The Life Path of a Scientist, a Police Officer, a Prominent Statesman, Eduard Nikolaevich Berendts

Shamak Slavyana Alekseevna PhD in Law assistant professor, St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 198206, Russia, g. Saint Petersburg, ul. Pilyutova, 1, kab. 426 nikiforova.slavyana@mail.ru Other publications by this author

Currently, modern legal science is increasingly studying personalities who have made an important contribution to the development of state legal doctrines and concepts.

Eduard Nikolaevich Berendts (December 9, 1860, St. Petersburg - August 4, 1930, Tallinn) belongs to the galaxy of these scientists ^{[1, l. 9]}., known to the scientific community of the late XIX – early XX centuries. as a specialist in the field of state, police, administrative, financial law, as a scientist, lawyer, statesman and public figure ^{[2, 3]}.

The subject of Berendts' constant scientific interest were: the mechanism of the state, the organization and structure of the highest bodies of state power; the political and legal relations of the center and its administrative units, especially relations with the suburbs: the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Kingdom of Poland; the relationship between state bodies and individuals and the role of law in regulating these relations; the principles of selection of civil servants and the reasons the emergence of corruption of state bodies; the construction of constitutional and administrative justice in the Russian Empire; the limits of law enforcement activities of the police and police discretion ^{[2, 3, 4]}.

Many of the provisions of E. N. Behrendts, in particular, in the field of state administration, the creation of a system of administrative courts, and police discretion, remain relevant to the present day.

E. N. Berendts was a multifaceted personality and in order to track the dynamics of the development of his state-legal views, it is necessary to study his biography. Because the new problems and ideas that E. N. Behrendts set for himself were veiled from the sharp turns in his fate.

E. N. Berendts came from a merchant family ^{[7, L. 4]}.

Father Nikolai Wilhelm Heinrich Behrendts (April 25, 1823 – March 28, 1902), was a native of the German city of Lubeck ^{[7, L. 14; 9, pp. 4-7]}. Henry Berendts in his youth, left Germany and moved to Russia. Here he was assigned to the status of hereditary honorary citizens, and the capital at his disposal made it possible to join the merchants of the first guild ^{[7, L. 5; 10, p. 308; 11, pp. 175-176; 12, p. 52]}.

Mother Maria Julia Charlotte Berendts (March 5, 1835 – June 7, 1899) ^{[7, l. 5]}. Her maiden name is Collins. She was the daughter of Eduard Davydovich Collins (July 3, 1791 – August 4, 1840), mathematician of the Russian Empire of the XIX century, ordinary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, director of the St. Peter and Paul school "Petrishule", mathematics teacher Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich, the future Emperor Alexander II ^{[13, l. 2-6; 14, l. 367]}.

E. N. Behrendts of the Lutheran faith ^{[7, l. 2]}. At the age of 11, he began attending a German secondary school at the Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Nicholas. Peter and Paul "Petrishule" in St. Petersburg ^{[15, l. 150; 16, pp. 344-345]}. Petrishule is one of the oldest educational institutions in Russia. The first mention of the school dates back to 1709. in a letter from Admiral Cornelius Kruis to Emperor Peter I about the organization of a church and a school attached to it in his estate, then located on the site of the current New Hermitage from Millionnaya Street ^{[17, pp. 16-17]}.

This educational institution has long been famous for its graduates and high level of teaching, especially in foreign languages. Here E. N. Berendts studied German, Latin, Greek, French, and Hebrew ^{[7, L. 2]}. Throughout his studies at Petrishule, he has established himself as an inquisitive, conscientious, responsible and disciplined student ^{[7, L. 2]}.

In 1880, as E. N. Berendts himself noted in his autobiography, "he entered the administrative category of the Faculty of Law of the Imperial St. Petersburg University" ^{[15, l. 150; 7, l. 1]}. Later in his writings, Behrendts gratefully recalled university professors. These were outstanding representatives of Russian legal science: A. D. Gradovsky, I. E. Andreevsky, N. S. Tagantsev, N. L. Duvernois, V. I. Sergeevich, F. F. Martens ^{[10, p. 308; 18, p. 75]}.

In 1884 Berendts graduated from the Imperial St. Petersburg University and immediately after graduation submitted a petition to the rector of the university for admission to work on his dissertation for a master's degree in financial law, which was approved ^{[7, L. 9]}.

From 1884 to 1890, E. N. Berendts was engaged in scientific activities, studied materials for his master's thesis in Swedish and translated them. With a law degree, he joined the Department of the State Treasury of the Ministry of Finance ^{[1, l. 9; 15, l. 150]}. "By Decree of the Governing Senate dated February 5, 1885, No. 6, he was approved to the rank of collegiate secretary with seniority from the day of his appointment to the service" ^{[19, l. 1 vol.]}. An entry in the journal of the Director of the Department of the State Treasury dated February 22, 1885 for No. 13 indicates that Berendts first temporarily served as assistant to the head of the table, and in 1886 was appointed assistant to the head of the table ^{[1, l. 10-10 vol.]}.

In 1887, E. N. Berendts joined the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry of the Ministry of State Property ^{[1, l. 10-10 vol.; 15, l. 150]}.

In January–February 1887 He passed the exams for a master's degree in financial law and submitted a dissertation "The State Economy of Sweden. Part I: The history of the state economy of Sweden before 1809" ^[20] to the Imperial St. Petersburg University ^{[7, L. 9; 15, L. 150-151]}.

The formulary list kept in the Estonian National Archive indicates that from 1887 to 1889 E. N. Berendts was a student at the Archaeological Institute in St. Petersburg ^{[21, l 7]}. Persons who already had higher education could study at this institute for free (until 1899). The term of study was two years. The St. Petersburg Archaeological Institute trained archivists and archaeologists. Those who completed the course of study at this institute received the title of a full member of the institute or a member of the staff (freelancers) ^[22].

By Decree of the Governing Senate dated February 11, 1888, No. 548, E. N. Berendts was promoted to titular councillors with seniority for his long service ^{[23, L. 2 vol.]} and in the same year he was sent to study in the Archive of the Ministry of State Property ^{[23, l. 2 vol.]}.

In 1890, E. N. Berendts successfully defended his master's thesis in financial law on the topic: "The state economy of Sweden. Part I: The history of the state economy of Sweden before 1809" ^[20].

The Council of the Imperial St. Petersburg University approved the Master of Financial Law, in which he was awarded a diploma dated February 15, 1891 No. 226 ^{[19, l. 2 vol.]}.

E. N. Berendts, linking his life with science, did not want to stop there. In 1891 he submitted a petition addressed to the rector to allow work on a doctoral dissertation ^{[7, l. 14-17]}.

After receiving a master's degree in financial Law in 1891, E. N. Berendts applied to the director of the Department of Public Education with a request to appoint him an extraordinary professor at the Imperial University of Dorpat at the Department of Financial Law ^{[15, l. 190-194 vol.]}. Due to the fact that there was only an associate professor position at the University of Dorpat, E. N. Berendts received motivated refusal.

To this day, it remains a mystery in connection with what caused the desire to teach at the Imperial University of Dorpat. However, according to data obtained from the Estonian National Archive, it is known that E. N. Berendts' brother Alexander Henrikhovich Berendts (September 2, 1863 – February 26, 1912) lived in Dorpat (Tartu). In 1890 Alexander Berendts defended his master's thesis at the Imperial University of Dorpat, and in 1895 was appointed a privatdozent at the Department of Historical Theology at this university ^{[24, l. 34-35]}.

Fate connected E. N. Berendts with another educational institution – the Demidov Law Lyceum in Yaroslavl. Berendts was appointed by the Minister of Public Education to the position of extraordinary professor of the Demidov Law Lyceum at the Department of State and Administrative Law ^{[23, l. 2 vol.]}.

Yaroslavl Demidov Law Lyceum was founded in 1803 by P. G. Demidov and was a small higher educational institution ^{[25, l. 2-4]}. However, by the end of the XIX century. In terms of the number of law students, he ranked first after the capital's universities ^{[26, pp. 77-78]}. Graduates of the Demidov Law Lyceum, as well as students who graduated from the university, received, depending on their achievements, either the title of a valid student or the degree of candidate of Law ^{[27, p. 22]}.

At the end of the 19th century, the lyceum acquired the status of one of the largest law schools in Russia. On August 30, 1895, E. N. Berendts delivered a speech at the solemn act dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the Legal Lyceum. The scientist noted with deep satisfaction the importance of the contribution made by the Yaroslavl law school to the high formation of Russian legal science, "which not only was able to stand on a par with the European science of law by the end of the XIX century, but managed to rise above it in some respects" ^{[28, L. 2; 29; 26, pp. 77-78]}.

From 1891-1900 in Yaroslavl, Berendts was engaged in both teaching and social activities. He edited the "Temporary Edition of the Demidov Law Lyceum", took an active part in local history and the archival movement of the Yaroslavl province, in 1895-1900. He was the chairman of the Yaroslavl Scientific Archival Commission and edited its works ^{[30; 31, pp. 207-210; 32, pp. 174-175; 33, pp. 7-8]}.

By a decree of the Governing Senate for the Department of Heraldry dated November 19, 1892, E. N. Berendts was promoted to collegiate assessors with seniority for years of service ^{[23, l. 2-2 vol.]}. This civil rank of the VIII class was very highly appreciated, and it was not easy to achieve it even for a nobleman: a university or lyceum diploma or passing the appropriate the exam.

From August 1 to September 1, 1893, E. N. Berendts was sent to the Grand Duchy of Finland to collect material on his dissertation.

In 1895, at the Imperial St. Petersburg University, E. N. Berendts defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic: "The State economy of Sweden. Part II. Review of the political, social and economic development of Sweden in the XIX century" ^{[15, l. 150; 1, l. 11-11 vol.; 19, l. 3; 7, l. 12-14; 34; 35]}.

On May 2, 1895, he was appointed Minister of Public Education as an ordinary professor at the Demidov Law Lyceum for State and Administrative Law ^{[23, l. 3 vol.]}. And in 1896 By the Highest order for the civil department dated March 12, 1896, No. 17 was approved with the rank of state councilor ^{[23, l. 3 vol.]}.

In 1900, a major turn in the career of E. N. Behrendts took place. As a leading expert in the field of Finnish law, he was appointed Assistant State Secretary - Minister for the Grand Duchy of Finland and moved from Yaroslavl to St. Petersburg ^{[1, l. 15; 36, l. 3; 25, l. 4 vol.]}. "The departure of E. N. Berendts was noted in the chronicle of the Demidov Law Lyceum as a major loss. Being a highly educated, especially diligent teacher, he was distinguished by many qualities that made him highly appreciated among the Lyceum academic corporation and in the local society. Everyone loved him not only as a person, but also as a public figure, who was ready to serve the public interests with his knowledge and work, which was proved by his special useful activity for the Yaroslavl scientific archival commission, of which he was chairman, his very conscientious performance of duties of the Catherine's House of Charity, etc." ^{[31, pp. 209-210]}.

The duties of the assistants to the State Secretaries of the State Council, and the State secretaries who headed the offices of the State Chancellery under the Council, were: preparation of cases for a report in the departments of the Council; report of cases, by order of the State Secretaries; preparation of draft resolutions; preparation of reports on cases, etc. The Minister of State Secretary of the Grand Duchy of Finland reported to the Emperor the cases arising on the administration of Finland, he presented to him the reports of the Finnish Governor-General and the Finnish Senate, kept in touch with the ministers of the Empire on issues beyond the scope of local Finnish affairs, transmitted the emperor's orders to the bodies of Finnish government and legislation. In August 1899, V. K. was appointed to this position. Plehve. In the person of E. N. Berendts, he found an assistant competent in matters of Finnish law ^{[10, p. 308]}.

In St. Petersburg, E. N. Berendts did not stop combining public service with teaching. After a two-year break, he resumed teaching.

There were few pre-revolutionary lawyers who were well versed in all the subtleties of Finnish law, which created a number of difficulties both in the local administration of the Grand Duchy of Finland and in office work. "The Ministry of Public Education recognized the urgent need to open special courses on Finnish law" ^{[37; 7, l. 1-8]}. In view of this, on May 23, 1901 The Department of Finnish Law was established at the Imperial St. Petersburg University at the Faculty of Law ^[37]. E. N. Berendts became a supernumerary ordinary professor in this department. From 1901 to 1903 He gave lectures on Finnish law to students of the Faculty of Law, and in the academic year 1901-1902 he served as professor of police law ^{[1, p. 17]}. In addition, in 1901 he was appointed acting Chancellor of the Imperial Alexander University in the Grand Duchy of Finland ^{[1, p. 17]}.

In 1904 By the Highest order for the civil department dated July 5, 1904, No. 50, E. N. Berendts was appointed director of the Demidov Legal Lyceum ^{[1, p. 17; 38]}. With the highest diploma dated March 28, 1904, for excellent and diligent service, he was promoted to full state councilors ^{[1, l. 17]}. And on October 19, 1904, E. N. Berendts "was appointed by the Emperor as a member of the Preparatory Commission formed by the highest command under the chairmanship of the First Person Present in the Criminal Cassation Department of the Governing Senate, a Valid Privy Councilor to discuss the preferences of national and local Finnish legislation developed in the Commission established by the Imperial Finnish Senate" ^{[1, l. 18-19]}.

In connection with the release on August 27, 1905 new ministerial rules providing for the electability of the position of director, E. N. Behrendts on September 3, 1905. He was elected by the Council of the Demidov Law Lyceum as the head of the educational institution and went down in its history as the first elected director of the Demidov Law Lyceum ^{[36, l. 3; 34, 10, p. 326; 26, p. 105]}.

His directorship fell on a troubled time: the rise of the revolutionary movement in the country began, radical and mass political actions of lyceum students took place ^{[26, p. 105]}. E. N. Behrendts submitted his resignation, and on December 2, 1905 He was dismissed from the position of director ^{[36, L. 3]}. After retirement, he published the newspaper Severyanin in Yaroslavl ^{[31, p. 207, p. 209, p. 222, p. 231, p. 245; 32; 33]}.

In 1906, he returned to St. Petersburg and resumed teaching. In 1906-1907 he lectured at the Nikolaevsky Cavalry School of Officers and Junkers ^[40], in 1907 he was a professor at the Imperial School of Jurisprudence in St. Petersburg, where until 1917 he lectured on financial law, the history of Russian law, and the administrative law of Finland ^{[41; 42]}.

The School of Jurisprudence, established by Nicholas I on the initiative and with the financial support of his nephew Prince P. G. Oldenburg University, was a higher educational institution for the "education of noble youth for judicial service" and was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice. It was a closed educational institution, where only children of nobles could study. The tuition fees were several times higher than the fees for listening to lectures at universities. The boys studied at the College for 7 years, of which the first 4 classes corresponded to the senior classes of secondary school, and the last 3 classes to the course of the Faculty of Law. A special feature of the Law School was its brilliant faculty. Many teachers were at the same time major statesmen. The famous F. F. taught state and international law here. Martens, lectures on the encyclopedia of jurisprudence were given by the former head of the Main Department for Press Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and a member of the State Council N. A. Zverev, on civil law – Senator S. V. Pakhman, on criminal law – Senator N. D. Sergeevsky and prosecutor of the St. Petersburg District Court S. N. Tregubov, on civil procedure – Director of the First Department of the Ministry justice I. D. Mordukhai-Boltovskaya, in forensic medicine – Senator and chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod S. M. Lukyanov, in criminal proceedings (from 1903 to March 1917) – I. G. Shcheglovitov, who was Minister of Justice in 1906-1915, and from January 1, 1917 – Chairman of the State Council ^{[10, p. 331]}.

In March 1908, E. N. Berendts was appointed a member of the Council of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs ^[41], from 1909 he held a part–time position as a member of the Academic Committee of the Ministry of Public Education, in June 1914 he became a senator of the First Department of the Governing Senate ^{[36, L. 13]} to review decisions of provincial presences, where He worked until October 1917 ^{[43, 44, 45, pp. 520-536]}.

October 1917 brought serious changes to the life of Russia and every Russian. The governing Senate was abolished, and the Imperial Law School was closed. E. N. Berendts was left without a job ^{[4, 6]}.

In August 1918 he left Russia and emigrated to Estonia ^{[10, p. 336]}. There, E. N. Berendts received citizenship. From August 1, 1919, he held the position of consultant to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Estonia in the field of statistics ^{[21, l. 4]}, and on October 1, 1919, he was invited to the University of Tartu as a professor of the Department of Financial Law to lecture on political economy ^{[21, l. 4; 46, l. 1; 47, lk. 100-106]}.

Fate has prepared serious trials for E. N. Behrendts, tearing him away forever from his native and beloved Russia. The scientist was one of those who was never afraid of the twists of fate and did not stop working on himself, believing that the path of a true scientist and lawyer is not easy. In the Republic of Estonia, he managed to adapt to a new life, did not lose his former optimism and ardent passion for science.

In the materials of the Archive of the University of Tartu, lecture plans have been preserved, which since 1919 E. N. Berendts lectured at several departments of the university at once ^{[48; 49]}. The subject of the science of financial law was quite broad and the lectures of the scientist were based on the achievements of various sciences: political economy, statistics, legislation of the Republic of Estonia ^[50].

In 1919-1924 . E. N. Berendts worked part-time as a history teacher at the German gymnasium in Tartu.

The year 1924 became significant for the University of Tartu: reorganization was carried out, new departments and faculties appeared, and the university became multidisciplinary. E. N. Berendts was appointed professor of the entire Faculty of Law ^[47].

E. N. Behrendts's lectures were so lively, interesting and memorable that students from different faculties came to them, filling all the seats in the audience and listening to lectures standing up. In addition to the established course of lectures, E. N. Berendts, until 1926, additionally, as part of an optional course, lectured on the financial law of tsarist Russia, Finnish law, police law, the history of Russian state law and the legislation of the Republic of Estonia ^[51].

In Estonia, the scientist gave open lectures, shared his memories of studying at the Imperial St. Petersburg University, serving in the First Department of the Governing Senate, about the reign of Nicholas II, and also wrote polemical portrait essays about Peter I, Grand Duke K. V. Romanov and V. I. Lenin ^{[52, l. 47-51; 53]}.

The Estonian authorities highly appreciated the scientist, reasonably believing that his ideas and scientific developments could be used to improve the state and legal system of their country ^[50].

In the mid-1920s, E. N. Berendts was repeatedly invited to Tallinn, where he took part in the legislative design of the public finance system of the Republic of Estonia, in the development of the law on the State Bank of Estonia and the Charter of the Central Bank of the Republic of Estonia ^{[54, p. 86; 55; 56; 57; 50]}.

E. N. Berendts took an active part in publishing, was the author of articles for the magazines "Erigus" (in 1920-1923), "Eesti Majandus" (in 1921-1925), "Majaomanik" (in 1924), "Eesti politseileht" (in 1923-1925), as well as the newspapers "Tallinna Teatja", "Revaler Bote", "Dorpater Zeitung", "Life" (1920), "Latest News" (in 1921-1930), "Old Narva Leaflet", "Today". ^{[2, 6]}.

In the Republic of Estonia, E. N. Berendts was a member of the Russian Academic Group. This organization sought to solve various tasks, including: uniting Russian scientists in Estonia, assisting them in professional pursuits, conducting scientific events, establishing links with scientific circles and academic societies in other countries, caring for young personnel, and material support for group members ^{[54, p. 84; 58, p. 4-8]}.

E. N. Berendts was a member of the society "Reasonable Leisure" and was a member of the editorial board of collections dedicated to the Day of Russian Enlightenment, which were published from 1926 to 1929. In 1922 he published a manual for Russian schools in Estonia, An Essay on the History of Estonia. He took an active part in the life of the University of Tartu.

After 1926, E. N. Berendts was seriously ill for a long time. Despite his illness, having finally lost his eyesight, he continued to lecture students both in the hospital and at home ^{[48, l. 27-30; 61; 50, p. 105]}.

The life path of the scientist, lawyer, teacher, writer, politician and statesman of imperial Russia E. N. Berendts ended on August 4, 1930 in Tallinn ^{[59; 60; 42, pp. 91-94; 16, pp. 344-345; 61]}. Behrendts died at the age of 69 and was buried in Tallinn at the Lutheran cemetery, located on the outskirts of the Kopli district in Tallinn ^{[21, l. 16]}. Today, a public park is located on the territory of the cemetery, which has not preserved any visible traces of the past. The only surviving evidence of those who were buried there are records in the metric books and on some old maps of the area in the Tallinn archive.

E. N. Behrendts was accompanied on his last journey by his closest relatives and friends. The eulogies were delivered by Professor Piip on behalf of the University of Tartu and Professor Greving on behalf of the Russian Academic Group in Estonia, whose devotion Berendts retained until his death ^{[39, p. 69]}.

An obituary published in the Reval newspaper Postimees dated August 7, 1930, noted the merits of an outstanding scientist and a former high-ranking Russian dignitary. "In the deceased, whose death was greeted with deep sorrow far beyond the borders of Estonia, we lost a man who worked tirelessly in the spiritual field, who had a rare gift for predicting historical events and drawing correct conclusions from the results of his mental activity. We will always remember him with deep gratitude for the tremendous work he did during his lifetime in numerous fields."^[61]

E. N. Behrendts' contemporaries noted that he was a strong, multifaceted lawyer of the 1920s. He was helped to achieve high results in science and law not only by the education he received in St. Petersburg and the experience of serving in various departments of the Russian Empire, but also by constant work on himself.

The obituary about E. N. Berendts in the newspaper Vesti of the Day reported: "Professor of the Yuriev University, a prominent Russian scientist E. N. Berendts, who lived here after his retirement, died in Reval. He died at an advanced age. He had been ill for a long time, and for the last three years he had been completely blind, however, continuing to lecture.

Eduard Nikolaevich Berendts was born in 1860. He received his secondary education at St. Peter's Church school in St. Petersburg. From 1880 to 1884, he took a course in law at St. Petersburg University; graduated from the university with the title of Candidate of Law. Then he served in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Public Education, Finance and State Property.

In 1891, E. N. Berendts passed the exam for the title of Master of Financial Law, and two years later he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Financial Law. From 1891 to 1900 He is an extraordinary professor at the Yaroslavl Demidov Lyceum; subsequently, he holds the post of first assistant, and then director of the lyceum. From 1901 to 1904, he was the State Secretary for the Grand Duchy of Finland, at the same time lecturing at St. Petersburg University as an ordinary professor. From 1907 to 1918 He also lectures at the Imperial College of Jurisprudence. From 1914 to 1917, he was a senator of the First Department of the Governing Senate.

After the revolution, E. N. Berendts left Russia and moved permanently to Estonia, where he was appointed consultant to the Ministry of Internal Affairs on August 1, 1919. From October 1, 1919 He reads financial law at the Faculty of Law of the Yuriev University, and subsequently statistics, philosophy of law and the general doctrine of law. He was a member of the Russian Academic Group in Estonia.

Professor E. N. Berendts is the author of numerous scientific works, including "Financial Law of Finland", The Past and Present of the Russian Administration, "The State Economy of Sweden", etc.

The death of E. N. Behrendts is a huge loss for Russian science" ^[59].

Awards and honorary titles:

1909 – Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree;

1911 – Order of St. Stanislaus, 1st degree;

1914 Order of St. Anna, 2nd degree.

Estate (1905) – ancestral: with brothers and sisters a stone house in St. Petersburg and in Pavlovsk a country house at the address: B. Sadovaya, 16-2, 1200 square fathoms ^{[1, l. 24 vol.; 7, l. 37]}.

In St. Petersburg from 1907-1918, E. N. Berendts lived at the address: Kadetskaya liniya, 7. sq. 3 ^{[1, l. 24 vol.; 7, l. 37]}. Whether it was his property or his office apartment has not been established.

Wife: Sofya Aminovna Findeisen (October 23, 1863 – 1916) ^[62].

Children: Elizabeth Eduardovna Berendts (December 9, 1885 – 1911); Julia Maria Eduardovna Berendts (April 16, 1887 – June 2, 1929); Sofia Eduardovna Berendts (August 19, 1891 – ?); Eduard Eduardovich Berendts (November 24, 1894 – 1919); Wilhelmina Eduardovna Berendts (July 21, 1901 – ?); Ingeborg Eduardovna Berendts (November 1, 1904 – ?) ^{[1, L. 9; 62]}.

Sofia Eduardovna Berendts (August 19, 1891 – ?) graduated from the women's gymnasium and Higher Women's Courses in Petrograd ^[63]. Before the revolution, she worked as a senior archivist. Departments II Sections of the Unified State Archival Fund (former Senate Archive) in St. Petersburg ^[63]. She lived, according to the Estonian National Archive, until 1920 in Petrograd at the address: 11-Vasilyevsky Island line, 46. sq. 2 ^[64]. In 1920, she moved to permanent residence in the Republic of Estonia, in the city of Tartu ^[64].

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