Politics and Society - rubric The nationality issue

Abstract: In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Russian Federation is a secular state, and no religion can be announced to be a state or obligatory religion. Religious associations are separate from the state and are equal before the law. S.S. Savva’s article is devoted to the problem of ensuring secular education, and to the processes of clericalization of state education, which to the author’s opinion, reflect the systemic crisis of the freedom of conscience in the Russian Federation, which influences legislation, law enforcement, science and education.

Abstract: The world experience of formation and development of the multi-party system clearly shows, that formation and functioning of powerful political parties is only possible, when there is an efficient system of legal regulation of their formation, activities and their participation in elections as well as in the activities of the state organs. A.H. Saidov singles out the party law as a complex sub-branch of modern law, touching upon many different spheres…

Abstract: Formation of the modern federal state, as based on the principles enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, presupposed due recognition to both the interests of the Federation and the interests of its constituent subjects. This article by D.A. Dzhalalov is devoted to the problem aspects of the relations between the Center and the subjects of the Russian Federation.

Abstract: This article is devoted to the issues of correlation of principles of international law, respect and fulfillment of human rights, and the principle of state sovereignty. The author studies the nature of sovereign rights of the state in the sphere of human rights and freedoms. Much attention is paid to the correlation of sovereign rights and obligations of the states within the humanitarian sphere. The author establishes the influence of human rights on the evolution of state sovereignty. Keywords: jurisprudence, state, implementation, human rights, legislation, obligations, sovereignty, choice, control, discretion

Abstract: The article is devoted to analysis of inner security of Azerbaijan. It includes analysis of the terms of interests, threats, goals and directions of ensuring national security. The article includes analysis of the law on national security of Azerbaijan, as well as orders and decrees of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Keywords: jurisprudence, security, independence, strategy, sovereignty, threats, Europe, Caucuses, conflicts

Abstract: The author analyzes the works of Ernest Renan, who, in his lecture “What is nation?” (1882) defined nation as great solidarity, which is based on the past sacrifices, as well as the sacrifices, to be given in the future. It has the past, but it exists in future, due to the wish and agreement of the people to keep living together. Existence of the nation is a daily plebiscite, and outer religious and cultural factors are just conditions for that. He noted that for the nation, forgetting some events is just as important, as remembering them. Keywords: political science, nationalism, culture, ethnical symbolism, modernism, constructivism, ideology, evolutionism, socium

Abstract: The modern geopolitical transformation of the world helped the growth of regional geopolitical tensions. It turns out the greatest areas of tension are the “geopolitical break-ups” of inter-civilization interactions, such as the Republic of Dagestan. This article views this process as a part of modern globalization and formation of a new world order. Keywords: political science, Dagestan, transformation, geostrategy, region, interestsw, potential, energy resources, stability

Abstract: In the conditions of real ethnic and confessional variety of Dagestan the guarantees of social and political unities cannot be achieved without due modern evaluation and prevention of ethnical tension, as well as without fighting the ideologies, which raise ethnical hatred. This article views the problem of prevention and fighting ethnic nationalism within the context of its political, legal and axiological interpretation. Keywords: political science, ethnic nationalism, Dagestan, nationalism, tension, security, stability, prevention, extremism, fight

Abstract: The article views the number of approaches and conceptions in conflict management which can reflect the reasons, development and peculiarities of ethnic conflicts. The author also analyzed dangerous situations which can lead to ethnic conflicts in multi-ethnic society. Nowadays ethnic conflicts very often occur as a response to globalization and corresponding dangers. For example, growing separatist’s tendencies in Europe is a reaction of ethnic minority to new dangers threatening all the small nations and every person in particular. Key words: political studies, Europe, separatism, conflict, nationalism, theory, conception, ethnicity, regionalism.

Abstract: Review: Based on the examples from the history of autonomy of Germans in Volga region, the author described the main trends of state national and religious policy in Russian Soviet Federated Socialistic Republic as well as the results of the Komsomol struggle against the religious influence among Western colonizers in the first half of the 1920th.

Keywords: political sciences, sciences of law, youth, government, Komsomol, religion, cult followers, Germans, colonizers, autonomy

Abstract: The article considers the main trends of the state entho-national policy in the Primorsky Krai. The analysis of national relations in the Primorsky Krai shows the need in effective measures by the state and local authorities aimed at implementing an adequate national policy in the region.

Keywords: political sciences, politics, political ethnicity, region, migration, expat community, ethno policy, geopolicy, identification, nation

Abstract: The article considers the polemics which have arisen in Russia and foreign publicism in 1860-1880 due to a need in a prompt solution of the so-called “Baltic Question”. Short analysis of works by Yu.F.Samarin, M.N.Katkova, I.S.Aksakov, M.P.Pogodin and other less known publicists allows to draw a conclusion that conservative publicists of the XIXth century affected the situation in Baltic provinces and forced the government to correct their position regarding the Baltic Question as well as to draw up the plan and begin to realize reforms aimed at full confluence of Russia and Baltic

Keywords: Ostzeiskii vopros, Aksakov, Samarin, Pribaltika, Rossiiskaya imperiya, vnutrennyaya politika, avtonomiya, nemetskoe dvoryanstvo, Okrainy Rossii

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the causes and phases of national movement in the history and modernity, the entry of the modern world in the fourth stage of national movements, which will result in tendencies of ethnically pure State, and will be accompanied by ethnic cleaning and the rise of nationalism in individual countries and globally.

Keywords: national movement, reasons, stages, threats. ethnic cleaning, ethnically pure states

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the forced labor of the Soviet citizens oppressed by the Nazi in the years of the Second World War and used in agriculture of the national-socialistic Germany. The author reviews discriminating provisions of the national socialistic legislation which regulated the labor and incarceration conditions of the Soviet citizens.

Keywords: political science, history, enforcement, labor, workers, national socialism, Germany, rural community, discrimination, legislation

Abstract: Based on concrete examples, the author of the article views the Soviet propaganda activities caused by the USSR accession of the western territories of the Ukraine and Belorussia: working stages, purposes, forms, methods and techniques of propaganda influence. The author estimates the effectiveness level of propaganda influence on the masses in the Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia at various stages.

Keywords: political sciences, counterpropaganda, ideology, press, stereotype, Polonofobia, image of an enemy, conception, Ukrainization, Sovietization

Abstract: This topic is important because a federal state institution is being formed in Russia now. According to the author, diligent consideration of the methodological questions of ethnic law researches can fi nally cast light on the problem of inter-ethnic relations in Russia. Competent extrapolation of ethnology methods on political and legal sphere must dot all the i’s in discussions on the research method in studying ethnical processes and relations in Russia at all levels: federal, sub-federal, local and the level of global social relations.

Keywords: political sciences, ethno policy, federalism, regionalism, ethnology, poly-ethnicity, ethnological method, nationalism, ethnos.

Abstract: Even though constituents of the federation keep their ‘historical’ names, it is necessary to note that all ethnic communities including ‘title communities’ have equal rights on their territory. This is the requirement if we want to make political, economic, social and cultural development of an ethnic community to be independent from a state or municipal offi cer as well as from the territory where the community lives (republic, region or oblast). Such position would eliminate both national dependency and certain fears a nation might feel because of living in the ‘ foreign’ territory.

Keywords: political science, political regionalistics, federalism, civil service, ethnicity, decentralization of Russia, political transformation, constituents of the federation, national republics, ethnopolicy.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.9.6100

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2018.6.26443

Abstract: The wave of terrorist attacks that permeated the Western European countries in 2010’s, on the background of rapid transformations in ethnic and religious composition of the population in the region, once again testifies to the relevance of studying the processes taking place among the national minorities. Particular interest in this regard present the communities, that relatively recently have settled in the EU states, namely the African. An attempt is made to examine the Zimbabwean diaspora in modern Great Britain, meticulously researching the key immigration indexes and arrival channels of the Zimbabweans to the British Islands over the period of 1990 – 2000’s. The author analyses the aspects of inner development of the diaspora, its professional composition, problem of employments, as well as the role of African churches in everyday life of the newcomers. The Zimbabweans of Great Britain are one of the five numerous African diasporas in the country, with good language proficiency and relatively high level of education. Absolute majority of the newcomers from Zimbabwe are the migrants of first generation from the ethnic groups of Shona and Ndebele. The composition of the diaspora is characterized by the extreme heterogeneity with notable percentage of persons of uncertain migration status. Migrants from Zimbabwe stand out in their active social position and specific not fully formed identity based on the ethno-linguistic solidarity and traditional values. It is a notable fact that the British Zimbabweans retain close relation with the historical motherland, regularly transferring financial support to their relatives.

Keywords: Integration, Refugees, Africa, Zimbabwe, United Kingdom, Employment, Identity, Migration, Multiculturalism, Diaspora

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2018.12.28193

Abstract: The focus of attention in this article falls on the activity of modern national associations using the example of the Republic of Bashkortostan. Representing the interests of the various national groups, they perform the role of important mediators between society and the government, contributing to social administration. In the Russian conditions, such associations as the civil society institutions, represent the strong political resource, which introduces certain contradiction into their work. The intended to express and defend the interest of their peoples, they conform to the appetence of the political elites and own ambitions, which leads to the loss of trust and discredits them as the effective mediators and actors of social governance. The article analyzes the work of associations of the largest ethnic groups in the Republic of Bashkortostan – Russian, Bashkir and Tatar. The history of the modern national movement is viewed within the framework of the three main stage since 1989, the most significant and impactful of which became the first one. Despite the decline in the activity of national movements, dilution of ethnic boundaries with the values of individualism, they retain their relevance for a variety of reasons. Among them are the contradictory conditions of globalization, results of the complicated and lingering modernization in Russia, problems of nation-building, weak positions of civic identity. The work of the national associations is a somewhat sensitive indicator of the state of civil society in the subjects of the Russian Federation. For the two decades, they amassed substantial experience, which remains insufficiently studied from the positive and constructive perspective that is essential for the effective implementation of the government’s national policy and social administration.

Keywords: pro-government associations, national associations, nation building, social interests, interethnic consent, civil consent, civil society, social management, national policy, national groups

Abstract: Eva Vaigend’s article is devoted to the critical analysis of the problems related to the unification of the criminal law and procedures of the EU states in the light of the European Constitution. As the author notes, the European Constitution allows limitation of rights guaranteed in the Charter on the basic rights, including the rights related to the judicial activities on criminal cases. While a possibility of limitation of basic rights of people by national constitutions is no surprise to the lawyers, new problems arise within the framework of the European Constitution. First of all, these problems are due to the degree of definition of cases, when the basic rights, guaranteed to the people and to the European citizens, can be limited…

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.7.7362

Abstract: «The Washington Post» characterized the elections in Ukraine this March as “the most democratic elections in Ukrainian history”. However, as the author of this article points out, the studies of intermediary reports, final reports, information for the international observers, and acting as an observer did not at all make him sure that the elections were in fact up to all relevant international standards.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.1.14086

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.1.54330

Abstract: The research object is the nationalism in Baltic States. The research subject is specific features of Baltic nationalism as well as their determining factors. In her article Yamalova clarifies such features of national movements of the Baltic States as the peaceful methods of the struggle to achieve their goals and orientation at the capitalistic economic model which distinguishes their nationalism from African nationalism of the colonial system decay period. On the other hand, compared to European analogues, Baltic nationalism has a more radical separatism and stiffer language policy and rules for granting citizenship to migrants. The author examines historical, economic and ethnic factors and defines cause-effect relationships contributing to the aforesaid features of the national movements in Baltic States. The author uses the comparative method to study nationalism in Baltic countries. As a comparison, the author uses Catalonian nationalism which in many ways similar to Baltic nationalism. The main conclusions of the research are the provisions according to which Baltic nationalism has been defined by particular economic, social and ethic factors. The author also describes the cause-effect relationships between these factors. In particular, the external, opposed to the internal, industrialization has been caused by a more conflict influence of migration. The model of the Soviet industrialization created not only the split not only between cities and country-side but also between ethnic groups. Moreover, the higher level of the economic development of Baltic States has turned out to be an important conflict factor between regional authorities and the Union government. The above mentioned factors have played an important role in the development of specific features of Baltic nationalism which, compared to its European version, had more radical programs and targets regarding the Russian-speaking population and a higher level of separatism.

Keywords: nationalism, Baltic states, national movements, migration, ethnos, nations, modernization, politics, democracy, political regime.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.1.54005

Abstract: The article is devoted to the role of regional political elites in formation of population identity in the Russian Federation constituents. It is noted that a problematic, negative identity makes the political conflicts even worse. The author shows that there is a certain need in forming a unified civil identity as an important condition for regulating ethnopolitical conflicts and modernization of regions in the South of Russia.

Keywords: regional political elites, identity, ethnopoligical conflicts, south of Russia.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of legal and institutional grounds for ethnocultural policy in the Republic of Belarus. Special attention is paid at the reasons of development and improvement of this policy while there are no internal or external challenges caused by ethnical diversity of population. Such reasons include institutional inertsia and signiÞ cance of symbolic policy in the sphere of ethnic relations as an important factor of legitimacy of the current statehood.

Keywords: Belarus, diversity management, minorities, international agreements, legislation, conß icts, institutional inertsia, symbolic politics.

Abstract: This article studies the problems and perspectives of the Russian Federation in the North Caucasian region through the examining of the experience of its peoples self-determination. Author describes regional ethnopolitical process in 1990th, the federative reforms in early 2000th and analyses the projects of joining the North Caucasian republics aimed at optimization of the relations between the Center and regions.

Keywords: political studies, federalism, ethnic identity, self-determination, separatism, sovereignty, republic, district, Constitution.

Abstract: Just like other social relations, inter-ethnic relations are one of the forms of social interaction and activity but they have a complex integrated nature. In her article the author views inter-ethinc relations not only from the point of view of the phenomenon of ethnicity but also legal relations and socio-economic component.

Keywords: political studies, nation, ethnos, inter-ethnicity, society, polyethnicity, interaction, tradition, regulation, proneness to confl ict.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2018.2.25493

Abstract: The subject of this research is the mechanisms of preservation of ethnicity and transformation of ethnolinguistic identity among Tatar population in the multinational republic under the altered socioeconomic conditions that affect the ethnolinguistic and ethnocultural development of the indicated ethnic group. The pointed mechanisms are viewed in comparative aspect with other ethnic groups. The object of this research is the Tatar population of Bashkortostan. The authors set a task to examine the preservation and transformation of the ethnic and linguistic identity of ethnic groups in the multinational region. Methodological foundation implies the historical-chronological method that allows revealing the aforementioned processes in diachronic cut, as well as sociological method that considers social grounds of ethnolinguistic development in synchronic cut. The scientific novelty consists in the fact, that for the first time with involvement of the results of the two All-Union and All-Russian censuses, the authors attempted to reveal the ethnic and linguistic identity of Tatar population in the Republic of Bashkortostan, in which a certain part of the indicated ethnic group does not have a sustainable identity. A conclusion is made that in the multinational republic, despite the prioritized implementation of language of the title ethnic group as a compulsory course for studying, the non-title part of population remains the adherers of advancement of their native languages. At the same time, takes places the process of adaptation of the non-Russian population to the Russian language. Most vividly in manifests among Tatar population that has the highest rate of preservation of their native language on one hand, and excellent command of Russian language on the other.

Keywords: sociological survey, Tatar-speaking population, inter-ethnic relations, Tatars, Russian language, mother tongue, multi-ethnic region, census, ethno-linguistic identity, ethnicity

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes the content and mechanism of realization of state ethno linguistic policy. The article studies peculiarities of ethno linguistic policy in multi-national states, analyzes its structure and describes the main stages of its realization. Special attention is paid at the analysis of historical conditions of formation of ethnic linguistic processes in the Russian Federation. The author also studies the ethic structure of Russian population.

Keywords: national policy, ethno politics, linguistic politics, federalism, ethnos, majority language, national minorities, trans-national relations, native minorities.

Abstract: The Northern Caucausus region in general and the Republic Dagestan in particular became the eye of the storm of the conflicts between different peoples in Russia after the fall of the USSR. In this very region many latent conflict came into the active stage and two of them – Chechen and Ingush-Ossetin became armed conflicts. K.G. Gusaeva’s article contains analysis of history and current conditions at the region, criticism of government activities in it.

Abstract: The article is devoted to preservation and formation of national and cultural identity of youth in Russian nearabroad countries. National and cultural identity is viewed as a constantly developing social phenomenon but not only as an ‘event in history’. The problem of preservation and formation of national and cultural identity of youth in Russian near-abroad countries is shown as a political, social, cultural, socio-historical, ethno-national and general teaching issue and an important element of theory and practice of up-brining and teaching of youth in this day and age.

Keywords: political studies, social studies, history, near-abroad countries, nation, identity, youth, patriotism, culture, succession.

Abstract: This article is the fi rst scientifi c study on “Men’s clubs” as an institution of civil society in Tajikistan (XX v.)“. According to the author, this theme is not due to its scientifi c importance of knowledge and requires a detailed study for the following reasons: fi rstly, the main male population of the republic the second half of the twentieth century, most of my free time (especially in winter time) conducted in these clubs. Second, the participation of many women in the political life of the republic on a voluntary basis to begin with daily visits (mainly in the evening) of data facilities. Third, the dramatic events that took place in Tajikistan in the late ‘80s and nachale90’s, is directly related to operating at the time the whole territory of the Republic men’s clubs. Therefore, a detailed study of this problem in the context of overall ethno-political processes in Tajikistan in the late twentieth century, has recently become increasingly important.

Keywords: men’s houses, men’s clubs, the new men’s clubs, social, economic, educational, family, legal and other issues discussed in the men’s clubs, calendar holidays, funeral and memorial ceremonies, etc.

Abstract: What is the place of human rights in the sphere of public health within the framework of basic rights and freedoms? Is the right to health a basic right or an optional right? What mechanisms of realization of this right exist in practice, and what should be done to make these mechanisms more effective? V.G. Borisova-Zharova’s article provides answers to these and other questions.

Abstract: This article is devoted to the basic factors of confl ictogenity in North Caucasus. The author describes the causes of ethno-political confl icts and social tension and analyzes the system of federal-regional relations in North Caucasian Federal District.

Keywords: political studies, GFR (glomerular fi ltration rate), confl ictogenity, poly-ethnicity, self-identifi cation, national security, ethno-policy, destabilization, integration, tolerance.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2017.1.21710

Abstract: This work examines the establishment of idea about the Old Believers as a political group in modern Inner Asia. In the center of attention is the production of political values, i.e. characteristics, social practices, behavioral norms, which are accepted as traditional for the Old Believers in public space. The author’s interest lies in the processes of formalization and ritualization of these values, as well as references to the past, which as a result allows creating various groups of Russian population in the region, designating them by the virtues of such traditions. The constructivist theory of a nation, which reviews the formation of perception about the Old Believers as a group, is selected as the methodological framework. The majority of research are focused on the description of traditions of the Semeiskie Old Believers; and this work is the first to analyze the creation of these traditions. The author comes to the conclusion that formation of the image of traditional culture of the Semeiskie is finally inscribed into the state policy regarding the management of interethnic and Interconfessional relationships in the region.

Keywords: institutions, group, traditions, Semeiskie, Old Orthodoxy, Old Belivers, state policy, policy, Inner Asia, Russian world

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2017.1.54674

Keywords: institutions, group, traditions, Semeiskie, Old Orthodoxy, Old Belivers, state policy, policy, Inner Asia, Russian world

Abstract: The article analyzes the problematic issues of formation of cross-national relations during the Post-Soviet period. Based on the author, missing national ideology resulted in a new generation of young people who do not feel any involvement or commitment to the united Russian society. The author proves the need in developing and gradual implementation of Russian national ideology and state national policy based on the dominating role of the Russian culture and language as means of cross-national communication.

Keywords: political science, sovereignty, Federal Agreement, cross-national relations, We and Them, national idea, solidating ideology, Wahabiism, national policy, Russian philology.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of federalism which guarantees the preservation of identity of the Russian civilization under conditions of sharpened social and cultural contradictions and weakened consolidation functions of the state caused by the globalization processes ongoing in the world now. Historically formed type of Russian federalism allows to preserve and develop diversity of traditions, cultures and layers of the society which contributes to the revival of the Russian civilization identity.

Keywords: philosophy, federalism, personality, civilization identity, Russian statehood, sovereignty, national factor, polyethnic state, nation.

Abstract: In late XIX century Russia the relationship between the police state and the young civil society was generally aggressive and they tended to escalate the conflicts. The absence of respectful dialogue between the opponents led to the flourishing political terror. Then, the issue of terrorism, which seemed to lose its topicality within the Soviet period, came back to the spotlight again at verge of the New Millenium in 2000/ It seems that a boomerang, which Russia threw away in XIX century returned to it…

Abstract: The article describes the modern social and political situation in the Republic of Dagestan which refl ects a striking contrast between superfi cial stabilization of the situation in a region and presence of social, economic, trans-ethnic, historical and political contradictions, biter rivalry between clannish groups for power, infl uence and economic resources. Internal struggle is mostly carried out outside the public policy, based on the main factors of confl icts which demand a comprehensive analysis. Focuses of potential pretensions of ethnical communities towards one another as well as towards the state institution, extreme forms of confrontation of confl icting parties, internal controversies of social movements and institutions which were so solid and united not so long ago – it all creates a true need in the theoretical analysis of state construction in the Republic of Dagestan.

Keywords: political science, republic, Dagestan, region, peculiarities, state institution, power, management, body, functioning.

Abstract: This research was conducted with the use of M. Kuhn and T. McPartland’s test modified by T. V. Rumyantseva in 2011. 112 young people aged f rom 18 to 35 and living in the Aginsk Buryat Autonomous District participated in the research. The research helped to define the main personal and social categories of identification of Aga youth, forming factors of ethnic identity, the role of family identification and local (community) identification in a socio-cultural space. The author also describes ethnic specifics of self-identification of the Buryat young people in the context of external socio-economic, political and socio-cultural circumstances. The article shows the relation and interaction between social categories of identity and Buryat traditions of raising a harmonic personality. The results of this research can be used as the basis for an effective dialogue between executive authorities of all levels and the youth, for developing a favorable social environment as well as programs for socio-cultural development of the Aginsk Buryat Autonomous District as a territory holding a special status in the Zabaikalye Territory.

Keywords: ethnicity, identity, youth, Buryats, research, family, traditions, socialization, values.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2017.8.22136

Abstract: The subject area and the key goal of this research is associated with analyzing the problems of social perception of ethnic images in the context of establishing national identity of the population in the Russian bordering regions. The article describes the approaches towards analysis of the category of “image” within the humanitarian knowledge, as well as substantiated the difficulties in the use of classical theories of perception, formulated within the frameworks of general psychology studying the social images in sociological science. Examination of the images of “the other” that reflect the existing attitudes regarding the ethnic groups, required referring to the theories, which allow depicting the formation and content of the present in individual and public consciousness mental representations of social phenomena and objects. The authors provide the results of psychosemantic experiment carried out in the two Russian regions, which is oriented towards studying the representations of image of “the other” in the consciousness of Russian population. The scientific novelty consists in determination of the characteristics that are of top priority in assessing the ethnic groups, but notable for bigger variability and differences in socio-demographic categories of the population. Besides the mainstream characteristics that define the perception of ethnic groups, the author revealed the secondary criteria that activate only the certain circumstances. The main conclusion consists in the fact that the identified differences are explained not just by the specificity of ethnic composition of the regions and activity of separate ethnic groups, but also justify the nature of interethnic relations, and reveal the potential sources of conflicts or prospects of ethnocultural cooperation.

Keywords: construction of image of the other, mental representations, ethnic image, image of the other, image, psychosemantic models, social perception, psychosemantic experiment, national identity of population, bordering region

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2017.8.23808

Abstract: At the present time, the theme of international relation is not as relevant in Russia as it used to be in 1990’s. However, despite the exterior composure, this is not to say that the processes of ethnic mobilization remain the achievement of the past. The object of this research is the system of interethnic relations in the Republic of Buryatia, which traditionally represents one of the quietest ethnic regions of Russia. During the course of the group focused interviews (16 groups, each one with 9-11 participants) carried out in December of 2016, the authors revealed that despite the declared and socially approved tolerance, within the republic can be noticed the same trends of interethnic relations as in the “hotter” zones of the country: ethnicity of the so-called “title” population is mobilized and oriented towards occupying the more beneficial social niches; the Russian population of the republic considers ethnic solidarity important and is ready to unite on the political platform, rather than ethnic. As demonstrated by the authors, such position has a direct influence upon the character of voting and opens up the “political elevators” for the Buryat politicians, while shutting the down for the Russians.

Keywords: tolerance, ethnic solidarity, political lifts, electoral behavior, Republic of Buryatia, ethnic mobilization, ethnic identity, interethnic relations, focused group interviews, Republic of Buryatia

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.2.54023

Abstract: Relation between the national and religious elements has always been the topic of debates in modern social philosophy and social and humanitarian studies. The present issue is topical not only in the context of geo-political transformations but also due to a so-called ‘identification boom’ that is typical for the modern public spirit and creates a ‘life world’ of social groups and individuals in the post-Soviet territory.

Keywords: philosophy, ethno-confessional relations, self-identification, nationality, ethnos, religion, confession, religious factor, Islamic factor, ethno-confessional factor.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.3.14707

Abstract: The object of the research in this article is nationalism. The analysis of the results of various methodological approaches to nationalism demonstarte the main vectors of its impact on international relations, factors of the emergence and settlement of inter-ethnic (ethnic) conflicts. The aim of the article is to analyse the nature of "nationalism" as an ambiguous phenomenon in national public relations and to define its role as the main source of modern inter-ethnic (ethnic) conflicts. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the duality of nationalism in inter-ethnic (ethnic) relations.The study involves system-integrated, cultural, historical and political scientific methodological approaches, as well as classification of nationalism by various grounds. The main conclusion of the conducted research was the fact that in modern conditions the nationalism serves as a primary source of inter-ethnic (ethnic) conflicts in the first place, not as a cultural factor (which is its nature), but as a political factor, as an instrument in the hands of ethnocracy. Examples of individual countries show that nationalism in its manifestation in society can play both a constructive role, acquiring patriotic orientation, and also a deconstructivist role, working as a catalyst of inter-ethnic tensions.

Keywords: cultural factor, state, ethnocracy, conflict, genocide, chauvinism, nationalism, nation, ethnicity, political factor

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.3.54352

Keywords: cultural factor, state, ethnocracy, conflict, genocide, chauvinism, nationalism, nation, ethnicity, political factor

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.3.6413

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.3.54204

Abstract: After the second world war the problem of defending human rights became very important. In this regard, a number of international organizations started to work on that problem including the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe was one of the first international organizations established at that period. The CE even declared that protection of human rights was the main goal and task they had. In 1950 the CE passed the European Convention on Human Rights. The Convention set forth the basic essential rights and freedoms of each citizen and obliged the state institution to guarantee the observance of these rights. Today the Convention is one of the main documents in the sphere of human rights protection in Europe. Based on the European Convention on Human Rights, the Council of Europe established particular authorities to ensure and control observance of human rights in countries. Decisions, reports, conclusions, recommendations and opinions of these authorities are very important for EU structures and working groups developing the human protection policy. Therefore, rich experience and well established legislative base in the sphere of human rights protection show success and efficiency of the CE regarding this matter on the European continent. Despite the fact that EU develops the human right policy on their own, they are still behind the CE in this sphere. The human right protection is closely connected with the promotion of democracy. However, despite their important role in human right protection, the CE is not so active in promoting democracy. The CE is not responsible for promotion of democracy in Europe. They only create the environment and background for democratic practices and debates.

Keywords: political studies, Council of Europe (CE), European Unity (EU), rights, human, democracy, Europe, convention, freedom, Court.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.4.14259

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the category of diaspora and its conceptual characteristics. This question is being explored based on the normative material. The author notes that despite the extensive study of the phenomenon of diaspora on the normative level, the precise definition is yet to be developed; and this leads to existence of multiple approaches towards understanding of this category. It is also highlighted, that currently we can observe a problem of legal regulation of the peculiarities of status of separate ethnic congregations and their representatives. A special attention is given to the legislative terms and definitions used in legal regulation in this field. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that this work is first to present a comprehensive approach towards the examination of diaspora as a legal category, The current legislation of the Russian Federation with regards to the use of the term “diaspora” is being analyzed, as well as the correlation of this notion with such categories as “ethnos”, “ethnic society”, “national minority”, and “national cultural autonomy”. The author notes that the existing legislative definitions of the term “diaspora” does not correspond with the scientific views of the representatives of various disciplines that are involved into the study of this category, as well as they do not to the fullest extent reflect the essence of diaspora as an institution of national relations in Russia. The author substantiates the conclusion on the need to introduce the new definition of “diaspora” and its unified use on the federal and regional levels into the normative space.

Keywords: diaspora, civil society, national relations, state, legislation, right, definition, term, ethnic community, national-cultural autonomy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.4.54549

Keywords: diaspora, civil society, national relations, state, legislation, right, definition, term, ethnic community, national-cultural autonomy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.5.54073

Abstract: The article analyzes the actions of Bulgarian authorities in Macedonia in 1916-1918, which were largely driven by the idea of “Great Bulgaria”. The author demonstrates that the clashing interests of the Balkan countries pushed them to similar “ethnic cleansing” policies which were justified by the necessity of national unification. Aggressive policy of “bulgarization” of Macedonia was the extension of the “serbization” policy which took place prior to that. The fact is that Serbia and Bulgaria used the same methods to achieve a similar goal – to solidify their claim on Macedonia.

Keywords: History, national relations, Balkans, ethnic cleansing, Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, World War I, Occupation, the Hauge convention

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.6.12370

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.6.54236

Abstract: The concept of nation can be obviously called one of the key concepts of our time both in Russia and abroad. However, in recent years there has been a visible paradox in understanding the phenomena of nation and nationalism. The growth of the importance of national issues was associated, on one hand, with the dominating liberal ideology of ‘multiculturalism’ and, on the other hand, with the decrease of interest towards traditional political ideologies. As a political concept, ‘nation’ is a discursive construct which meaning is defi ned with the intergroup (interparty) struggle. This meaning cannot be stable, because it changes along with the transformations in the balance of political power. Consequently, a researcher studying this concept should always ask himself what purposes are being pursued by the political forces that use the concept of ‘nation’ or struggle for the monopoly privilege to defi ne the meaning of the term ‘nation’. To study the concept of nation in the political party discourse about a Russian ‘powerless party’, the author of the article uses the conceptological approach developed by V. Makarenko. The purpose of the present article is to create a methodological construct for studying the concept of nation in the discourse about political parties of modern Russia. For a differentiated analysis of the discourse about the ‘powerless party’, the author offers a conceptological version of the dramaturgic approach to the political party system. Analyzing the concept of nation in documents of the democratic party ‘Yabloko’, the author notes that the party rhetoric may change depending on the political environment. However, these variations have their own limits, too. In case of the party ‘Yabloko’ they are framed with the civil concept of nation. Noteworthy that the concept remains the same in all party public declarations.

Keywords: Concept, nation, inclusion, exclusion, powerless party, powerful party, political fi gures, sphere of concepts, discourse, imitative party discipline.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.5.18905

Abstract: The subject of this research is the issues of protection of the indigenous people (Tuvinians-Todzhinians), as well as their original habitat and traditional lifestyle. The author reviews the negative factors that affected their traditional lifestyle and the complex of measures aimed to protect their original habitat for the purpose of preservation of the traditional style of living, development of deer farming, husbandry, and production. The article examines the questions of cooperation between the self-governance authorities and the communities of the indigenous people residing on the territories of the constituents of the Russian Federation, on the example of Tuva Republic. The author’s contribution into the research of this topic consists in determination of the negative factors and causes of the “sorrowful” situation of the Tuvinians-Todzhinians in Tuva Republic, as well as in development of specific propositions aimed at protection of their ancestral habitat and preservation of the traditional lifestyle.

Keywords: ancestral habitat, ethnic culture, deer farming, traditional activities, the Tuvans-cogency, small peoples, Indigenous peoples, ethnic model, self-organization, farming and crafts

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.5.54560

Keywords: ancestral habitat, ethnic culture, deer farming, traditional activities, the Tuvans-cogency, small peoples, Indigenous peoples, ethnic model, self-organization, farming and crafts

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.7.12598

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.7.54249

Abstract: Analysis of ethnic political processes in the Chechen republic allows to single out several stages in the development of the Chechen culture regarding various social and political conditions, the fi ght of the Chechen people for independence, protection of national culture and identity, formation of the Chechen Republic as a public formation within the Russian Federation. In this article the author analyzes the infl uence of the process of modernization of the Chechen society in 1960s – 1980s upon the development of national culture, which was coming closer to the general European culture. The vector of this development was aimed at the integration of the Chechen people into the general Russian social and cultural space. The contents of this transformation involved the changes guaranteeing institutional, cadres and content-based fundamentals of varied and rich cultural production based upon secular European tradition, which was the basis for the entire Soviet culture. In order to discuss this issue the author employed political science methods and approaches: the method of terminological analysis in order to reveal the nature of the terms, such as “traditional ethnic culture”, “national policy”, “ethnic cultural process”, “ethnic identity”, “Europeanization”. In order to reveal place and role of traditional ethnical culture in the life of the Chechen community and its Europeanization, the author used the method of theoretical analysis. The author draws a conclusion that step-by-step erosion of the Chechen culture cleared the path for wide range of cultural borrowing and external infl uences, which were refl ected in all of the spheres of life of the Chechen community, including its political sphere. The experience of the Chechen republic shows that high demand for the national culture has a positive infl uence upon the internal consolidation of the ethnical community, bringing additional sustainability to its spiritual, social and political life.

Keywords: Europeanization of the Chechen culture, modernization of the Chechen community, transformation, tradition, society, state, social-cultural area, national policy, international relations, national culture.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.7.12577

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.7.54250

Abstract: The article concerns the issues regarding the referendum on the independence of Scotland which is to be held in September 2014. The author discusses the main stages of the devolution movement in Scotland in order to fi nd out the prerequisites for the events taking place today. Then the author studies the attitudes of the people in the region to the ideas of independence in order to predict the results of the upcoming referendum. In order to predict and understand the upcoming processes in the region the author refers to pluses and minuses of the more radical option for the future events: separation of Scotland from the Great Britain. The article involve theoretical methods (analysis and synthesis), historical method (evaluation of devolution process in a historical retrospective), as well as some practical methods (monitoring and forecasting) – an attempt to forecast the results of the referendum with the help of some quantitative data. Analysis of the possible consequences of separation of the region has shown that independence shall cause both positive and negative effects in political, social and economic life of the Scottish society. Having studied the attitude of the people towards the ideas of independency of the region in the last 35 years the author concludes that Scotland shall remain a part of the Great Britain, while its institutions shall gain even broader competence in the future.