical School and the Irkutsk branch of the Higher Engineering fire Technical School of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR is considered.

Keywords: training cycle, fire safety, Ministry OF Internal Affairs OF the USSR, scientific potential, curriculum, educational process, educational department, special education, training of personnel, educational institution

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2018.6.28221

Abstract: The aim of this study is to identify the influence of external and internal factors on the development of the Krasnoyarsk regional organization the "Znanie" society and on the forms and scale of its educational activities in 1947 - 1992.The article's research object is the activities of the Krasnoyarsk regional organization the "Znanie" society in the propaganda of political and scientific knowledge in the period under study.The research subject of this study is the changes in the forms and scope of lecture and non-lecture propaganda, which were used by lecturers of the Krasnoyarsk regional organization the “Znanie” society for the spread of socio-political, natural science, scientific-technical and agricultural knowledge. For the first time in historiography, the educational activities of the Krasnoyarsk regional organization the “Znanie” society is made the central subject of an independent research work, despite the fact that the topic of the lecture activities of the “Znanie” society is widely covered in the scientific studies of the Soviet and post-Soviet periods.The author comes to the conclusion that the main form of educational activities of the Krasnoyarsk regional organization the "Znanie" society were lectures contracted with organizations. The change in the Society's composition, the recruitment of teachers, engineers and technicians, foremost workers and production innovators who did not have the skills to compose and deliver academic lectures, lead to the emergence of various non-lecture forms of spreading knowledge. Since the end of the 1950s, in the educational activities of the Krasnoyarsk regional organization, as well as in the Society as a whole, two directions were cemented: educational and agitation propaganda.

Keywords: Krasnoyarsk intelligentsia, lectors, rural population, urban population, lectures for organizations, public lectures, agitation and propagand, cultural activity, Society Znanie, educational organization

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2018.1.23279

Abstract: The subject of this article is the process of modifying the control of student courses in Russian universities during the second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. Regulation of students’ lessons is one of the most important aspects of going through a university, which is why changes in the university system always affected student exams. A significant role in the penetration of one or another examination procedure was played by initiatives of universities, which the Ministry if not supported, at least considered, and consequently could introduce into practice of university life. The article's research is based, first of all, on the use of the comparative-historical method and is also founded on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The novelty of this study lies in that the author considers the gradual change in regulating the studies of students in Russian imperial universities during the second half of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century in terms of the particular characteristics of the educational institutions and the general direction of the state's educational policy. This was a unique kind of instrument for influencing both students and university corporations, which were either given the opportunity to decide independently the issue of controlling student courses or deprived of such an opportunity. This was due to fluctuations in the educational policy of the Ministry of Education.

Keywords: Russian Empire, Ministry of Public Education, examinations, grade scale, tests, semester test, subject system of education, education reforms, state regulation, natural science departments

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2019.5.30609

Abstract: The research subject of this study is the military training of Soviet youth of pre-conscription age and before serving in the Red Army. The relevance of this topic stems from the fact that the militarization of the population was an important aspect of Soviet reality, as with the coming to power, the Bolshevik leadership sought to strengthen the new socialist state and tried to protect it from any external and internal encroachments. Of paramount political importance was the question of the conscription of non-Russian nationalities and national formations. The aim of this article is to analyze the composition of parts of the Red Army by non-Russian peoples in one of the national regions of the country, namely in the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. As the methodological basis of this study, the author used general scientific and special historical methods. The historical and comparative analysis made it possible to compare the factual material, while the source study method helped to identify and determine certain aspects in the studied problem that have not yet been adequately addressed in historiography. Finally, the principle of scientific integrity has enabled the author's objective analysis and the analytical method has given this work the necessary level of theoretical generalizations. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that new archival materials, newspaper publications, and personal memoirs are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, which revealed various aspects of the preparation of the Buryats for military service. The author concludes that in the designated period in the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, thousands of liable military conscripts, who did not have the tradition of military service before, underwent pre-war training.

Keywords: patriotic education, military-media work, military propaganda, Red Army, militarization of the country, youth, preinduction training, OSOAVIAKHIM, кomsomol, Buryat-Mongolian ASSR

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.5.38736

Abstract: In the pre-war period, an active industrial and, as a consequence, demographic growth began in Western Siberia, which continued during the Great Patriotic War. In the same years, there was a steady trend of the social sphere lagging behind the growth of industry, one of the aspects of which was the shortage of qualified personnel in healthcare, the study of the causes and ways of filling which in the post-war fifteenth anniversary is the subject of this article. Solving the problem of personnel shortage, the state used extensive and intensive tools, combining them with each other. If in the first post-war years the emphasis was placed on the quantitative increase in the physical number of medical personnel, then in the late 1940s – early 1950s, the state, within the framework of the undertaken administrative reform, made an attempt to fundamentally change approaches to the organization of work of physicians, changing the order of medical care to the population due to a more optimal use of existing resources. The results of the study led to the conclusion that the flexible innovative policy of the state to solve the personnel problem has significantly mitigated, although not completely eliminated, the shortage of personnel in urban medical institutions in Western Siberia. Unfortunately, the problem of personnel shortage in healthcare in its regional context during the specified time period did not find special coverage in the scientific literature, so the basis for the study was a layer of published and unpublished static data analyzed using general scientific and private scientific methods. Despite the fact that in the early 1970s it was decided to abandon the new model of urban healthcare, the historical experience accumulated during that period is of interest and has not lost its relevance in modern conditions of "optimization" of healthcare.

Keywords: secondary medical personnel, doctors, the coefficient of concurrency, personnel problem, administrative reform of healthcare, medical personnel, medical institutions, the medicine, healthcare, Western Siberia

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2023.6.69276

Abstract: The article is intended to provide historians with new data to discuss the problem of income inequality in pre-revolutionary Russia. Authors aim at obtaining figures that can be used to compare with the already available digital estimates of inequality in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as to include pre-revolutionary Russia on a par with other countries and eras. Since income data for the period studied is particularly scarce for rural areas, the authors focused on peasants. The task was to obtain data that would allow us to get a picture of inequality at the micro level – within individual villages. As a data source, layout sentences are used – resolutions of rural gatherings on the distribution of taxes between members of the community. The choice of Semiluzhnaya volost is due to the opportunity to obtain the greatest chronological diversity of data for the Tomsk collection of folding sentences. The work is based on the results of the archival search. Based on personal data extracted from the lists of peasant tax payers, a number of Gini indices were calculated for individual villages over individual years, with further assessment of their reliability. A number of Gini indices have been obtained, which make it possible to talk about a significant or even high level of inequality in the studied villages against the background of well-known world values and estimates for pre-revolutionary Russia. It is shown that the proximity of a large city (Tomsk) contributed to an increase in income inequality by creating the possibility of earning as a waste worker and by creating demand for non-agricultural goods created by peasants. It is shown that the primary values of the index should be considered underestimated due to their high dependence on the per capita distribution of taxes, and the values cleared from the per capita component should be considered overestimated due to the underestimation of personal non-agricultural earnings of peasants. The difference between the values of the purified indices for different villages is explained by the special economic appearance of the village of Semiluzhny as an important point on the Siberian route.

Keywords: migratory labourer, peasant commune, tax distribution resolution, Gini coefficient, tax history, Siberian studies, peasant studies, inequality, late imperial Russia, economic history

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2019.3.29991

Abstract: The article addresses the issue of forming a “new person” in the industry of the USSR in the 1930s on the example of the food industry. The author advances the thesis that mass-copy publications are an invaluable source for a thorough study of this issue. The study examines the activities of the “Nasha Pravda” and “Za Boevye Tempy” newspapers of the "Rot Front" and "Krasnyi Oktyabr" confectioneries in the formation of the “new man” at these enterprises. On the example of these publications, the author examines the basic techniques of shaping and the components of the image of the “new person”. The study applies the descriptive methods for interpreting sources, as well as content analysis in computerized and traditional versions. The author comes to the conclusion that the mass-copy publications used such techniques to construct the “new man” as: the publication of editorial articles that proposed workers specific behavioral patterns and the publication of biographies of “truly socialist workers” in which the life-course and personal qualities of the worker were covered only from the positive side. One of the important features of the mass-copy publication business of the confectionery industry was their primary focus on describing a young woman as a “new person”.

Keywords: narrative historical sources, industrialization, USSR, food industry, social engineering, content analysis, factory newspapers, pre-war five-year plans, new person, Soviet press

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2021.3.36009

Abstract: The subject of this research is the foundation of women’s education system in the Russian Empire, namely of the Office of the Institutions of Empress Maria, which totaled up to three dozen by the early XX century. Actualization of the knowledge about the best examples of the Russian school in the past is determined by the fundamental importance of education in the context of ongoing modernization of the country. The topic of Women's institutes of Imperial Russia, which existed for over 150 years, is poorly studied. Despite the extensive source base, in the historical literature one can often come across improper names of the institutes, determination of their departmental affiliation, class composition of the students, as well as incorrect dating and topography. Using the historical-systemic and typological analysis, the author determines and clarifies the conceptual framework of the problematic as a necessary research toolset. The author's contribution to selected topic consists in discovery of a wide variety of sources, including those introduced into the scientific discourse for the first time, accurate names of the institutes and variations in the official documents and everyday practice., their renaming and the causes. The article also traces the dynamics of changes in the class and confessional composition of students since the establishment of the institutes until the beginning of the XX century. Subordination and departmental affiliation at different stages of the history of these institutes is clarified.

Keywords: Department of Empress Maria establishments, women’s education system, estates, province, capital, chronology, term, historical source, Russian history, girl's boarding schools

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.3.33369

Abstract: This article is first within the Russian historiography to reconstruct the backstage of life of the deputies of the Supreme Soviet of RSFSR that is not reflected in the published official documents or media materials of that time. It includes the arrangement of cultural and everyday services for the deputies of the Supreme Soviet of RSFSR during the 5th session held in Moscow on March 1-4, 1944. Leaning on the archival materials, the author demonstrates how the deputies were notified about the upcoming session in the time of war; organization of their meeting at the train station, accommodation in the Hotel Moskva and Grand Hotel, as well as the sanitary and epidemiological measures taken thereof. Representation of food menu, cultural and entertainment program, organization of bookselling, rendering of reference and information services that met requests of the deputies, are also of great interest. Alongside the institutional and functional methods of studying the activity of government branches well-established within the Russian historiography, the author also employs the historical-anthropological approach focused on examination of the human factor. The author believes that hosting such national forum was a representation of the “festive” form of Soviet culture, which acquired a unified and pronounced ideological character during the Soviet rule. Taking into consideration complexity of the situation in the conditions of wartime, creation of an “isle” of relatively luxury life for the deputies, even for a short time, can be viewed as one of the forms of ensuring their loyalty towards the ruling government.

Keywords: cultural and consumer services, transport services, deputies, fifth session, Supreme Soviet of Russia, the Great Patriotic War, Moscow hotels, sale of books, information and reference service, food ration

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2018.5.25952

Abstract: The research subject of this article is the regulatory and legal basis of the activities of Soviet trade unions regarding labor protection in 1985 - 1991. The author gives a description of the main formative stages of the unions' work. The article's aim is to give an idea of the ties between the regulatory-legal framework of the labor unions' activities concerning labor protection and the changes taking place in the country. To achieve this goal, the author pays particular attention to the state of the regulatory-legal framework at the beginning of the policy of Perestroika, namely, its integrity and its changes in 1987 - 1991 caused by a change in the country's domestic policy. The methodological basis of this study is founded on the principle of historicism. According to this principle, the regulatory and legal basis of labor unions' work in labor protection in 1985 - 1991 should be considered in close interconnection with the political and socio-economic processes occurring in the Soviet state. The author's general scientific method of synthesis made it possible to draw a picture of the presence or absence of a unified system of normative and legal acts of the labor unions' work in labor protection at various stages of the implementation of the Perestroika policy. The relevance of this work is determined by the fact that despite the existence of scientific interest in the analysis of the regulatory basis of labor unions in labor protection, the period 1985 - 1991 remains practically unexplored. The author introduces new historical sources into scientific circulation. Analyzing the data presented, the author presents a holistic view of the link between domestic policies and the changes in the regulatory base in labor protection and the deterioration of workers' position at the final stage of the Perestroika policy.

Keywords: technical labour inspections, 1985-1991, regulated market, labour dispute, perestroika, labour protection, trade union, legal and regulatory framework, the legal labor inspection, examination of labor

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2019.3.30000

Abstract: The task of restoring Donbass as the key fuel base of the country was one of the priorities for the Soviet government at the start of the New Economic Policy. With the obvious limitations of external and internal resources, the government relied heavily on labor productivity growth and the dedication of the workers to the cause. Based on an analysis of the reasons behind conflicts and strikes in the mines of Donbass in the early years of the New Economic Policy, the article identifies the "bottlenecks" in the system of labor incentives for miners and also describes the features of the practiced methods of seeking qualified personnel and high performance. The research is based on archival materials preserved in the State Archive of the Russian Federation. This includes above all the collections of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (F. 5451) and the Central Committee of the Professional Union of Miners of the USSR (F. 5459). The combination of micro and macro approaches has made it possible for the author to consider specific cases and practices in the context of general events in Russia. The study demonstrates that for workers the most important thing was still the material component in the system of labor incentives, expressed in a decent amount and timely payment of wages, ensuring acceptable living conditions and the supply of essential goods. It was not possible to solve these issues in the short time given, but the task of securing skilled workers in the mines of Donbass became more and more urgent. It was precisely this reason that prompted the local trade union and economic bodies to take the uncommon step that involved the allocation of land plots to miners. Despite the fact that the practice of “land distribution” lasted until the end of the 1920s, it could not reverse the situation of high staff turnover and a shortage of skilled workers.

Keywords: labor conflicts, housing conditions, wages, trade unions, NEP, mining enterprises, Donbass, labour motivation, strikes, skilled workers

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2023.1.39838

Abstract: The subject of the study is the influence of the Romanov family on the formation, development and ideology of Russian extracurricular organizations in the first half of the XX century. The author also examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the symbolic significance of the Romanovs' membership in children's associations and the role of the institution of patronage of organizations in preserving imperial traditions in the emigration of the "first wave". The connection of the Grand Dukes with the youth movements of the Union of Musketeers and the Order of Crusaders, which were active in the second half of the 1920s - early 1930s in Harbin and in the exclusion zone of the Chinese–Eastern Railway, is also considered. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the broad formulation of the question: 5 organizations have been considered for 3 decades. As a result of the conducted research, it is concluded that the ruling dynasty had a great influence on the emergence of children's and youth organizations in the Russian Empire. Their creation began with the initiative of Nicholas II in 1908 . Subsequently, for many decades, members of the Romanov family were patrons and participants of various Russian children's movements. Many of these movements, in turn, have made monarchism an important component of their ideology. In addition to Nicholas II, before the revolution, the Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna provided assistance in the development of the scout movement, the heir to the throne was an honorary scout, and his second cousin Georgy Konstantinovich was no longer an honorary, but a real scout of the Tsarskoye Selo detachment.

Keywords: Order of the crusaders, the musketeers, youth education, NORS, NORR, scouts, Pantyukhov, Nicholas II, Romanovs, poteshnye

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2017.3.21889

Abstract: The article is devoted to a topic that is still little studied in the history of the local government of the Nizhny Novgorod governorate – the establishment of the institute of volost zemstvo in 1917. The subject of this research are the specifics behind the creation and activity of the volost zemstvo of the rural self-government of the Nizhny Novgorod governorate during the period of February-October 1917. As the basic source for the research of this problem the author for the first time in historiography used material from local periodicals were first used. Their analysis allows us to more accurately assess the socio-economic and political situation in the governorate between February and October of 1917, the mood of the voters during the election campaign, and to identify the main reasons for its failure. The study is based on the main methodological principles of historical science - the principles of historicism, objectivity and social approach. In addition, it also used specific historical methods - logical, comparative-historical, problem-chronological. The author focuses particular attention on the study of the reasons for the failure of the volost zemstvo reform in 1917 in the Nizhny Novgorod governorate. The author analyzes in detail the confrontation between the volost zemstvo administration and local peasant committees in the struggle for influence over the peasant masses. It is concluded that the emerging volost zemstvo has become hostage to the inability of the Provisional government to resolve the two main issues for peasants: land and food.

Keywords: Russian revolution, February revolution, October revolution, Provisional government, local government, volost zemstvo, local periodicals, zemstvo elections, local peasant committees, Nizhny Novgorod governorate

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2019.6.31702

Abstract: The agricultural areas of Semirechye and Southern Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages were undergoing active urbanization and the formation and development of urban economy. Medieval cities were centers of small commodity production and a significant part of their population were artisans and merchants. The development of crafts and the concentration of craftsmen in large urban settlements starting from the Middle Ages contributed to the creation of simple-structured guilds of craftsmen according to their specific craft. This is evidenced by the so-called "Risalya" - the written charters of artisans. It is obvious that the craft associations of Central Asian cities had their own particularities and were not identical to the craft guild structures of Western Europe.The aim of this article is to identify the features reflecting the development level of craft and craft guilds in the medieval cities of the Syr Darya and Semirechye basins, according to archaeological and written sources. The study's research methods are the comparative-typological (material analysis for cultural and temporal affiliation), metallographic (identification of technological methods for the production of metal artifacts), and the use of written sources by medieval authors. The article's study has allowed the author to come to the following conclusions. The archaeological and written sources of the Central Asian-Kazakh region produced during the Middle Ages indicate an increase in the number of cities, urban areas and urban populations. Cities were formed, first of all, as craft and trade centers, which was the result of the separation of crafts from agriculture. The progress of craft production took place predominantly within the framework medieval cities: craft specialization became more profound, new branches of craft activity appeared, exchange relations expanded, and craft guilds were formed. The guild charters of the Risalya represent religious and ethical treatises.

Keywords: commodity production, craft statutes, urban settlements, organization of artisans, Risal of artisans, social structure, urban craft, medieval city, written sources, manufacturing techniques

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2019.4.29767

Abstract: This article presents an analysis of the housing sector of the Tatneft production association in the 1950s to the 1980s. Based on archival and published data, the author analyzes the state of one of the most important elements in the social structure of the named association. The author examines such aspects of this topic as the structure of capital investments in the non-production sphere in general, and in housing construction in particular, the state of the process of putting residential spaces into operation, and the issue of "barrack housing". The research subject of this article is the evolution of Tatneft's housing sector. The methodological base of this study is constituted by the principles of historicism, systematicity, and objectivity. The author uses general historical methods (historical-comparative method) and quantitative methods (statistical analysis). This research is of practical significance due to the possibility of using the study's results to supplement the factual knowledge of the experience of housing development in Soviet industrial enterprises. The novelty of this study comes from both it providing new knowledge regarding one of the most important social spheres in the Tatneft production association and in introducing new archival sources into scientific circulation. The author concludes with the contradictory nature of Tatneft's housing policy: despite a number of successful measures, many quite serious issues remained.

Keywords: non-production sphere of enterprises, Tatar ASSR, municipal infrastructure, housing sector, oil industry, economic history, social history, Tatneft, housing problem, statistical sources

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.5.34289

Abstract: Throughout the XIX century in the United States of America firmly established the ideals of the “Victorian Era”, according to which American women were considered the home keepers, had to create comfort and coziness, while men had to provide for their families. However, due to a number of factors, namely social consequences of the development of industrial society, and thus, emergence of the middle class, the prevalent in the society ideas underwent certain transformations. The article not only discusses the origin of the concept of “Victorianism” in Great Britain and its interpretations in the United States, but also explains the reasons that at the turn of the XIX – XX centuries led to the distortion of the long-held beliefs on gender roles in the society. In examination of peculiarities of self-determination of the American women, the author employs historical-genetic method that allows to grasp the reasons, according to which the representatives of “softer gender” traditionally were engaged in private sphere of life, as well as to follow the evolution of liberalization of their views in the context of the United States history of the turn of the XIX – XX centuries. Leaning of the principle of systematicity, the author views feminist movement not only as an attempt of American women to earn their place in public sphere, but also as part of the commenced process of social modernization. The author demonstrates how the American women, influenced by the subjective and objective factors, gradually were earning their place in public sphere, while changing their character, image and lifestyle. The article outlines the key difficulties faced by women at the turn of the XIX –XX centuries in their attempt overcome the traditional beliefs prevalent in the United States. An important role played their gender self-determination, which reflected sociocultural stereotypes established in the American society, as well as the new trends of socialization and professionalization of an individual.

Keywords: American woman, New Woman, education, Victorian ethics, feminism, the USA, woman, hearth, women's rights movement, industrial society

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.5.34293

Abstract: The author examines the system of labor assistance to the families of soldiers during the World War I. The object of this research is the problem of decline in living standards of the families which members were called up to the army. Along with government ration, labor assistance was intended to compensate for the impact of this factor. The phenomenon of labor assistance that established during war in the Russian Empire was multi-component, including charitable initiatives, their encouragement by the government, as well as participation of the local structures of self-governance. The article summarizes the information on labor assistance in the agricultural Central Black Earth region. The author determines the differences in the types and designation of labor assistance in cities and rural areas. Labor assistance in rural areas, provided in the form of communal mutual aid, agronomic and technical assistance, work of student labor squads, was oriented towards supporting the potential of peasant economy. Labor assistance in cities consisted the distribution of orders for sewing of linens and establishment of sewing workshops, which was a form of social support for wives of the soldiers. It is demonstrated that creation of the system of labor assistance can be viewed as a vector of state policy of the Russian Empire in the social sphere.

Keywords: peasant community, toloka, zemstvo, soldier wives, labour squads, labour aid, rear, World War I, Russian Empire, Committee of Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.2.17518

Abstract: The article is dedicated to the current historiographical issue concerning the participation of the Joint State Political Directorate (JSPD) agencies in the dekulakisation and dispossession process of wealthier peasants (Kulaks) in outback regions. Scientific literature reflects two different points of view on this question. Some scientists place the entire dekulakisation responsibility on the Joint State Political Directorate, while others allocate this responsibility among various party and government bodies of the still forming state command and administrative system. The basis of this research is archival material from the State Archive of the Novosibirsk region, as Novosibirsk at the time was considered to be the region's capital. The author applies the methodology of the system analysis to this study and complements it with the procedural approach taken from sociology. This has allowed to focus on the situation’s dynamic development, on the behaviour of various participants and to reveal the cumulative result of their activities. The author corroborates his conclusion that the initiative, ideological substantiation, and the dekulakisation process belonged to the party and government systems. Local JSPD agencies were assigned with planning the operations, coordinating the activities of the different administrative agencies, and informing the higher authorities about the changes in the operative situation. Thus, there was a whole system in place for the eradication of the wealthy peasantry.

Keywords: Joint State Political Directorate (JSPD), Kulaks, Dekulakisation, dispossession, plan, excesses, commissioners, party activists, Administrative Department, escapes

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.2.67678

Keywords: Joint State Political Directorate (JSPD), Kulaks, Dekulakisation, dispossession, plan, excesses, commissioners, party activists, Administrative Department, escapes

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2021.2.35420

Abstract: The XIX century is the era of fundamental change in the status of American women, which marks non only transformation of the attitude towards woman as an equal subject of social and family relations, but also their pursuit of self-actualization. Such changes among the middle-class American women could not have happened without receiving higher education – as the opportunity for employment and increase of self-consciousness. Special attention is given to the emergence and development of higher education institutions since the first instance of admission to the establishment of the system of education of the American women. The conclusion is made that the changes that took place in the U.S. society after the Civil War and during the industrialization era contributed to the change in the status of American women in the second half of the XIX century. This is the time of establishment of multiple colleges for women; private and public coeducation institutions opened their doors to American women; and the myth of the negative impact of education upon women's health was shattered. Generalization of the foreign sources and research demonstrated the difficulties faced by women during their college and university years, as well as the transformation of attitude of the American society towards the changing status of women with regards to receiving higher education.

Keywords: co-education, American woman, New Woman, college, higher education, feminism, the USA, woman, women's rights movement, industrial society

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.2.17798

Abstract: The article is focused on describing the adverse trends of the economic development of the nobility's property and the objective indicators of the impoverishment of the nobility at the end of the 19th–beginning of the 20th centuries on the example of the Voronezh governorate. The author examines the objective reasons for the deterioration of the nobility's material position and the crisis indicators of the evolving estates of the nobility. The author further analyses the changes in the quantity of land owned by the nobility from the moment of the abolition of serfdom up until 1906, examines the amount of debt accumulated by the nobility of the Voronezh governorate and the number of properties mortgaged by the nobility. The article provides information about the governorate’s richest nobility members and the amount of property they possessed on the basis of archival documents. In writing this article the author applied the principle of historicism and objectivity, used the comparative-typological and concrete-historical methods, as well as the methods of historiographical and source study analysis. On the basis of the various examined sources, the author presents the broad summarising statistical material that allows as accurately as possible to depict the changes in the material welfare of the nobility in the Voronezh governorate. The analysis of the nobility's state of land ownership has allowed to determine the development dynamics of the economic position of the class as a whole. The generalisation and systematisation of the material from unpublished archival sources allow to obtain the most reliable information regarding the impoverishment of the richest class in the Russian Empire.

Keywords: abolition of serfdom, impoverishment, Nobles' Land Bank, debts, land ownership, estate, Voronezh Governorate, nobility, primogeniture, Nobility Assembly

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.2.67679

Keywords: abolition of serfdom, impoverishment, debts, land ownership, estate, Voronezh Governorate, nobility, primogeniture, Nobility Assembly

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2013.2.62599

Abstract: in closing of a series, this article summarizes the outcome of the 1901-1902 food campaign, demonstrating the scale of government contribution, as well as its shortcomings which were mainly brought about by the underdeveloped transport infrastructure. The author points out a rather modest influence of individual charity and brings the reader’s attention to the measure of efficiency of the food campaign, evaluating mortality and sickness rates during the food crisis, as well as the general economical background.

Keywords: history, famine, food, transport, crop failures, pricing, sickness rate, mortality rate, charity, statistics.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2013.3.62989

Abstract: The paper is focused on the problems of professional education of workers at Soviet Mechanical Engineering enterprises during the first five-year plans, treating them as one of the key elements of social and cultural system of the Soviet society. Analysis of the main problems associated with workers’ factory-based education allows us to trace the connection between the general processes expressed by legislative regulations and their implementation at particular plants.

Keywords: industrialization, mechanical engineering, education, qualification factory-based specialized schools, elimination of illiteracy, technical schools, education courses, profession.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.3.16506

Abstract: This article examines the perception of the Weimar republic by the German middle class. The author’s attention is focused on the so-called “old” middle class: representatives of medium and small enterprises, as well as of liberal professions. At the heart of this study lie the events and factors that had a decisive influence on the opinions of that milieu regarding the first German democracy – from the particularities of the German burghers’ political culture to the hungry post-war daily life of defeated Germany. The study of this question permits to determine the many components which motivated the negative attitude (as in the overwhelming majority of cases it was negative) among the middle class towards the November revolution and the Weimar republic in general. As a rule, there developed a specific perception of the new republican reality as a foreign living environment in which the German burghers felt uncomfortable and unsafe, especially under the conditions of revolutionary confrontations and ideas of socialisation. The bourgeois felt themselves pare from the new world. Besides that, the analysis of the given topic allows to discover the origins of the future successes of the “nazi” among this population group, which played, as has been established in historical studies, a decisive role in the successes of the National-Socialists during the Reichstag election at the turn of the 1920–1930s.

Keywords: bourgeoisie, “Spartans”, social democracy, Treaty of Versailles, National committee, Soviet Bavaria, November revolution, “old” middle class, socialisation, “Berlin talk”

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.3.67017

Keywords: bourgeoisie, “Spartans”, social democracy, Treaty of Versailles, National committee, Soviet Bavaria, November revolution, “old” middle class, socialisation, “Berlin talk”

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.4.13903

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.4.66123

Abstract: The article presents a complex analysis of the anti-alcohol policy in the Russian state during the years of World War I. The author gives a general outline of the measures taken to combat alcoholism, analyses the goals of the anti-alcohol campaign and describes the reasons for its inefficiency and the consequences it had on the country. As well, the article states the justifications for the suspension of alcohol trade upon the entrance of the Russian empire into the war. Special attention is given to the social and economic consequences of so а radical move under the conditions of the prolonged and unprecedented in financial costs world war. The author comes to the conclusion that the anti-alcohol campaign could have given positive results only had the war ended quickly and favourably, which was the wager of the government and of the autonomous government bodies. During its first month the campaign played the role of a mobilising factor, however the extension of the war, complicated by the external political and economic situation, and the degradation of the country’s well-being undid the initial positive results. The consequences from the campaign in a most serious manner affected the economic, as well as the political position of the empire and in many ways defined the future revolutionary processes.

Keywords: anti-alcohol policy, World War I, “alcohol prohibition”, fiscal policy, capital cities, daily life, state wine monopoly, shadow economy, home front, socio-economic crisis.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2013.4.9276

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2013.4.63004

Abstract: The article studies the trade unions - the most influential non-governmental organizations in the Soviet Union and Russia. In the USSR, these organizations have performed many historically important tasks. In post-Soviet Russia the trade unions were transformed in order to develop them along with the changes in society. As in Russia, the social basis of China is multi-millions of workers who go though the stage of the social transformation. For this reason, the study of the transformations of the Trade Unions in Russia and the analysis of the experience of these changes are of great importance for China. This paper provides an overview of the Russian and Chinese historiography - research on the history and trends of the Trade Unions of the USSR and Russia.

Keywords: history, Russian historiography, Chinese historiography, society, working class, the government, trade unions, the Soviet Union, Russia, social transformation.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.4.13944

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.4.66124

Abstract: The class of honorary citizens in the Russian empire did not appear by chance: the formation of the class of eminent (and later – honorary), citizens at the end of the 17th century allowed the Russian sovereign to solve several governmental problems through it. Some of the main problems included the appeasement of social tensions, the difficulty of integrating new subjects of various confessions and ethnic groups into the state structure, the distinction of certain citizens and the conferment of privileges on them (for the purpose of encouraging their benefit to the state), and other questions. The privileges of the honorary citizens established by Catherine II in the Charter to cities, consisted of: exemption from corporeal punishment and conscription, possession of suburban yards and gardens (except for populated estates), and travel within city limits with a two- or four-horse carriage. The titles of eminent citizen were made hereditary, which thus formed them into a distinct social class. The grandchildren of the eminent citizens, whose fathers and grandfathers bore this citizenship title faultlessly, at the age of 30 were allowed to request the conferring of nobility. In 1832 emperor Nicholas I formally established through a manifest the formation of a separate class of eminent citizens. These citizens were divided into singular and hereditary groups. Famous representatives of the given class were the Morozovs, the Riabouchinskys, the Guchkovs. The title of honorary citizens was abrogated by the decree of the All-Russian central executive committee and the Council of people’s commissars on 11 (24) November 1917 regarding the abolition of classes and civil titles. The creation of the new class had originally not only helped to solve problems of stately magnitude, but also encouraged the expansion of patronage, the system of government administration locally, and the whole Russian economy.

Keywords: honorary citizenship, class, nobility, merchant class, guilds, privileges, request, charter, manifest, Russian emperor.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.4.18620

Abstract: This article tackles political conditions for the development of Soviet police in 1917–1939. The author defines several steps of creation of the law enforcement system, discovers the specific characteristics of its development in the Far East. The author pays attention to the fact that recruitments in the 1920s proceeded exclusively by the principle of political expediency. Police as a part of state apparatus reflected the class basis of the society. Сhanges in economic policy of the country led to transferring of police administrations to local funds, staff reduction and shutdowns of special education institutions. Police forces had to face the problem of professional dismissals and hiring of large amounts of employees whose moral and professional qualities were not suitable for work in law enforcement. The study of wide range of sources, which author obtained in the central and regional archives, allowed her to enrich the historiography of the question of personnel policy management among Far East policemen in the 1920s–1930s. The author argues that the problem of recruitment to Soviet police was relevant during the whole Interwar period. Police reform of the first half of the 1930s did not lead to the improvement of police personnel quality. Conducted in the second half of the 1930s, the systematic work on pay raises, special education institutions network expansion and boosting work satisfaction among police personnel allowed to decrease delinquency among employees.

Keywords: morally-business qualities, personnel selection, militian device, criminality, Educational work, staff of militia, Far East, Soviet militia, law enforcement bodies, Material security

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.4.68154

Keywords: morally-business qualities, personnel selection, militian device, criminality, Educational work, staff of militia, Far East, Soviet militia, law enforcement bodies, Material security

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.4.17024

Abstract: One of the most difficult problems in the study of the statistical sources concerning the demographic history of the Kalmyk-nomads is the instability of the applied systems in record keeping. The scientists who wrote and are writing today on the Kalmyks have not paid attention to the peculiar method of population recording that was used for the nomad society. The main aim of this article is to attempt to characterise the evolution and transformation of demographic recording of nomad populations on the example of the Kalmyks and to resolves the questions regarding what socio-political course was followed upon organising these records and how much the government measures in this sphere influenced the merging of the Kalmyks with the rest of the population of the Russian Empire in the 19th century. The analysis of the sources leads to the conclusion that the question of recording Kalmyk-nomad population was one of the most difficult problems in historiography: many factors influenced the reliability of the population record counts, and the general direction of the evolution and transformation of record keeping. At the same time, scholars could also ignore the principle of subjectivity that underlay this recording, i. e. they were certainly aware of its inaccuracy. These circumstances in fact reflect the specifics of the practiced record keeping of the Kalmyk-nomad population, as well as had an effect on the calculation of the final record figures. This practice with its initially implanted error existed before the beginning of the 1860s.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.4.67319

Keywords: kibitka records, kibitka, Yasak, calculation methods, demographic records, demographic history, Kalmyks, nomad population, capitation count, historical source analysis

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.4.17036

Abstract: This article is devoted to the activity of the Zemstvo in the sphere of public education. The author reviews the relation between the organs of local government with the central authorities, the changes in local governments regarding the problems of theoretical and practical works, and their involvement in financing this sphere. The study of this topic allows to enter the wider discussion concerning the question of public education in the post-reform period, the role of the Zemstvo in the formation of a new kind of public school, and the relationship between government and society. The attempts at introducing a general primary education became one of the most important events of the early 20th century. The position of the ruling circle was significantly determined by the mobilisation of social forces. The most radical project of introducing a general primary education was developed by the Ministry of National Education in 1905 – during the period of the relative equilibrium between revolutionary forces and the government. With the strengthening of the government’s position the degree of radicalisation among the ministry officials subsided and the budgets of local programs were cut. As a result the question of the general primary education had not been resolved, but the 50-year activity of the Zemstvo in the sphere of public education nonetheless bore its fruits having increased the level of literacy in the rural population.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.4.67320

Keywords: local self-government, zemstvo, Ministry of National Education, educational policy, school reform, turn of the century, Russian culture, authorities, public education, attitude of society

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.4.17038

Abstract: This article addresses one of the key questions regarding the socio-cultural life of the post-reform town: civic engagement, community organisation, and the influence of the crown administration that in many ways determined the appearance and the level of development of various forms of social initiatives. The research is based on materials from Russian towns in which occurred these phenomena – the town being the most creative of all socio-cultural organisms. The study of these aspects of social life substantially helps to resolve the question of whether it was possible to form a civic community in pre-Revolutionary Russia. The relationship between government and towns was secured by legislation in 1870 and 1892. The organisation of town communities happened under conditions when towns sought to change the nature of their relations with the central administration and to receive more autonomy in resolving their problems. The revolution of 1905 and the First World War contributed to the growth of civic engagement, and also to the government making some concessions to towns under the influence of society’s demands. The pre-Revolutionary decade was a time of the social forces’ consolidation and the appearance of new forms of its organisation. The existing opposition of the official authorities to this process determined the failure of the “dialogue” between government and society.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.4.67321

Keywords: revolution, projects of town reform, electorial right, local self-government, forms of community self-organisation, Regulation of Towns, crown administration, post-reform town, First World War, All-Russian Union of towns

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2013.6.10794

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2013.6.64177

Abstract: The object of this research is the Ivanovo-Voznesensk citywide strike of 1905. At the heart of the study are the questions traditionally overlooked by Soviet historiography: the unfolding mechanism of the conflict, the reasoning behind its participants’ behavior (the workers on the one hand, the enterprise owners and government representatives on the other), the missed opportunity for compromise, the reasons behind the workers’ shift from peaceful demonstrations at the beginning of the strike to violence and robberies at the end, and the nature of the demands put forward by the workers and those made by the ones acting in their name. Drawing on the collected data of the Ivanovo-Voznesensk citywide strike, archival as well as already published, the author conducted a microanalysis (in the genre of a case-study) of the event. The departure from the established tradition in Soviet historiography of not underlining the validity of the workers’ demands, the harshness of the enterprise owners and government representatives, who were aiming to crush the demonstration and were not ready for the negotiation process nor to compromise, and minimizing the leading roles of the leftist groups in the course of the strike, has allowed to understand the real interests and aims of the workers in this conflict. Based on a proposed chronicle of events, the number of participants in the strike has also become more precise.

Keywords: history of labor conflicts, collective strikes, workers’ delegates, worker demands, meetings, rallies, violence, factory inspections, council of representatives, chronology of the strike.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2013.5.9187

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2013.5.63457

Abstract: This article examines the little-studied problem of the history of Stolypin’s agrarian reform—the role of subjectivity in its realization. The author tries to clarify how much success or lack of success of the transformations depended on the qualitative composition of the land management institutions and their perception of reform on the whole. He shows that the personal qualities of the members of the Land Management Commissions were an important factor for determining the course of the reform in individual provinces and districts and, consequently, the numerical indices of land management. This factor could both contribute to the development of land management and hinder it. The agrarian Stolypin’s Reform was in essence an economic reform. However, it turned out to be in the epicenter of the political struggle and practically cut the educated class of the country in two. Political sympathies and antipathies of a multitude of people, obliged ex officio to participate in the work of the land management agencies, were undoubtedly reflected in their integrity regarding the conduct of transformation. Nevertheless, in spite of all the complexity, the reform developed positively.

Keywords: history, land management, agrarian reform of Stolypin, land management commission, land management, subjective factor, A. A. Kofod, indispensable member, factors of land management, opposition to reform.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.5.14684

Abstract: At the end of the 1940s – beginning of the 1950s according to the Stalinist direction plans the USSR developed the construction of large hydrotechnical structures, named by the state propaganda as the “great constructions of communism”. Many of them were located at the Middle and Lower Volga: the Volga-Don water canal, the Kuybyshev and Stalingrad hydroelectric power stations. The construction of these units was given to the GULAG system. The “great constructions” can be seen as a certain display of camp economy of the post-war period. It was there that was conducted a mass transfer of former prisoners, who received release in the status of civilian workers, but were still limited in their freedom of choice, forcibly “attached” to the GULAG constructions. There the Stalinist direction tried to restore the earlier abrogated instruments of prisoner labour motivation (wages, count of work days), giving additional impulse to the camp system. The article analyses how much the labour resources disposed by the camp economy reflected its mobilisation capacities. The author answers the question of whether one can speak of GULAG mobilisation benefits in the resolution of the economic problems at the end of the 1940s – beginning of the 1950s, considering the rapid disintegration of the camp-production complex begun after the death of Stalin. The author further investigates the question of what internal contradictions ultimately made it impossible for the GULAG to fulfil the functions of an economic agent. Finally, the article concludes whether the problems of the post-war camp economy can be considered as a vivid testament that the system came to a deadlock.

Keywords: Volga-Don hydro station, correction-labour camp, great constructions of communism, camp-production complex, GULAG, prisoners, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Kuybyshev hydro station, Stalingrad hydro station, Volga region

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.5.66346

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.5.19376

Abstract: The article is focused on the question of the cultural transformation and development of Gornyi Altai during the first years of Soviet rule. The subject of inquiry is the government’s direction in cultural constructions and policies in the cultural-educational sphere of Gornyi Altai in the 1920s-1930s. The research object is the process of cultural development in Gornyi Altai. Particular attention is dedicated to the examination of archival material, which reflects the many problems faced in the cultural sphere and which were not talked about by Soviet scholars. The aim of this work is to study the tendencies in Gornyi Altai’s cultural development during the first 20 years of Soviet rule. In achieving this the author pays special attention to the cultural policies of the government as a whole, and of the Siberian and local administrations in particular. The main research method used is the systematic one. The study is also based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, entirety and interrelation between the whole and the particular. The article’s main conclusion: if at the beginning of the 1920s the number of cultural institutions was insignificant, when work in the cultural sphere was not common due to the disastrous consequences of the civil war and the war against banditism, then in the consequent decades more effort was directed at cultural development and increasing the network of cultural institutions. The author succeeded in identifying that the significant attention dedicated to cultural institutions from party authorities is explained primarily by their serious ideological and mobilizing importance. However, despite this, the majority of cultural institutions depended on local budgets which were very scarce. The author’s original contribution to the study of this topic lies in his analysis of various data. In the course of research the author established that in implementing cultural-educational objectives in Gornyi Altai, like in the rest of the country, an active establishment of a network of cultural institutions was undertaken during the studied period: people’s houses, clubs, libraries, reading rooms, museums. Considering the geographical and social specifics of Gornyi Altai, this region also created its own unique cultural and educational institutions, which did not exist elsewhere. The novelty of the conducted study lies in the fact that it undertook for the first time a complex analysis of a little-studied research topic in the history of the establishment and development of cultural institutions in Gornyi Altai, examening the development of cultural institutions in this region in the context of the occurring social and economic processes.

Keywords: Altai people, illiteracy, Altai people, cultural-educational policy, cultural transformation, cultural institutions, tendencies in cultural constructions, ideological education, liquidation of illiteracy, cultural revolution

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.5.68342

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.5.14685

Abstract: The GULAGs operated with a differentiated approach to the installation of various prisoner categories in camps. For the Vyazem camp, which was employed for the construction of the Moscow–Minsk highway, the NKVD (the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs) ordered the deployment restriction of a series of convict categories, in the first place of those having convictions on most points of the article 58 of the RSFSR Penal Code. The author sees the main reason for this in the geographic location of the camp. The subdivisions of the Vyazem camp were located in the densely populated central region of the European part of the USSR, some of which – directly in line with Moscow. The author, having analysed the statistical data, demonstrates that the transfer limitations in camps of certain convicted groups was carried out in practice, including at the height of the Great terror’s repressive actions. The share of political prisoners maintained at Vyazem camp, including those convicted on article 58, was many times lower than the average in GULAG camps (in 1939 and 1941 –17 times less). The contained number of convicts of a “criminal-banditism element” (article 59 of the Penal Code) was also minimal. Half of the Vyazem camp prisoners consisted of convicts with an imprisonment term of less than three years, which was not typical for GULAG.

Keywords: repression statistics, categories of prisoners, convicts, prisoners, Vyazem camp, correctional-labour camp, GULAG, Stalin repressions, Moscow-region camps, highway Moscow–Minsk

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.5.66347

Keywords: repression statistics, categories of prisoners, convicts, prisoners, Vyazem camp, correctional-labour camp, GULAG, Stalin repressions, Moscow-region camps, highway Moscow–Minsk

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.5.20051

Abstract: The article presents an overview of the development process of the program “Children of Russia” in the context of the formation of a new direction of the Russian Federation’s policy in the sphere of childhood, beginning from 1990 and ending at the first stage of the program’s realization in 1995. The study of the state’s policy in the sphere of childhood in the 1990s is becoming particularly relevant today, because the origins of the gaps currently existing – such as the ambiguity in understanding this phenomenon – lie in the initial period of the formation of the Russian Federation, since the reconstructive processes simultaneously led to progressive and positive results, regarding society in general, and to negative results, to a greater extent affecting children. The article, divided into three idea headings, identifies the conditions of adopting the program “Children of Russia” and its component subprograms, examines the content of these programs, their development, and analyzes the results of implementing the program “Children of Russia” in general and the subprograms in particular as of 1995. The methodological base of this study is founded on the principles of historicism, consistency and objectivity, which allow to comprehensively analyze the scientific-reliable facts and the relevant body of sources. The author applies the historical, comparative-historical, logical and dialectical methods. The scientific novelty presented in the article is determined by the fact that the elaboration process of the named program and the results of its implementation from the historical point of view are little-studied. In writing this article the author was able to address a wide body of sources, previously not used in scientific studies, the majority of which are archival documents from the legislative and executive powers, preserved in the State archive of the Russian Federation. In addition, the author also used data from periodicals and memoirs of participants of the described events, published by them. The conducted research has allowed to reconstruct the process of formulating the program “Children of Russia”. The results of this study can be used in preparing courses on Russian history, special courses on the history of state and law, history of policy development in the sphere of childhood, in writing textbooks and educational tutorials.

Keywords: childhood, child policy, state policy, policy of Russian Federation, child rights, history of policy, state program, social history, program “Children of Russia”, domestic policy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.5.68343

Keywords: childhood, child policy, state policy, policy of Russian Federation, child rights, history of policy, state program, social history, program “Children of Russia”, domestic policy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.5.17277

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the study of the daily life and management organisation in one of the first female coenobitic monasteries in Karelia during the period of Peter the Great’s reforms. On the example of the conflict that arose in 1719–1720 among the nuns of the Voznesensky monastery, located by the confluence of the Svir river into Lake Onega and part of the Zaonezhskaya tithe of the Novgorod metropolis, the author examines the questions related to the nominations for the post of monastery builder and contributors, and the general organisation of the household. This research is based on a comparative analysis of the documents from the legal case: petitions, interrogation speeches, accounts, formal replies, ordinances. The additional information derived from literature, acts of writ proceedings, and census books has allowed to broaden our perception of the circumstances and consequences of the litigation. It was discovered that within the community’s inner order of life different traditions became intertwined, ascendants of two diverse ways of organising monastic life. On the one hand, nuns possessed common property and sought to follow the coenobitic principle of collegiality in the monastery’s management. Nonetheless, some chance individuals came to head the community and, seeking to get out of its control, became despotic temporary workers. On the other hand, the monastery was also inhabited by archaic traditions of idiorrythmic monasticism that were introduced by the elders who had previously lived near parish churches and constituted the core of the community. The lack of unity among the sisters and the weakening of the moral and spiritual discipline were commonplace occurrences not only for the Voznesensky monastery, but also for other monasteries of the Novgorod metropolis and Kholmogory diocese in the last third of the 17th – first third of the 18th centuries. Ecclesiastical and secular authorities undertook measures to eradicate and order some of the ancient practices, but their efforts, however, were not marked by consistency.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.5.20208

Abstract: The article analyzes the reasons for the changes in the agricultural policy of the Bolsheviks towards Belarus at the turn of the 1920s–1930s. The author examines the direction and content of the transformational processes in the social sphere and in the economic behavior of the Belarusian peasantry. Furthermore, the development tendencies of the individual peasant household are identified. The author looks at the particularities of the marker behavior of the Belarusian peasantry as a factor in the closure of the New Economic Policy. The article presents an analysis of the dynamics of collectivization in the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic, forms, aims and results of Dekulakization. The author also explains the demographic losses resulting from the famine that hit Belarusian villages in 1929–1933. On the basis of a comparative study the author analyzes the dynamics and content of the socio-political transformations of Belarus at the turn of the 1920s–1930s, its specifics in comparison to other republics of the USSR. The historical-genetic method has allowed to trace the origins of the socio-economic contradictions in the Belarusian villages at the turn of the 1920s–1930s and their consequences. On the basis of a structural-functional analysis the author identifies the direction of the transformative processes in the Belarusian villages during the inter-war period. The author consequently comes to the conclusion that the individual development of peasant households during the second half on the 1920s came against significant difficulties, demonstrated above all in the decrease of the marketability of agricultural production. If individual peasant households revealed the tendency of an increased consumption, then through the kolkhoz system the part of bread production that was essential to the survival of peasant families was pumped out. This led to a mass famine in the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic and became one of the essential reasons for the slower growth in the population number during the first half of the 1930s. In 1933 (for the first time since the end of the First World War and the civil war) there was a decrease in the population number in the BSSR. In its survival strategy the Belarusian peasantry demonstrated a solidarity that was not dictated by party affiliation or social hierarchy. The development of education and an increase in the number of people from villages going to universities in the 1920s contributed to an increase in pro-peasant Belarusian sentiments, which among other factors determined a series of political processes in Belarus at the turn of the 1920s–1930s.

Keywords: transformational processes, Belarusian village, modernization, market type behavior, social psychology, food security, collectivization, agrarian policy, Soviet modernization, demographical processes

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.5.67353

Keywords: traditions of community self-government, local communities, institute of priest elders, idiorrythmic monasticism, coenobitic monastery, female Orthodox monasticism, Novgorod metropolis, Zaonezhskaya tithe, Olonetsky Uyezd, Russian Orthodox Church

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.5.68344

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.5.20468

Abstract: The subject of this research is the position of the leading teaching group in Russia regarding alcoholism as a social illness at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. The current relevance of this topic is linked to its insufficient consideration in historiography. This article examines the social and scientific approaches of Russian teachers and school doctors to the development of a body of anti-alcoholism measures by way of identifying the reasons for the wide spreading of drinking and alcoholism, the elaboration of a system of social actions in the fight against them and the implementation of these developments in practice. The author enunciates the main approach to studying the “question of alcohol,” which was linked to the society’s processes of socio-economic development. The source base for this work consist of material from all-Russian pedagogical congresses at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries. The foundation of this study is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and determinism. The author uses the methods of analysis, synthesis, comparative-historical and chronological. The novelty of this research consists in the resulting new information regarding the social essence, the specific-historical determinism and causes of widespread drinking and alcoholism, and the suggestions made by the teaching community for fighting this issue and their anti-alcoholism measures. For the first time in historiography the position of the most active representatives of the pedagogical community regarding this issue are presented. The author comes to the conclusion that members of the leading teaching group actively participated in the anti-alcoholism movement in Russia.

Keywords: alcoholism, social aspects, social activity, inebriety, anti-alcoholism measures, social illness, propaganda, sobriety, congress, teaching

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.5.68345

Keywords: alcoholism, social aspects, social activity, inebriety, anti-alcoholism measures, social illness, propaganda, sobriety, congress, teaching

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.6.14902

Abstract: The second Five-Year Plan for the development of the USSR national economy was directed at accelerating the country’s industrialisation, stipulating among else the wide-scale construction of transport highways of regional significance and the installation of the highest quality roads – highways. Under the conditions of severe scarcity of all kinds of resources – financial, material-technical, workforce – the country’s leaders made the resolution to utilise GULAG prisoners in the construction of roads. The order of the People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs No. 0012 from 10 January 1936 “About the replacement of the civilian labour engaged in highway construction with prisoners” added this branch of the national economy to the People’s Commissariat’s scope of activity. The GULAG delivered prisoners to work sites and the General directorate of highway roads was established to provide engineer and technical work assistance to the People’s Commissariat – the first directorate to only have production activities. On 5 February 1936 began the installation of the first Soviet highways Moscow–Minks and Moscow–Kiev, for which the Vyazem and Kaluga correctional labour camps of the People’s Commissariat were organised. From the several road projects submitted for Stalin’s review, the one which corresponded to the government’s resources and needs was chosen. It was projected that the highway’s roadbed would be built from scratch in 1936 and in 1937 the asphalt pavement would be laid. The Vyazem camp for these works engaged 12,000 prisoners in April, 44,000 in July, and 56,000 in October. Moreover, thousands of collective farmers worked on the road construction site, organised in a public work order – “the population’s labour participation”. The creation of these roads was perceived abroad as the strengthening of Soviet Union’s expansionist policy.

Keywords: Gulag, Stalinism, Vyazem camp, highway, Moscow–Minsk highway, correctional labour camps, People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs’ Genera, prisoners, road construction, forced labour

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.6.66354

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.6.20752

Abstract: The article’s designated research subject is the aid provided to the population under the extreme circumstances of war and revolution. The research object is the activity of city and uyezd fiduciaries for providing aid to the families of those called to war. Under the term aid (social support) we intend the temporary measures directed at helping soldiers’ families in overcoming the daily difficulties caused by the First World War. This aid could be material or in socio-lifestyle assistance, employment, judicial help, etc., and in forms of realization – monetary or in natural form. This examination is limited to the territory of the Yeniseysk and Irkutsk governorates in Eastern Siberia, on the example of which one can have an idea of what was going on not only in the life of the region, but also in the country in general. The picture of the aid provided to soldiers’ families is recreated on the basis of sources of a legislative nature, published and unpublished (archival) clerical documents, reference-statistical material and periodic press. The author used particular historical methods, namely, the comparative and synchronic. On the example of separate institutions the author reveals the aid work’s overall direction, the numbers and social composition of the organizers, the sources of financing, and the types and forms of aid. The author comes to the conclusion that the activity of the fiduciaries formed under the influence of local particularities and local understandings, which created a differentiated level of help and conditions of accessibility. The article’s material specifies and expands the established scientific knowledge regarding the nature of social aid, its defining factors, scope of forms and measures; this further creates additional possibilities for comparative-historical analyses of Siberia.

Keywords: charity donations, uyezd fiduciary, town fiduciary, soldier’s family, state dietary ration kit, forms of aid, types of aid, social aid, Eastern Siberia, First World War

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2016.6.68307

Keywords: Pervaya mirovaya voina, vidy pomoshchi, formy pomoshchi, kazennyi paek

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.6.14910

Abstract: The article was developed within the framework of the momentous scientific project “the Virtual reconstruction of the Moscow Strastnoy monastery (mid-17th – beginning 20th centuries): analysis of the spatial infrastructure’s evolution on the basis of 3-D modelling methods”, conducted through the Faculty of History of Lomonosov Moscow State University (2014-2015). The elucidation of materials pertaining to the monastery (including archival), the use of the already derived results of modelling and spatial reconstruction require that this significant socio-cultural object be studied in the wide history-cultural context of Russia in the 17th–19th centuries. The article aims to set and review in a general outline the most important processes associated with the functioning of this monastery complex that was part not only of the Moscow life, but also in the life of the whole of Russia. The role of the Strastnoy monastery is connected with such significant general historical and cultural problems as church history and ecclesiastical institutions; the activities of urban monasteries before and during the Synodal period; the history of public charity and care (the monastery as an institute for charity in the context of the development of civil society); the economic activity of monasteries in view of religious and social obligations, in the context of the social and economic development of the country; the specifics of nunneries in the context of Russian gender history; the history of the daily life of Moscow monasteries; and the role of monasteries in the daily life of the Russian capital city during its various stages.

Keywords: mother superior, nobility, gender history, daily life, Romanov dynasty, history of Moscow, charity, nunnery, ethical codes, Strastnoy boulevard

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2014.6.66355

Keywords: mother superior, nobility, gender history, daily life, Romanov dynasty, history of Moscow, charity, nunnery, ethical codes, Strastnoy boulevard

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.6.17426

Abstract: This article analyses the agrarian policy in Belarus during the first quarter of the 20th century. It studies the mechanisms and forms of tradition transitioning through the economic behaviour and social psychology of the peasantry. The particularities of applying the Stolypin agrarian reform in Belarus are examined. The concept of “gromada” with respect to the peasant obschina is clarified, as well as its evolution. The author considers the changes in the Bolshevik agrarian reforms at the turn of the second and third decade of the 20th century, the reasons and premises for the transformation of the concept and content of the new economic policy. The features of the New Economic Policy in BSSR are defined in the process of the enlargement of its territory. The development of agrarian legislature at the stage of the formation of the Belarus state is analysed, as well as the main directions of its realisation. On the basis of a comparative study, this article examines the agrarian policy in the Belarus village, traditionally delineated at 1917, as well as the transformation of the traditional institutes of peasant self-management. The interdisciplinary approach has allowed to clarify the specifics of the economic behaviour and of the changes in public psychology of the Belarus peasantry. The author affirms that the basic element for the historically formed concept of justice in Berlarus peasantry was labour. It was precisely through this attitude to labour that the idea of property was defined, above all, land property, which for a Belarus was the greatest asset. The author formulates the hypothesis that the changes in the approach to property (the nationalisation of land) was perceived positively by the peasantry under the condition of being able to exploit land and independently manage the results of one’s labour. The taking into consideration of the historical traditions during the agrarian reforms in the middle of the 1920s was made possible as a result of the establishment of the institutes of BSSR state power. As an example of the more significant and considerate towards tradition measures of the agrarian policy of the Belarus authorities the author examines the establishment of the maximal and minimal norms of land allotment and the idea of the development of multifunctional cooperatives based on the form of individual villages.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.6.67474

Keywords: ekonomicheskoe povedenie, stolypinskaya agrarnaya reforma, novaya ekonomicheskaya politika, D. F. Prishchepov, kooperatsiya, modernizatsiya

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.6.17428

Abstract: The system of labour relations in the Russian industry which took shape during the period of the pre-Revolution industrialisation was subjected to drastic changes after 1917. However, conflicts in their diverse forms, including their most acute manifestations (strikes), continued to be a significant indicator of the workers’ mood, of their perception of the new developments in the system of stimulating labour and organising production activity and daily life. The examination of the causes of conflict in industrial enterprises during the years of the New Economic Policy (1922–1928) is conducted on the basis of archival and published documents. Attention is predominantly focused on the question of the relationship between workers, on the one hand, and representatives of factory-plant administration and engineer-technical workers, on the other hand. The negative attitude of the workers towards “specialists” and “red directors” could result in serious and prolonged conflicts ending with assaults and even assassinations of engineers, masters, and managers. This kind of “opposition” stood in the way of the enterprises’ stable production, leading to equipment failures and losses in employee salaries. The use of microanalysis methods has allowed to investigate in detail the reasons for the workers’ discontent and to conduct a comparison of it with analogous data indicative of conflicts in the pre-Revolution Russian industry.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2015.6.67475

Keywords: nep, trudovye konflikty, stachki, rastsenki, zarabotnaya plata, «spetsy», inzhenerno-tekhnicheskie rabotniki, «krasnye direktora», profsoyuzy, fabzavkomy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2017.6.25004

Abstract: The aim of this article is to examine the role women of Northern Ossetia played in industrial production in the period between 1925-1937. The subject of this research is the policy directed at involving women of Northern Ossetia in industrial production on the basis of a wide range of activities implemented by the government at the time of industrial building. The object of this study is the formation process of the Soviet industry in the region. The choice of the chronological frame is defined by the necessity to encompass the period most representative for understanding the specifics behind the state policy of the Bolsheviks, directed at the assimilation of the forming Soviet space by women-highlanders. The research's methodological base is the historical-genetic method, which has allowed to achieve to the greatest extent the reconstruction of the reality of the examined events and processes. The study is constructed on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The scientific novelty of the research consists of the article's undertaken analysis, based on archival documents and published materials, of the ties between the dynamics of the increase in women workers in industrial enterprises of the region during the examined period and the success of the implemented set of measures on the use of women's labor. The author comes to the conclusion that the undertaken state policy contributed to the involvement of women of Northern Ossetia in industrial production and the creation in the region of a qualified workforce from among women workers, which became massively possible under the conditions of an emerging huge labor shortage.