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Abstract: The article studies the term ‘cash equivalent’ as a legal definition. It is concluded that ‘cash equivalent’ means the object capable of performing all or part of currency functions in the Russian Federation. The author describes the difference between legitimate cash equivalent and illegitimate cash equivalent. Moreover, legitimate cash equivalents are classified according to their functions, office of issue, place of issue and the territory of application.

Keywords: money, currency, state institution, function, equivalent, measure, mean, bond certificate, bill of exchange, piece of money.

Abstract: The article studies the legal and organizational problems of implementation of tax control, describes the place of tax control in the system of financial control, and studies forms of tax control as well as forms of its enforcement.

Keywords: control, tax, inspection, finances, form, responsibility, deadline, levy, in-office audit, mechanism, element

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Abstract: Based on the analysis of the condition of legality in the sphere of licensing of entrepreneurship activity and summary of drawbacks of legal regulation, the author makes a conclusion about the need in development of grounds for recognition of this or that activity as subject to licensing, as a starting point for cancellation, and introduction of licensing and substitution of it by the control from the side of self-regulating organizations. Based on the analysis of foreign experience and law enforcement practice, the author sums up the problem points of transfer of public powers to self-regulating organizations.

Keywords: state institution, licensing, entrepreneurship, regulation, self-regulation, administrative, public, reform, organization.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of awarding industry. The author studies the procedure of granting official and state awards, defines and fully describes the four types of awarding industries. The author criticizes the deductive approach to defining stages of awarding industry and suggests his own view on the structure and sequence of stages of awarding industry.

Keywords: award, industry, structure, encouragement, form, stages, classification, progress, administrative.

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Abstract: The article covers the problems of socio-cultural environment. The author of the article studies peculiarities of socio-cultural environment and describes its features as well as threats. Based on the study, the author makes certain suggestions on protection of socio-cultural environment.

Keywords: socio-cultural adaptation, adaptive environment, adaptive need, adaptation capabilities, adaptive actions, stages of adaptation, acculturation, assimilation, aggressive autarchy, passive autarchy, cultural shock.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the forms of constitutional law enforcement of state control over local authorities in modern foreign states. The author of the article analyzes German, French and Italian legislations. He makes a conclusion that legal standards of state control over local authorities differ in the countries of Anglo-Saxon and Roman-German models of self-government.

Keywords: self-government, control, supervision, prefect, Anglo-Saxon, continental, centralization, decentralization, state institution.

Abstract: The article is devoted to peculiarities of the municipal inspection taking into account the provisions of the Federal Law on protecting rights of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs when conducting state control (supervision) and municipal control. It is noted that local authorities can be entities under control with respect to which the control (supervision) is conducted; but local authorities can also perform control and supervision with respect to other holders of right. The article describes peculiarities of arrangement and conduction of municipal control in a corresponding territory; developments of administrative regulations when conducting inspections as a part of municipal control; arrangement and conduction of monitoring of efficiency of municipal control.

Keywords: municipal control, local authorities, efficiency of control, arrangement of control, administrative regulations, interaction regulations.

Abstract: The article studies the legal and organizational problems of business security performed by private security services and describes peculiarities of security enforcement in some foreign states.

Keywords: entrepreneur, security, security service, threat, risk, business, threat avoidance, internal and external threats, raiding.

Abstract: The article analyzes the legal and organizational problems of implementation of measures of administrative restraint in policing. The author of the article notes that police officers use various measures of administrative restraint during their service.

Keywords: restraint, enforcement, officer, police, legality, restriction, prohibition, violation of law, efficiency, measure, activity, complex.

Abstract: The article analyzes the legal and organizational problems of anti-extremism measures. The author of the article studies foreign experience of allocation and enforcement of responsibility for extremism crimes. Based on this study, the author makes certain suggestions on how to improve anti-extremism legislation in the Russian Federation.

Keywords: extremism, anti-extremism, regulation, threat, risk, responsibility, fan, fact, violation of law, crime, statistics, proficiency.

Abstract: The article views the issues of legal regulation of mass media participation in election process. The author of the article analyzes USA and German acts of international law and constitutional law devoted to regulation of the freedom of the media, election campaign and information distribution during elections. Considerable attention is paid at the questions of distribution of airtime and publishing among participants of the election campaign.

Keywords: elections, campaign, information distribution, mass media, candidate, party, debates, USA, Germany, primaries.

Abstract: The article analyzes the problems of formation of judicial authority. The author of the article raises a question about the necessity of legal reforms as a response to the society needs. The author also touches upon transgression and importance of this phenomenon for legal science.

Keywords: reforms, consent, stereotype, judicial duty of a state institution, legitimacy, changeability, transgression, stability, destruction, conflict.

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