Abstract: the article gives an evaluation of the contribution of Shchapov Ya.N. into the development of the national historical science, study and preservation of written records (Slavic, and in connection therewith, Byzantine), in the genealogy (as a researcher of Shchapovs’ family history). It covers his activities as a founder and director of the Center of History of Religion and the Church, shows that his name is associated with a new stage in studying of the history of the Church, and that because of his efforts a substantial amount of historical sources were introduced into scientific use, marks his role in the returning of historic sites in the Holy Land to society.

Keywords: history of religion and the Church, Archeography, Source, Old bookishness, medieval manuscripts, monuments of law, helmsman and their codes, genealogical researches, Shchapov Ya.N., keeper of the traditions of the Russian intelligentsia.

Abstract: the paper discusses the value of reliability and specificity of non-fiction films as a source for historical research. The author’s filed of view includes problems of the relations of visual and verbal sequences of the film, as well as defined by this relation specifics of the source study of the on-screen show. The problem of reconstructing the events of the past with the later staging is brought up. According to the author, staging may be akin to such written sources as memoirs.

Keywords: history, film-source, reliability, non-feature films, mystification, space in front of the camera, verbal attribution, filmed frame, lettering, a hoax, film language, cross-cutting, film, documentary films, memoirs.

Abstract: the article covers the problem of foundation of the Bolshevik “party” intelligence after the May 1921 takeover in Vladivostok, its role in the struggle against the bourgeois governments of the Primorskaya province and interaction with the military intelligence agencies with the People’s Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic.

Keywords: history, civil war and foreign intervention in the Far East, Primorskaya province, Primorsky Regional Committee of the RCP (b), Regional Revolutionary Committee, “party” secret service, intelligence subdivision, military intelligence, military intelligence residency, Burlakov L.Ya., Salnyn Kh.I..

Abstract: the article deals with the struggle that unfolded after the Xinhai Revolution, which overthrew the 267 year yoke of alien Qin dynasty and established the Republic of China. Population feared any changes and did not realize that the past has been an obstacle to national development. The fight of the progressives against the old society fetters was played a significant role in country’s life, perhaps no less important than changes in the economy and political system of the Republic of China (1911-1949). Xinhai Revolution became a turning point in the pathway to the renewal of China. Going by this path, the country has achieved that its economy at the beginning of the XXI century was recognized as the second economy in the world.

Keywords: history, the Xinhai Revolution, the Republic of China, Sun Yat-sen, Yuan Shikai, traditions, bandaging legs, weaving braids, smoking opium, the Gregorian calendar.

Abstract: the article examines the dynastic struggle between the heirs of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III from his two marriages — to the Grand Duchess Maria Borisovna and Sophia Fominichna Paleolog. The chronicles on the illness and death of Ivan Ivanovich the Young (Molodoy) from “kamchuga in the legs” are analyzed in connection with the assumption of “murdering” of the unwanted heir by his father and stepmother. The article attempts to establish the true cause of death of Ivan the Young and characterize the therapeutic measures taken by physician Leon Zhidovinov of Venice. The authors conclude that the cause of early death of the eldest son of Ivan III was in the wrong diagnoses. It is obvious that the death of Ivan the Young was beneficial to Sophia Paleolog, clearing the way to the throne to her children, most of all, Vasily III. Medical error of a medieval physician, which cost him his life and resulted in the death of his patient, led to the fact that the dynastic struggle between the heirs of Ivan III at the end of the XV century developed with renewed vigor.

Keywords: history, the Russian Middle Ages, the Moscow State, dynastic struggle, Ivan Ivanovich the Young (Molodoy), Sophia Paleolog, medicine, “kamchuga in the legs”, gouty arthritis, rheumatic joints.

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Abstract: the article highlights the work of the Orenburg order of public charity. Creating of the orders (at the end of XVIII century) initiated far-reaching changes in the care of the needy. Their efforts were aimed at improving the situation for those in need through the opening of the almshouses, hospitals, pharmacies, workhouses and restraints homes, madhouses. Those who found themselves in a difficult situation could apply to an institution of the order for help. The duties of the orders was not only in charity: they served as the bank, lending institution. Orders have joined state and society in helping the needy, because only by the joint efforts it was possible to achieve the desired result — the welfare of society.

Keywords: history, philanthropy, charity, care, compassion, almshouses, orphanages, societies, orders, Ufa.

Abstract: this article analyzes the evidence of old Russian (Primary Chronicle), Byzantine, Latin and Arabic sources of IX-X centuries mentioning ethnonyms “Russia” and “Khagan” of Russians. The focus is on containment of “Russia” and the evolution of this concept from ethnicity to social meaning, as well as the historiographical representation of the “Russian khaganate” in IX century (the most probable location of which is the Middle Dnieper).

Keywords: history, Russia, Varangian, Slavs, Khagan, Khaganate, the Khazars, the record, title, localization.

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Abstract: Russian teachers have seen the main task of raising children in exile in the prevention of denationalization, keeping the younger generation to work for the good of the motherland after returning to Russia. This task was mainly entrusted to a Russian school abroad. Experience of the High School in Shumen (Bulgaria) is unique: it simultaneously taught teenagers and adults who have passed through the hell of fratricidal war. Highly qualified teaching staff of the school was able to facilitate the socialization of the younger generation immigrants in the foreign culture environment. Setting the goal to preserve the “Russianness”, foster a sense of belonging to Russia, the school, on the one hand, facilitates adaptation, softened the cultural shock, on the other contributed to the growth of national consciousness, heightened sense of national identity and thereby hindered the entry of foreign cultural environment.

Keywords: history, emigration, Bulgaria, the Russian school, everyday life, upbringing, education, Shumen, cultural differences, denationalization.

Abstract: the article presents the historiography of the Books of Memory of victims of political repressions that were published within the territory of the former Soviet Union since the late1980s to present time. It concludes that this books make an intermediate between the genre of collections of documents and scientific research. Article analyzes the methodological problems of making a memorial book, the author’s theoretical model based on the category of “social portrait of the repressed” is proposed.

Keywords: history, the Book of Memory, rehabilitation, recovered names, historiography, methodology, historical source, prosopography, the new social history, social portrait of the repressed.

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Abstract: the article analyzes the key problems of the methodology of the civilizational approach.The author argues that the semantic center of any civilization is to study the problem of the relation of universal and local dimensions of the historical process. This issue is at the same time a cognitive limit before which the human mind always and invariably stops and again and again returns to it, trying to overcome. The author believes that the greatest potential for solving difficult theoretical problems in this epistemological “frontier” is given by the theory of “frontier” of civilizations. The author’s opinion is based on the belief that the unity and diversity of the “peoples’ world”, the universal and local dimensions of human existence are “equal-dignity”, “unmerged” and “indivisible” ontological reality. Only with this understanding of their relationship the dialogue is really possible in the form in which it was understood by Bakhtin M.M.

Keywords: scientific method of Descartes, civilization, border civilization, universal, local, dual (binary) opposition, epistemological limit, semantic space, ontological dynamics, global context, dialogue, constructive tension vector.

Abstract: the article deals with an ancient theorem of the incommensurability of side and diagonal of a square, particular attention is drawn to the axiom of the indivisibility of units (μονάς), that plays a key role in the ancient Pythagorean theory of evidence of disparate segments. Subsequent development of this theory led to the formation of the theory of irrational numbers and the theory of infinite sets of Cantor. However, in modern mathematics the continuous decimal fractions are used, which were not used in Pythagorean arithmetic. The operation of the infinite division of a unit, through which the continuous use of decimal fractions was introduced, is contrary to the axiom of indivisible units. Consequently, there is an axiomatic contradiction in the grounds of the standard of mathematics, which recognizes the validity of the Pythagorean theory of incommensurability, which led to three crises in the foundations of mathematics: ancient, associated with the discovery of incommensurable line segments, the new European associated with infinitesimal greatness, modern, getting out of which, as proved by Godel, is impossible within the framework of the standard mathematics.

Keywords: history of mathematics, the Pythagorean axiom of arithmetic, irrational numbers, Brouwer L., second problem of Hilbert.