DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2024.4.70198

EDN: XYVTFM

Abstract: The activities of the zemstvo self-government bodies to support handicrafts occupied a special place in many territories of pre-revolutionary Russia. Through the creation of workshops for the production of handicrafts, special schools, creative associations, museums and connections with individual handicrafts, the zemstvo productively established the production of artisanal domestic toys. Individual zemstvos were actively engaged in advertising the toy, its sale both domestically and abroad through regional, Russian and European exhibitions. The organization of sales outlets and a specialized Moscow store, coordination of packaging and shipment of individual toys or their batches were also included in the scope of activity of the zemstvos. The subject of this study is the activity of Russian zemstvos in organizing the production and sale of handicraft toys in the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. The main methodological foundations of this research are the principles of scientific objectivity, consistency and historicism. The center, of course, is the method of searching for archival documents, and a retrospective method of studying the activities of individual zemstvos in organizing training in the art of creating toys, its production and sale on domestic and foreign sites. During the research, the author discovered, analyzed and for the first time introduced into scientific circulation documents containing data on the organization of production and sale of handicraft toys by the zemstvo authorities, which were deposited in the fund of the Moscow Provincial Zemstvo (both in the cases of structural divisions of the zemstvo, the Handicraft Museum, and in individual cases of the county zemstvos of the Moscow province) and are stored in The Central State Historical Archive of Moscow (TSGIA of Moscow), various reports and indexes of handicraft, industrial and art exhibitions. Of course, the main centers of the appearance of handicraft toys, in the production and marketing of which the zemstvo participated, were the Moscow province with handicrafts from Sergiev Posad and S. Bogorodsky, Nizhny Novgorod, Vyatka, Tambov, Perm and Kazan provinces.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2024.4.70380

EDN: OLEIGU

Abstract: The article is devoted to the comprehensive sociodemographic analysis of the local community of Iranian Islamists acting in Syria and Lebanon in the decade preceding the Islamic revolution of 1978-79. Thus far, history of everyday life and the multitudinous activities of the Iranian Islamic opposition in Syria and Lebanon in the 1970s has never become the principal subject of a historic research and has barely received attention from Western specialists in the history of the Islamic Revolution and modern Middle Eastern history, as well as from Iranian historians, scholars and researchers working in the field of the modern history of Iran. However, for a more comprehensive understanding of the Islamic Revolution, revolutionary processes and their logical premises and outcomes, it is highly necessary to carefully consider the sociodemographic characteristics of the active representatives of the Iranian opposition movement in the pre-revolutionary period namely in the 1970s. Throughout the comparative historical analysis of the reliable memories of longtime supporters of the Iranian Islamic movement acting in Syria and Lebanon, the fundamental sociodemographic characteristics of the active members of Iranian revolutionary movement abroad (e.g. gender, age, birthplace and place of living, educational and religious background, social marital status, etc.) are thoroughly highlighted, properly described and analyzed and their sociodemographic portrait is carefully created. The received sociohistorical data may properly serve as a valuable source on the social history of the Iranian society in the pre-revolutionary period, as well as on the complex history of Iranian revolutionary movement and the modern history of the Middle East region.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2024.4.70446

EDN: GEJSIE

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of sacred symbols represented in the petroglyphs of Chechnya and widely used in the material culture of the local population of the ancient and late medieval era: in the decoration of metal products, the ornament of carpets and ceramics. The author believes that sacred symbolism is reflected in spiritual culture. The circle, the cross, the spiral and other sacred symbols have been embodied in a variety of forms in oral folk art, dance culture, ritual traditions, the Nart epic, thereby defining the stylistic features of the culture of the North Caucasus. Sacred meanings are imprinted not only in the images of dancing anthropomorphic figures on the walls of residential and combat towers, but also the pattern of their movements and gestures repeats the outlines of ancient symbols, thereby testifying to the ritual nature of the origin of folk dance and many genres of oral folk art. The methodological basis of the research is a set of general historical, ethnographic and archaeological research methods, the use of which is determined by the nature of the material being studied. Thus, the internal space and structure of the phenomena of spiritual culture correspond to the forms of the main sacred symbols that existed in the culture of the peoples of the region in ancient times, thereby creating a special style of North Caucasian culture, which is characterized by inner sacredness. The reflection of mythological plots and symbols in petroglyphs and bronze plastics of the Koban culture of late Bronze and early iron testifies to the deep antiquity of folk dance and many genres of oral folk art of the population of the North Caucasus and speaks about the close intertwining of the phenomena of material and spiritual culture in that period, about the sacredness of being in its representations. Ritualism penetrates into all spheres of life (labor, funeral rite, wedding ceremony), protecting the ancient man from all bad things.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2024.4.70464

EDN: TFOOQL

Abstract: The subject of the study is the formation of one of the ideological components of national security policy in the countries of the Central Asian region (CAR) - the concept of preserving historical, cultural and religious traditions as the basis of social stability and security. The authors focus on the process of incorporating this concept into the theory and practice of ensuring the national security of the CAR countries at different historical stages of their development after 1991. The objects of the research are scientific theories and legal acts reflecting the relationship between culture and security in the Central Asian states, official statements and writings of the first President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, and other political leaders of Central Asia. The article touches upon the problems of countering radical religious movements and other ideological influences from outside by the CAR states, and shows the controversial nature of the measures taken in this area by the authorities of Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. Methodologically, the research is based on a civilizational approach to understanding the historical process, as well as on the idea of the influence of geopolitical trends on the internal life of countries and peoples of the modern world, including the Central Asian region. The work is based on the principles of historicism and consistency, using chronological, synchronous, dichronous, comparative and other methods of historical research. The novelty of the study lies in the generalization of data revealing the role of traditional values in the security systems of the CAR countries. The results of the work include a set of facts and theoretical provisions on the evolution of the security ideology of the CAR countries and can be used in scientific projects in the field of universal history and political science. The authors conclude that the revival of traditional culture and the local version of Islam (Hanafism) in the 1991-2010's were consistently considered by the leaders of the CAR countries as one of the most important factors in strengthening the state, its independence and international authority. This line was carried out most fully and consistently in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, which was reflected in the development programs, legislation, scientific and journalistic literature of these countries. There is a tendency in Kazakhstan to integrate cultural policy based on traditional civilizational values with national security policy.