National Security - rubric Internal aspects of national security

Abstract: The article includes analysis of development of criminal situation in Chechen Republic in 2000 — 2008. The author establishes dangers of existing organized criminal formations in the Republic, points out the complex of reasons and tendencies in criminal situation. Keywords: jurisprudence, criminal science, criminal situation, Chechen Republic, terrorism, bandits, encroachment on life of an officer of the ministry of internal affairs, structure of crime, latency, financing of terrorism

Abstract: The article includes results of reconstruction of operations of information and psychological warfare of the US against Russia within the armed conflict between Geogria and Ossetia. The author studies goals and means, evaluates their efficiency. The author views the conflict in Southern Ossetia as an element of the strategic operation of the USA in the Northern Caucausus. The author also establishes the causes of failure of Russia in this information and psychological warfare. Keywords: psychology, security, psychological war, information war, threats, conflicts, technologies, war in the Southern Ossetia, international relations, politics, USA

Abstract: The author offers a concept for the improvement of scientific and educational guarantees for national security of Russia, which is based upon the problem-oriented analysis of the state activities and of the international situation as a whole. The author used deductive and axiomatic method and system approach, the axiomatic approach is based upon the energy entropy, which is an object of national security. Such basic prerequisites allow to find logical basis for categories and principles, elements, and criteria, methods and system of guarantees, as well as find perspective approaches for introduction of authorial approach to the education process of the higher school. Keywords: sociology, person, people, nation, values, needs, interests, dangers, threats, challenges, stability, survival, descriptive, normative and situation-oriented modeling, ethno-geo-ethosystem, strategic planning and operative planning

Abstract: The author shows some approaches to the solution of the problems, regarding extradition of terrorists to Russia, evaluating it as one of the directions fighting financing organized terrorism in Russia, then he analyzes the legal basis for the extradition process. This activity relies upon coordinated activities of all the subjects of fighting terrorism and its financing.

Keywords: jurisprudence, extradition, channels, sources, financing, terrorism, Prosecution, Interpol, communication, cooperation

Abstract: The article includes analysis of the process of formation of the confl ict potential in the region. The author then shows the key peculiarities of this process, as well as the key threats, which may arise in case of escalation of the confl ict.

Keywords: political science, Central Asia, Ferghana, Islam, confl ict, extremism, geopolitics, Wahabiism, traditionalism, security.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.3.7956

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2017.6.24699

Abstract: The subject of this research is the job market issues associated with the internal labor migration that has taken unprecedented scale in China, as well as viewed in the context of domestic threats to national security of the country. The object of this research is the Chinese labor market, transforming under the influence of the development of internal migration. In the course of its economic development and restructuring, modern China faces the acute social problems caused by the differentiation of personal income, poverty, exploitation of workers, and in turn, provoking social strain. The goal of the work consists in determination of the key problems of China’s job market in the conditions of heavy labor migration that represents a threat to the domestic stability of the country. Methodological foundation of the research contains the positions of modern theory of market economy, particularly the job market; migration systems theory; concept of national security; system approach and statistical analysis. The article substantiates the relevance of examining the job market in terms of active internal migration for modern China, highlights the basic trends in development of job market, identifies and studies the key job market issues alongside their correlation with the threat to domestic security of the country, introduces the main directions for solving the indicated issues. Among such problems, the author underline the extremely long duration of the working day, lack of full-fledged social security of the workers and especially migrants, discrimination in employment sector, lack of professional education, work-related diseases and problems with upbringing and education of children.

Keywords: situation with Chinese migrants, unemployment in China, China’s social problems, China’s domestic stability, labor migration in China, internal labor migration, job market issues, China’s job market, discrimination of Chinese migrants, children of migrants

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.3.5250

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2018.2.26193

Abstract: The expansion of information and communication technologies (ICT) became yet another stage of progressive development of the humanity, however, each state that pursues the implementation of ICT into all spheres of social life experiences an entire range of issues on the protection of information, infrastructure objects and citizens from the information-psychological impact. The goal of this work lies in examination of such challenges and threat to information security of Russian that are primarily generating within the domestic information environment. Having analyzed such aspects as the information-psychological impact, cybercime and cyberterrorism, as well as normative legal acts that regulate the information sphere, the author underlines that the mechanism of counteracting many of the threats is yet to be fully developed; at the same time, the ensuring of information security requires cooperation of the political and technological institutions, as well as civil society.

Keywords: social networks, new technologies, modern challenges, cyberterrorism, international terrorism, Internet, ICT, domestic policy, information security, modern threats

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2024.1.69502

Abstract: The presented article, based on the identification of the multifaceted impact of corruption manifestations on the parameters of national security, identifies areas for improving the effectiveness of measures aimed at leveling the threats produced by this negative phenomenon. The subject of the study is a set of forms and methods of strategic anti-corruption used in the activities of public authorities of the Russian Federation, which is ensured by using methods of systemic, structural, comparative legal, historical and genetic analysis. The main message of the article is to substantiate the close relationship between the processes of ensuring national and public security in the context of countering corruption threats, which significantly reduce the level of both of these manifestations of security as a complex, multidimensional concept. In this regard, the emphasis is on the need to strengthen public participation in anti-corruption activities. Among the most important manifestations of such participation is the implementation of mechanisms of public anti-corruption control, the effective implementation of which implies the need for the formation of a set of so-called "anti-corruption competencies" among those who carry it out. Based on the analysis, it is stated that one of the most important conditions for ensuring national security is the activation of the role of society as a whole and citizens, in particular, which should be ensured by a well-formed anti-corruption worldview. Persons who must have competencies can be divided into the following two groups: basic competencies, which presuppose the possession of key knowledge, skills to ensure the formation of an anti-corruption worldview, its implementation in one’s life. Professional competencies that allow you to successfully perform functions that are directly related to combating corruption, including as part of the implementation of public anti-corruption control procedures.

Keywords: anti-corruption worldview, anti-corruption competencies, anti-corruption public control, National security strategy, legal regulation, public safety, threats to national security, national security, corruption, anti-corruption training

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2017.5.6832

Abstract: Leaning on the scientific research conducted over the period of 2010-2012, the author reveals the methodology of criminological studies and approaches towards resolving the problem of counterterrorism and its financing, provides and analyzes the Russian and foreign statistical data, exemplifying the peculiarities of prosecutorial oversight in this field. According to the results of the three-stage research, the author introduces system of propositions on optimization of the counterterrorism measures and its financing in Russia, taking into account the international experience. This work leans on the statistical data and comparative analysis of special investigative technique aimed at identification of such crimes as: embezzlement of public funds for restoration of economy of the region suffered from a terrorist act; compensation for those who lost their homes; illicit manufacture, transportation, and sale of currency of the Russian Federation; arms traffic; theft and surreptitious processing of oil, its transportation and realization in the Russian territory; laundering and legalization through the Russian commercial banks of criminal funds obtained from the control over the activity of commercial structures; laundering of funds acquired through withdrawal to foreign banks and corporations registered in the offshore zones; production of adulterated goods of consumer market, their illegal export and realization; unlawful refund of the domestic and foreign value added tax using the fictitious foreign contracts.

Keywords: Optimization, Criminology, Crime, Investigation, Detection, Prosecutor, Oversight, Terrorism, Financing, Jurisprudence

Abstract: In this article the author analyzes the directions of fi ghting organized counteractions by the participants of criminal formations at the pre-trial stage at the period of counter-terrorism operation (based on the materials of the Chechen Republic).

Keywords: jurisprudence, directions, encroachment, mercenaries, emissary, coordination, counteraction, counteraction, investigation, interaction, fi ghting.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.1.9873

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.1.63893

Abstract: The goal of the article is to analyze the migration processes in the near-border regions of Russia and their influence upon the social safety in the labor market. It is based upon a complex approach towards the problem of labor market security, which presupposes the necessary study of the migration activities of the people and their influence upon the economic and social sphere of a specific region, as well as specificities of attitude of local people to labor migrants, and possible solutions to the problems caused by the migration processes. The article presents results of a social study, presupposing among other issues a subjective evaluation of scale of migration processes by the people in the relevant territories. The authors provide the results for the expert poll analysis, presupposing the evaluation of influence of migration processes upon the various spheres of life of regional near-border societies. Special attention is paid to evaluation of influence of migration upon the security of regional security markets.

Keywords: migration, near-border region, expert evaluation, migration processes, labor market security, social safety, labor market, migration activity, regional society, migration mobility.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2020.5.34272

Abstract: Based on the data of obtained in the course of interviews of students of the Southern Federal District and North Caucasian Federal District conducted in 2019, the author analyzes the value preferences and ideological views. Modern youth gives priority to individual rather than group values (freedom of movement, personal security, independence of thought and action, etc.). A third of young people were undecided about their ideological-political preferences; while one fifth indicated that share liberal views. Youth promotes ecological values and care for the world. Majority of the interviewed students believe that it is essential to comply with the norms, rules, and laws, and support peaceful relations with others. Many respondents share tolerant views. All this signifies legal awareness of modern youth. Such social values as the ability to vote, social justice and equality are of high importance, which alongside anticipation of escalation of economic problems and demand for change, leads to social tension. The author also notes a high level of emigration moods; only a quarter of respondents have no intentions of leaving the country. Based on students’ understanding of the concept of patriotism, the author demarcates two points of views: the firs incorporates patriotic views with the Western liberal values; the second sees Russia as a separate unique country. However, these ideas did not directly contradict each other in mentality of the majority of students, but the selected answers in various question often opposing in meaning. This proves the theoretical hypothesis on the existence of cognitive-ideological matrices in mentality of the individual as a pre-reflexive environment, which shapes deliberate political beliefs.

Keywords: patriotism, liberal beliefs, ideological beliefs, social values, individual values, youth, students, South of Russia, sociological survey, group values

Abstract: This article includes analysis of the perspectives of political modernization at the Republic of Dagestan. The author points out the key diffi culties of regional modernization in the Northern Caucasus. The author then establishes the leading role of the federal center in strengthening the vertical of power and political modernization in the regions.

Keywords: political science, national security, regional policy, political modernization, Dagestan, regional studies, federalism, political system, political process, relations among the nations.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2023.3.43996

Abstract: The labor market naturally, like any other market, is influenced by various factors that provoke social risks and threats. For the Russian labor market, first of all, this is a number of specific institutional defects and current features inherent in it, which provoke difficulties in achieving the desired social and labor status and limit opportunities for decent employment. Therefore, the study of strategies and mechanisms that contribute to their minimization does not lose its relevance. The object of the study is effective employment. The subject is attracted channels and employment strategies. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is based on the concept of social capital, studies of the functioning of social capital in the Russian labor market, the concept of the egoset and the social graph. The empirical base of the analysis was made up of state statistics data. The paper uses secondary data analysis. The basis of the retrospective analysis was made up of monitoring data on youth issues conducted by the Socio-Political Research Sector of the Institute of Socio-Economic Research of the UFIC RAS in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The paper presents an empirical analysis of the intensity of the use of formal and informal employment mechanisms. The reasons for the low intensity of the use of formal state intermediaries in the labor market in employment strategies are substantiated. It is shown that effective employment strategies are formed on the basis of convergence of formal and informal mechanisms for finding decent jobs. It is proved that the intensification of the use by job seekers of such an informal employment resource as social capital is a reaction to the presence of characteristic institutional defects and features of the modern Russian labor market.

Keywords: institutional mediators of employment, public employment service, social capital, employment strategies, employment resources, informal channels of employment, formal channels of employment, effective employment, behavior patterns, labor market

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2019.5.28002

Abstract: The subject of this research is examination of the link between terrorism and organized crime. Particular attention is dedicated to studying the link between illegal drug trafficking, organized crime and terrorist criminal activities, worsened by use of arms and explosives, illegal drug trade, violence, human trafficking, illegal trade of artefacts, natural resources, including gold and other precious metals and gemstones, minerals, wild nature resources, charcoal, oil and petroleum products; kidnapping for ransom, and other crimes related to extortion and bank raid, which create a threat to the state’s constitutional order and violate the fundamental human rights. The research methodology contains the comparative-legal method and analysis of the materials of law enforcement practice of the Russian Federation (such as court verdicts and criminal law cases and materials). The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the author is first to summarize the law enforcement experience of the Russian Federation confirming the link between terrorism and various manifestations of organized crime (organized criminal groups, criminal profiteering, arms trafficking, and others). The conclusion is made on the need to develop system response measures to symbiosis of the aforementioned socially dangerous phenomena.

Keywords: human trafficking, arms trafficking, transnational organized crime, criminal markets, organized crime groups, organized crime, terrorist organizations, terrorism, international terrorism, global security

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problems of implementing legislation, which is aimed to guarantee security of general education of children in the NCFD. The author offers ideas on activities in case of threat of terrorist act, provides examples from investigative and judicial practice. Then he comes to a conclusion that in NCFD due to high terrorist activity there is need for additional and special programs of protection of education of children (higher anti-terrorist protection of education institutions) based on new studies.

Keywords: jurisprudence, security, education, children, legislation, terrorism, schools, terrorist act, threat, special program.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2016.1.15021

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the author’s methodology of analysis of the regional food safety its approbation on the example of the Southern Federal Okrug. The goal of this research consists in the development of a comprehensive universal methodology in analyzing the regional food safety. In achieving the set task, the following measures were required: to develop a system of indexes in assessing food safety on the regional level; to determine the criteria of evaluation of food safety; to synthesize the analytical model with the evaluation of food safety in the region. The recommended indexes and criteria of assessment of the regional food safety correlate with the parameters determined by the Russian Federation Food Security Doctrine, including the requirements of the World Trade Organization. The proposed methodology is approbated on the data of the major regions in the Southern Federal Okrug, which allowed a comparison on the level of ensuring food security in the regions from the time and space perspective. A model has been developed based on the universal methodology of evaluation of the food security on the regional economic level, the distinctive features of which consist in its comprehensiveness and universality.

Keywords: agricultural policy, food security, assessment methodology, indicators and benchmarks, self-sufficiency in food in the region, economic access to food, physical availability of food, the region's economy, agrarian sphere, WTO, agrarian policy, food security, method of estimation, indicators and criteria, food self-sufficiency in the region, economic access to food, accessibility of food products, the region's economy, agrarian sphere, WTO

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2016.1.67534

Keywords: agricultural policy, food security, assessment methodology, indicators and benchmarks, self-sufficiency in food in the region, economic access to food, physical availability of food, agrarian sphere, WTO, agrarian policy, food security, method of estimation, indicators and criteria, food self-sufficiency in the region, economic access to food, accessibility of food products, agrarian sphere, WTO

Abstract: The author of this article analyzes the development of military defence complex of the USSR and offers some ways for the optimization in order to find solutions to the problems of the Russian defence industry though the prism of greater prosecutor control over the implementation of law at important objects of this industry in Russia. In particular, the author offers to restore the vertical structure of prosecution with the special department at the Prosecutor-General’s Office.

Keywords: jurisprudence, industry, national security, sovereignty, arms, supervision, state defence order, prosecution, state reserve.

Abstract: Ukraine is the 4th priority destination of energy policy of the EU after Russia, Norway, Algiers and Turkey. Its geo-strategic position between the EU and the Russian Federation, which is the key supplier of the energy to the EU member states, requires the energy policy of the EU towards Ukraine, which in turn is aimed to lower the infl uence of Russia on Ukraine in the sphere of energy and involvement of the energy sector of the Ukrainian economics in the inner energy market of the EU.

Keywords: jurisprudence, security, the EU, Ukraine, law, policy, inner, energy, market.

Abstract: An analysis of data of sociological research on problems of reproduction of social risks in form of nationalism, extremism and xenophobia is presented in this article. The conclusion that extremist practices are present in all spheres of social life and have universal non-specific character was made by the authors based on data from the six regions of Russian Federation. It is revealed that the content of such indexes as attitudes towards representatives of other nations, fear to be a victim of national hostility and sense of national hostility have specifi c features in different regions.

Keywords: extremism, nationalism, xenophobia, security, national security, interethnic relations, tolerance, intolerance, interethnic conflict

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.6.9679

Abstract: The analysis of the characteristic features of normative and legal regulation of the permissive system and of the specific features of the prosecution in comparison with other government bodies allow the author to come to a conclusion on the necessity of prosecutorial supervision in the guarantees of national security. This article includes the study of this complex direction of prosecutorial supervision over the implementation of laws within the economic security sphere. Based on the analysis of theoretical categories as well as practice of implementation of laws and the data on lawfulness, the author studies the specific features of prosecutorial supervision and its most topical areas.

Keywords: jurisprudence, security, prosecution, supervision, control, economics, entrepreneurial, lawfulness, powers, reaction.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.6.63874

Abstract: The article concerns the typology of the Russian regions based on the crime level in the sphere of unlawful turnover of narcotics with the use of classification method. In order to classify the regions based on this marker the authors for the first time used the statistical method, which is based upon the standard deviation of the marker based on 3 Sigma rule (3σ). In particular, all of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation were divided into five typological groups based upon the deviation in the group of crimes regarding unlawful turnover of narcotic substances from the medium level in Russia with the standard deviation shares. The authors provided comparative criminological characteristics of these groups based upon some level markers of this type of crime. Based upon the study of correlation between the level of crimes in the sphere of unlawful turnover of narcotic substances and other criminological markers, the authors revealed certain correlation dependencies. Taking into account the specific regional differences of the crimes in the sphere of unlawful turnover of narcotic substances, the law-enforcement bodies may efficiently use their resources and methods against this type of crimes. The article will be useful for scholars and legal practitioners, students and postgraduate students, as well as to all those interested in the sphere of fighting narcotic crime, and those caring for the future of Russia.

Keywords: jur ispr udence, constit utional justice, justice, national security, constitutional provisions, security doctrine, final decision, legal position, doctrine, justice.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.1.62344

Abstract: After the break-up of the Soviet Union there are tendencies for strengthening of the national – territorial formation, domination of the axifugal forces over the axipetal ones, which in turn leads to weakening of the federal center. The general dynamics of the relations between the center and the regions in the modern Russia are to a great extent determined by the specific features of these relations in the former Soviet Union. The federal form of territorial and state form was present in the USSR, however, in practice with its strict centralization of the state system, the federal relations were purely formal. The regional policy of the Soviet period was determined by a number of factors, such as the presence of national – territorial autonomies, complicated administrative and territorial division, strict hierarchy between the central and regional governments. Considering the cyclical nature of the federal relations and the current change of processes of centralization and decentralization, the evolution of the current model of Russian federalism may be divided into several stages, in which one could see the dynamics of centralization and decentralization of power.

Keywords: federalism, politics, model, federal relations, regions, federal center, evolution, security, asymmetric federation, federal structure, sovereignty, administrative and territorial division.

Abstract: The modern social and political situation in the Republic of Dagestan represents a sharp contrast between the superfi cial stabilization of the situation in the region and the great social, economic, inter-ethnical, historical and political contradictions, as well as with the fi ght for power, infl uence and economic resources among the clans. The inner fi ght takes place outside the scope of public policy, while a number of confl ict factors remain in the background, and these factors need all-inclusive political analysis. The theoretical analysis of peculiarity of state construction is very topical due to the presence of the sources for the possible claims of the ethnical groups towards each other, or towards the state, the non-compromising forms of confl ict among its participants, and inner contradictions in the social movements, which used to enshrine unity and stability.

Keywords: political science, Dagestan, republic, power, Constitution, reform, state, President, body, functioning.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2017.1.19337

Abstract: The object of this research is the natural carcass as the concept of carcass approach in exploration of the regional geospace within the socio-economic geography. The subject of this research is the suggested by the author compensatory block of natural carcass as an integral element of this carcass. The prehistory and reasons of organization of natural carcasses are being reviewed. The author also conducts an analysis of the system of conceptual-terminological apparatus of the carcass approach in geography and place of the natural carcass concept within it. Special attention is given to the regional aspect of formation of the compensatory block of natural carcass. The author’s special contribution into the research of this topic consists in determination of an integral element of the natural carcass – the compensatory block, which must be an obligatory element in the process of comprehensive analysis of prerequisites for the sustainable development of a region. The need of highlighting the compensatory block of the natural carcass is associated with filling the gap in covered in the literature functions of separate components of the natural carcass.

Keywords: Landscape, Dokuchaev’s plan, Extreme natural conditions, Carcass approach, Geospace, Geosystem, Sustainable development of the regions, Sustainable development, Regions, Natural carcass

Abstract: The article is devoted to the criminological analysis of the relation among the phenomena of corruption and separatism in the Northern Caucasian Federal District. The analysis is provided via establishment of the contents of events and similarities of their expressions in the region. The calculation of the parameters of relation is a prerequisite to the establishment of effi cient measures for fi ghting corruption and separatism as immanent events in the subjects of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: jurisprudence, cause and effects, crime, corruption, separatism, mutual determination, counteraction, cause, anti-corruption policy, anti-separatism policy.

Abstract: The article includes the review of the technologies of political manipulation in the mass media during the campaign on election of deputies of the State Duma of the 4 term. Then the author draws conclusions on the specifi c features of political manipulation in the Internet in the modern Russia.

Keywords: political science, national security, manipulation, policy, mass media, elections, election campaigns, civil society, power, government.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2015.2.12651

Abstract: In this article the author turns to one of the relevant issues affecting the defense and security of Russia – adherence to the laws in the area of military-industrial complex of Russia and state defense order. The author pays attention to the significant improvement in the coordination and collaboration in this regard, and makes a number of specific proposals on optimization of prosecutor’s supervision in the area of the military-industrial complex that are not widely known, but represent a high level of interest due to the escalation of the international situation in Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Ukraine, system of sanctions against Russia, and an attempt of the Western countries and the United States to diminish the military and defense potential of the Russian Federation. The escalation of the global situation of foreign policies, new sanctions against Russia, the current situation on the Russia-Ukraine border, and increase in Russia’s spending on military-industrial complex raise the need for improving the oversight on the adherence to the laws in the area of military-industrial complex of the Russian Federation by not only creating new departments, but also improving the coordination and collaboration between all oversight and monitoring branches in order to strengthen the defense capabilities of Russia, and therefore, ensure its national security.

Keywords: military-industrial complex, investigation, defense, collegium, optimization, coordination, collaboration, supervision, prosecutor' office, security

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2015.2.66404

Keywords: military-industrial complex, investigation, defense, collegium, optimization, coordination, collaboration, supervision, security

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.2.10981

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.2.64067

Abstract: The article is devoted to the studies of the topical issues of securitization of the migration streams in Russia at the current stage of development. Currently the securitization of migration discourse reached its maximum, and there is need to lower the level of possible national security threats and improvement of the human capital quality. In last two years cardinal measures were taken in order to de-securitize migration, however, they are not sufficient in the opinion of the author. At the same time it proves the fact that the migration policy in Russia is undergoing a significant transformation. Methodology of studies is based upon the approach to securitization of migration, which is implemented by the scientists from the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute. In order to substantiate the results the author used the methods of typology, comparison and expert evaluation. The author defined three measures, which should lead to de-securitization of migration. The results received shall facilitate the optimization of migration policy, improvement of the quality of the human capital and desecuritization of migration both in the short-term and the long-term and middle-range periods. The experience of the leading Organization for Economic Cooperation states is extremely important and its use may serve as the basis for the development of recommendations for the migration regulation bodies in Russia.

Keywords: securitization of migration, migration policy, qualified migration, human capital, trends, Organization for Economic Cooperation, innovative measures, desecuritization, lowering the level of threats, soft security.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.2.64069

Abstract: the division between the Sunnis and the Shias in the Muslim world exists for a long time, but in the contemporary history the contradictions between them have never risen to such a great level, as they did in the latest decades. The contradictions inside the confession come forth in the entire Middle Eastern region, rather than just in the domestic politics of certain states. The Russia, the Western and the Middle Eastern studies have always recognized the value of this matter. As it was noted by the Professor Raymond Hinnebusch, any analytical sources on the Middle East should include the understanding of the importance of ethnic and confessional identity. However, there are still disputes among the scientists on the number of issues. Firstly, there is a question on what the causes of escalation of contradictions inside the confession are. Secondly, there is a question whether such contradictions form a purely internal systemic factor existing from the time when the Sunnis and the Shias were first divided, or whether it is being instrumentalized by the political forces. Therefore, the object of this article includes different approaches of scientists and experts to the issues of contradictions between the Sunni and the Shias. The goal of this article is to divide the main publications in this sphere into certain directions. The main methods for achieving the goal were theoretical analysis of scientific literature and inductive analysis. Based upon the results of the studies, one may come to a conclusion that all of the hypotheses may be divided into three directions: constuctivism, neo-realism, and neoconservatism. The practical result of the publication includes use of its results in the studies of internal confessional conflicts in the Middle East and in the world in general.

Keywords: the contradictions between the Sunni and the Shias, conflict escalation, scientific approaches, constructivism, neo-realism, neo-conservatism, the Islamic world, constructivist paradigm, the Middle Eastern states, global politics.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.2.62615

Abstract: This article is devoted to the development of theoretical approaches towards improvement of management efficiency in the commercial bank, as well as to description of the existing strategies of bank development in the current situations. The authors provide the criteria for the efficiency of bank management, which are applied in some commercial banks of the Russian Federation. The author also establishes the factors, which influence the efficiency of bank management.

Keywords: economics, bank, management, strategy, efficiency, finances, client-oriented, management, credit, cost effectiveness.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2016.3.17207

Abstract: The subject of this research is the specificity of the ethno-national processes and the functioning of the ethno-national policy in the Russian boundary regions: Altai Krai, Orenburg Oblast, Zabaykalsky Krai, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast, Omsk Oblast, and Altai Republic. The object of this research is the evaluation of interethnic tensions in the context of regional aspects of national security. Special attention is given to the analysis of specificity of establishment of the intolerant attitudes towards the representatives of various ethnic groups residing in the regions, as well as to the description of the causes and factor which justify these attitudes. The authors present a model of social factors stimulating the interethnic tension in the general regional selection. Scientific novelty consists in determination of the regional data on social factors that provoke the increase of interethnic tension, as well as hinder the interethnic integration in boundary regions of the modern Russian society. The authors conclude that the socioeconomic factors and particularly of the domestic character, which affect the crisis of social development, namely the spread of corruption and bureaucracy, indirectly create e negative social background that forms the conditions for the increase of interethnic tension. Among the most weighty and statistically significant determinants became the presence and incidence of terrorist threat in the regions; hooligan actions based on interethnic conflicts; physical abuse; judgment of interethnic marriages; unfriendly expressions about the people of other faith. And the less significant are the prejudices that impede the establishment of friendly relations, as well as rivalry for leadership between the representatives of different nationalities.

Keywords: Ethno-national policy, Terrorism, Interethnic conflict, Intolerance, Tolerance, Interethnic tension, Interethnic relations, National security, Nationalism, Ethnic identity

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2016.3.67889

Keywords: Ethno-national policy, Terrorism, Interethnic conflict, Intolerance, Tolerance, Interethnic tension, Interethnic relations, National security, Nationalism, Ethnic identity

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.3.65063

Abstract: Ethnic-political conflicts remain among most topical issues in the international relations, and they have great impact upon the situation in the regions of our planet. It is no accident, that many programs and declarations of international organizations pay scrupulous attention to the sets of instruments and practices, which should allow the international community to prevent and resolve ethnic-political conflicts. The complicated character of development of such documents is due to the fact that it is practically impossible to consider the entire specter of the problems arising in the process of escalation of ethnic-political conflicts. There is also an objective difficulty with the development of the necessary measures for the prevention of various conflicts, since the main goal of international organizations is to prevent military conflicts as destructive manifestations of the human nature. This article provides comparative analysis of the programs of the UNO, the OSCE and the African Union for regulation, resolution and prevention of modern ethnic-political conflicts. And there is also a forecast for topical perspectives of successful implementation of these programs in the nearest future.

Keywords: international relations, foreign policy, national security, geopolitics, ethnic-political conflicts, diplomacy, state, interests, values, the UN.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.3.62819

Abstract: The article considers terrorism as a part of information-psychological threats of modern times. The author brings up the question about the role of communication media in social structuring of the terrorism phenomenon. Youth is viewed as the main target of manipulative and propagandistic influence aimed at forming their ‘extremist worldview’ and involving them into terrorist activity. In this regard, the author analyzes social and psychological peculiarities of such propaganda on the Internet aimed at forming loyal attitude towards extremism and terrorism as well as morally legitimizing violence. The author analyzes technologies of virtual virus marketing based on the phenomenon of psychological contamination and aimed at developing social fashion allowing certain behavior. In addition, the author also views some peculiarities of using technologies of convincing communication aimed at involving youth into terrorist activities. The author shows that it is necessary to improve information and psychological countermeasures to extremism and terrorism in particular social and historical environment.

Keywords: psychology, society, terrorism, youth, influence, information, communication, media-discourse, propaganda, countermeasure.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.3.62820

Abstract: Based on his research, the author of the article offers concrete suggestions on how to improve the fight against terrorism and terrorism financing as one of the directions in reinforcing national security of Russia (the research is based on the example of the Republic of Ingushetia).

Keywords: law studies, fight, detection, suggestion, security, crime, optimization, investigation, terrorism, financing.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.4.12838

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.4.65410

Abstract: The author attempts to discuss a scientific category of “Russian power”. Special attention is paid to understanding the nature of the “Russian power” from the standpoint of its initial concept and formation of the discourse on this problem in the Russian public and political thinking. This problem is currently topical, since the formation of the political course of the state takes place in a rather complicated situation. In order to take adequate political measures, it is always important to take into consideration both the modern situation and the past processes. Accordingly, it is necessary to know how certain government institutions were formed and what were the scientific attitudes towards this problem in various periods of time. In order to understand how a certain concept or problem is formed in the political science it is convenient to apply comparative analysis. Therefore, a scientific evaluation of the category “Russian power” is formed in the Russian political thought since the early XIX century till the early Soviet period. The modern history of Russia once again makes this matter topical, and in the early 1990s one may find a number of outstanding works of Russian scientists on this issue.

Keywords: Russian power, public and political thought of Russia, procedural qualities, political power, conservatives, radical ideas, liberal ideas, power-centrism, paternalism, legitimate state coercion.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.6.13807

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.6.65743

Abstract: The subject of this research are the fundamental key periods of emerging and establishing corruption in Russia during different stages of its historical development. Corruption in Russia always has been and will be one of the leading topics for the scientific analysis. Not belittling the value of already conducted scientific research, we will note that they are unable to fully expose the entire complex of the causality of corruption, and quite often contain debatable interpretations and conclusions, which definitely have impact upon the quality of applied measures in the fight against corruption. Systemic ans structural approaches served as a methodological base for this research. The scientific novelty consists in the author’s attempt of analyzing the main causes that contribute to the rise of misuse of their power by certain government officials throughout the process of development of the Russian Federation. New possible ways of fighting corruption are presented based on this analysis.

Keywords: corruption, bribery, history of corruption, causes of corruption, bureaucracy, criminality, corruption in Russia.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.6.13916

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.6.65744

Abstract: The author using the example of the Federative Republic of Germany analyzes methods and ways of fighting corruption that are developed and widely used by entrepreneurs and supported by the government. The signs and definition of corruption formulated as a result of research conducted by the Federal Crime Agency of Germany and the World Bank are being described. Statistical data is being presented on the experience of fighting corruption FRG as well as the evaluation of the current situation in this area of the fight against crime in specific countries by the international non-governmental organizations. The most subject to the influence of corruption industries (construction, purchase of equipment and supplies for police, army, and government authorities) are being characterized based on the information acquired by the German criminologists. The author examines the measures on preventing corruption in the workplace, the rights of the business owner and employees, as well as the ways of screening them for corruption. The principles and content of the German Corporate Governance Codex are being described.