DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.3.25770

Abstract: The subject of the research is interjections and onomatopoeic words as individual units of the Buryat language and their semantic characteristic. The rationale of this research is caused by the fact that this is a rather understudied issue in Buryat language researches even though interjections and onomatopoeic words are widely used by Buryat speakers. The purpose of this research is to define the place of interjections and onomatopoeic words in the system of the Buryat parts of speech, their classification and analysis of the way they perform as parts of speech. The main research method was the synchronous descriptive method that implied structural semantic analysis of speech constructs. The material for the research involved literary works, dictionaries, examples of verbal speech of Buryat speakers, and practical experience of the author in speaking the Buryat language. All examples are translated into Russian. The theoretical importance of the research is caused by the fact that the results of this research can be used to analyze the problems of the use of interjections and onomatopoeic words as well as pragmatically oriented researches in Mongolian languages. The results of the research can be also used when teaching the Buryat language at schools, universities, and writing school and university text books. 

Keywords: imperative interjections, emotional interjections, part of speech, grammar, Buryat language, onomatopoeic word, interjection, sounding, borrowing, lexical meaning

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.4.25773

Abstract: The subject of the research is the methods of expression of the subject and the predicate in the Buryat and Russian sentences. The rationale of the research is caused by the fact that this is a rather understudied issue in Buryat studies. The purpose of the research was to provide a brief description of the methods that are used to express the principal parts of the sentence in the Buryat and Russian languages. Based on the provisions of associated researches, the authors also carried out a comprative analysis of the means of expressing the principal parts of the sentence and functions they perform in the Buryat and Russian languages. The main research method used by the authors was the synchronous descriptive method that implied a structural semantic analysis of speech constructs. The material for the research involved examples from the Buryat literature, and local newspaper 'Buryaad unan'. All examples are translated into Russian. The theoretical importance of the research is caused by the fact that the results of the research can be used to analyze the problems of comparing structural components of simple sentences in the Buryat and Russian languages. The results of the research can be used in the process of teaching the Buryat language at a school or university or writing school and university text books. 

Keywords: subject, main members, word order, two-part sentence, features, comparison, Russian language, Buryat language, predicate, methods of expression

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.5.30552

Abstract: The article is devoted to structural grammatical models of Ukranian phraseological units with the heart component. Despite a great number of researches on phraseology, modelling of phraseological units is still an understudied issue while many researchers believe it to be a new and promising area of researches devoted to the phraseological corpus of the language. The aim of the research is to find phraseological units with the heart component in novels written by Ukranian writers and determine dominating types of their structural grammatical models. The methodological and theoretical frameworks include researches of L. Avskentiev, V. Arkhangelsky, A. Babkin, V. Vinogradov, V. Zhukov, B. Larin, V. Mokienko, V. Telia, and N. Shansky. The results of the analysis carried out by the author demonstrate that structural grammatical models of Ukranian phraseological units with the heart component have a very varied structure. Regardless of their structure, phraseological units correlate to certain parts of speech depending on their meaning and syntactical function. Phraseological models can be divided into two groups: 1) equal to word combinations (6 models); and 2) equal to sentences (2 models). The main conclusions of the research demonstrate a great variety of phraseological models and specifics and singularity of Ukranian phraseological units. The authors also underline that it is impossible to carry out modern analysis of phraseology without taking into account modelability of a language structure. 

Keywords: pretext, verb, adjective, noun, structural grammatical types, model, heart component, phraseological unit, sentence, Ukrainian language

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.6.31051

Abstract: The subject of this research is the structural classification of antonyms of the Russian and Buryat languages. The object of this research is the cognate antonyms in the Russian and Buryat languages. The study of structural classification of antonyms of the Russian and Buryat languages allows to deepen understanding on the antonyms of Buryat language. The article examines the question of formation of cognate antonyms on the example of adjectives and verbs in the Russian and Buryat languages. Particular attention is given to determination of specific features in the structural classification of antonyms in the Russian and Buryat languages. The comparative-typological method that includes the approaches of observation, analogy, description, analysis of the obtained information, classification and generalization, became the key method for this research. The scientific novelty consists the first ever structural classification of antonyms in the Russian and Buryat languages from the comparative perspective. The author reveals the common and peculiar moments with regards to structural classification of antonyms of the Russian and Buryat languages. It is established that cognate antonymy in the Russian language is presented more extensively than in the Buryat language.

Keywords: an adjective, derivational antonyms, cognat antonyms, Buryat language, structural classification, Opposites, verb, general, cpecific, comparative aspect

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.1.32069

Abstract: The subject of this research is the determination of common and different aspects in evolutionary transformations of the borrowed concepts in various linguocultures. The object of this research is the borrowed concepts of “reserve” in the Russian linguoculture and such in the French and English. The author examines the frequency characteristics of lexemes – representative concepts, semantic saturation, and structure of the concepts depending on the time and historical events in the Russian, French and English linguocultures. The ways of infiltration from the original language to recipient language are reviewed. Analysis is conducted by means of etymological, definitive, comparative and contrastive methods based on the material of national corpuses of indicated languages by appealing to dictionaries data. It is demonstrated that in the XVIII-XIX centuries the concept of “reserve” was segmental in all three languages and had three segments: “military affair”, “financial-economic activity” and “personality traits”. However, the structure of the concept of “reserve” in the Russian language has undergone transformations: the “personality traits” segment was eliminated, while in the French and English languages the conceptual attributes of personality traits” segment of the concept of “reserve” relevant back in the XVIII century, have survived to this day. The author explores the possible reasons of elimination of the segment of “personality traits” in the Russian language.

Keywords: comparative analysis, etymological analysis, definitional analysis, conceptual sig, seme, lexical unit, segmental concept, borrowed concept, contrastive analysis, national language corpus

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.6.33052

Abstract: The object of this research is the concept of “rude person” and its expression in Bashkir language. The subject of this research is the lexical and phraseological units, representing the concept of a “rude person” in Bashkir language and its jargons. Based on the materials of definition, multilingual and dialectological dictionaries, as well as the “Electronic database of Bashkir language” the authors identify a layer of words and expressions denoting a rude person. This article presents the research on the motives for nominations of words in this topic, which allows understanding the peculiarities of the perception of human character in the language picture of the world by its native speaker based on verbal characteristics. The novelty of this research consists in the fact that for the first time in Bashkir linguistics this group of words is highlighted as a separate layer. The main conclusions of the conducted research include discovery of 45 words and expressions denoting the concept of “rude person”. The image of such person is created through lexical units of secondary nomination.

Keywords: rudeness, rude person, Bashkir dialect, dialecticism, naming motive, Bashkir language, Turkic languages, nomination, speech, representation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.8.33525

Abstract: The subject of this research is the category of theme – one of the leading text categories that reflects the subject matter of speech and extra-textual reality. Analysis of the category of theme in the essay genre is a relevant trend in modern linguistics. The essays by V. M. Peskov, whose works are considered exemplary and representative for the scientific research in the field of humanities, serve as the materials for this article. Among the essays of the Soviet period, the essays of V. M. Peskov rightfully hold a special place and retain its relevance. The research methodology contains categorical-textual analysis based on the category of communicativeness. The novelty consists in application of the categorical-textual method towards analyzing the genre of essay, which implies a combination of uniform by means of explication textual categories, and with a high degree of objectivity, allows to determine the characterological features of the genre and functional style. The means of explication of the category of theme in the genre of essay have the following peculiarities: incorporation of several functions in a single nomination (primary, basic, principal); application of diverse additional nominations (referentially identical nominations, synonyms, taxonomic nominations, substitutions, grammatical transformations, zero nominations). The analysis of a wide range of additional nominations demonstrates that the essays by V. M. Peskov with a high degree of confidence can be attributed to the field of publicistic, fiction and colloquial styles; or in other words, the genre is at the intersection of several functional styles.

Keywords: Peskov, theme category, text categories, essay, genre, conversational style, artistic style, journalistic style, functional style, nomination

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.10.33978

Abstract: Special place in the language of literary text is appointed to the category of evaluation, as it is associated with the manifestation of subjective beginning in the language that addresses the cognition of objective reality and represents one of the complicated and controversial sections, which attracts attention of the linguists, philosophers, psychologists, etc. In the center of this research is the examination of evaluative lexicon in the novel “Raskovnik” by I. K. Kalashnikov”. Since the novel is dedicated to the life of Old Believers dwelling in Buryatia, the language of the text is unique and features multiple dialectisms, as well as emotionally evaluative words. The goal of this research lies in determination and analysis of the peculiarities of explication of evaluative lexicon in the novel. The methodological framework contains the studies of N. D. Arutyunova, E. M. Volf, T. V. Markelova and other scholars, which reflect the theoretical principles of the category of evaluation. The scientific novelty consists systematization of evaluative lexicon based on the material of the novel “Raskovnik” by I. K. Kalashnikov. As a result of this research, the author revealed the most significant areas of evaluation in this novel, among which are a person, his appearance, character traits, worldview, stance on life, and existence overall. The analysis of evaluative lexicon allows to better understand the meaning of the novel, gives a fuller perspective on its the characters, and reveals the peculiarities of the writer’s individual style.

Keywords: emotional assessments, partial estimates, idiostyle, emotionality, evaluativeness, Razryv-trava, Kalashnikov, rating category, ethical evaluations, normative assessments

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2021.7.35939

Abstract: Creating field-specific dictionaries, the scholars face multiple challenges, such as delimitation of terminology and inclusion of prepositional phrases into dictionary. This article demonstrates the possibility of using cognitive analysis of the semantics of a term to develop a toolset for creating terminological dictionary. The author provides an overview of the conceptual and thematic analyses of terminology of photonic crystals, which underlie the three methods of systematization of terminological lexis in the dictionary; carries out the analysis of original settings of special dictionaries with cognate field; as well as determines the problems that were taken into account in development of the methods of systematization of terminological lexis in the dictionary. The following systematization of terms was conducted: by donor sciences, by stages of research, and by thematic groups. Each of the described methods or all of them together denote the boundaries of terminological system, determine the place of the term in this terminological system, systematize knowledge on the subject, and contribute to learning new terms. Moreover, such approach towards creating special dictionaries adapts the dictionaries to the needs of researchers, discover the previously unexplored phenomena, and facilitate adding new terms into the dictionary. The relevance of this research lies in development of comprehensive approach towards creation of field-specific dictionaries.

Keywords: term, term theory, terminological dictionary, terminography, terminological system, semantic analysis, cognitive analysis, terminological science, English, Russian

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2023.2.39775

EDN: HGRWIL

Abstract: The author discusses the concept of language contacts and their role in the development of national variants of the Spanish language of Latin America. The author pays attention to such aspects as the concept of variability as a key aspect of the functioning of the Spanish language, the classification of language contacts depending on their duration, intensity and degree of influence of languages on each other. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the interference influence of African languages on the formation of the Cuban national variant of Spanish as a representative of the Caribbean dialect-variant group. Africanisms make up a significant layer of lexical units that distinguish the Cuban national variant, forming several lexico-semantic groups directly related to the national culture. The main conclusions of the study may be confirmation of the role of the influence of African languages on the formation of the Cuban national version of Spanish and the importance of language contacts with African languages in the process of forming the Cuban national version. The author draws attention to the frequency of Afrocubanisms, the multiplicity of considering them as markers of dialect division of the considered national variant of the Spanish language. The novelty of the research lies in the analysis of the nature of the interaction of lexemes within the framework of culturally specific groups, the peculiarities of non-equivalent vocabulary as a component of culturally specific phraseological units and the role of the African component in the formation of the national-cultural linguistic specificity of the Spanish language of Cuba and the self-consciousness of the Cuban people.

Keywords: African languages, borrowings, Caribbean Spanish, language contacts, variability, dialect, national variant, anthroponyms, precedent vocabulary, phraseology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2023.6.40833

EDN: DOQCZM

Abstract: Non-commercial environmental advertisements is a topical social phenomenon in many countries around the world. Studying its multidimensional aspects is the subject of several disciplines in human sciences. The linguistic analysis of non-commercial advertisements is aimed primarily at studying the verbal component of a polycode (print advertising) or polymodal (video clips) text. The connection of verbal and nonverbal components (images of various types) and codes, such as color and kinesics, is subject to the intention of the creator of the advertisement. One of the approaches of researching these ads is the comparative analysis of the tools used in polycode texts in two or more languages. The purpose of our comparative analysis is the study of polycode text in printed environmental advertisements in Arabic and Kazakh. The hypothesis of the study suggests that there are two kinds of characteristics to this form of advertising: the universal characteristics resulting from the effect of globalization on covering the traditional subjects in environmental advertising, as well as the cultural characteristics of non-commercial advertisements in Arabic and Kazakh. The study showed that the advertising strategy is based on constantly raising the viewer’s awareness about the environmental issues and projects by including culturally specific elements (moral guidelines, ethnic symbols, precedents of national and civilizational levels, colloquial and topographic vocabulary). Universal elements of non-commercial environmental advertisements have become the use of colored fonts, imperatives, paragraph-based means, poster designs.

Keywords: cultural-specific features, precedent, non-verbal component, verbal component, ecology, Arabic, comparative analysis, Kazakh, non-commercial advertisements, polycode

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.1.32122

Abstract: This article is dedicated to structural-semantic analysis of the emotional concept of “fear”. Emotional concept is a complex structural cognitive-mental formation that reflects mental experiences of a person; usually verbalizes, cultural and ethnically substantiated. Fear is a negative basic emotion initiating unpleasant feelings that emerge assessing the situation dangerous or harmful, or in mobilization of all resources for confronting the threatening circumstances. The goal of this work consists in identification of structural-semantic peculiarities of the emotional concept of fear in the text of a military novel by the means of analysis of its semantic, imagery and value components. The military novel “Cursed and Killed” by the Siberian writer V. B. Astafyev served as the foundation for this study. Research results consist in determination of the individual-authorial attributes of semantic component of the concept of “fear; analysis of the original conceptual metaphors and metonymies comprising the content of imagery component of the concept of “fear”; description of most typical associative-imagery metaphors and active metonymic models; revelation of the content of value component. Special attention is given to linguocognitive interpretation of the emotional concept of “fear” as a mental multidimensional formation serving as the means for perception of war.

Keywords: conceptual metonymy, conceptual metaphor, value component, figurative component, conceptual component, concept structure, emotional concept fear, individually-authored concept sphere, war novel, cognitive interpretation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.9.33665

Abstract: This article provides comparative characteristics of case systems of Arabic and Russian languages. The subject of this research is the case systems of Arabic and Russian languages. The goal consists in comparing case systems of the two languages. Definition is given to the grammatical category of case applicable to nouns. Analysis is conducted on the peculiarities of formation of various cases in Arabic and Russian languages due to the different case systems. The scientific novelty lies in determination of similarities and differences of the case systems of Arabic and Russian languages, ignorance of which can result in the improper usage of grammatical constructs. The presented materials are valuable in studying these languages, as well as translating the texts. The author concluded on the significant differences in the case systems of Arabic and Russian languages, substantiated by the conditions of formation and development of these languages, as well as by the fact that Russian and Arabic are non-cognate languages.

Keywords: formal feature, ending, inflection, Arabic, Russian, case system, lexical unit, noun, grammatical category, gender

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.12.34335

Abstract: The goal of this article lies in determination of instances of application of epithets in learning a foreign language. The object of this research is teaching students a second foreign language, while the subject is the stylistic devices of epithets of literary texts. The author provides an overview of scientific literature on the topic, and outlines the fundamental scientific concepts of modern researchers. Analysis is conducted on the peculiarities and typological characteristics of epithets in the English and Russian languages. The author offers practical exercises for teaching foreign language based on literary texts containing epithets. The scientific novelty consist in revelation of the factors of application of epithets of literary texts that play an important role in learning a second language. Usage of epithets in teaching foreign language gives more profound understanding of culture and specifics of another language, which promotes better acquisition of the language. Special attention is given to the specifics of translation of various epithets from English to Russian and from Russian to English. The conclusion is made that usage of the stylistic features of epithets significantly affects the formation of linguocultural competences of the students learning a second foreign language.

Keywords: students of Humanities universities, teaching foreign languages, criteria for determining an epithet, author's epithets, the types of adjectives, types of epithets, literary text, linguistic unit, creative perception, emotional perception

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.12.39507

EDN: SPOGIJ

Abstract: The article considers the concept from a cognitive-synergetic standpoint. The concept is an open, dissipative, non-linear, fractal structure, the development of which is based on the law of spiral fractality and self-similarity. The concept evolves according to the recursive principle, goes in a circle, returning to the starting point on a new round of evolution. The origin of the concept is based on both external necessity and internal need. By the formation of a concept we mean its transition from the mental area, to the language area, and then to the speech area. The concept arises in consciousness in the form of a virtual image as a result of perceptual perception of reality, and is updated, stored in the language and embodied in speech. The concept strives for perfection, but never reaches it, reaching its peak, it starts the process of evolution again in new conditions.

Keywords: self-organization, energy, actualization, speech domain, language domain, mental domain, evolution, Concept, fractal, attractor

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2021.9.36423

Abstract: Based on the materials of the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria, this article examines the previously unstudied group of adverbs – the adverbs of place. The methods of continuous sampling and descriptive-analytical analysis revealed 56 adverbs of place in the second edition of the “Dictionary of Russian Dialects of Outer Manchuria”. Despite the fact that adverbs in the Russian literary language are have been thoroughly studied from the perspective of their semantics, motivation, and compatibility with other parts of speech, the Russian dialectology does not provide due description of the adverbial lexis. Compared to other parts of speech, the category of adverbs is less scientifically developed in the research dedicated to the dialects of late formation. This article presents the experience of describing the semantic characteristics of the adverbs of place typical solely for the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria, detected via comparison with the linguistic units from the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”, “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language”, and “Dictionary of the Russian Language”. An attempt is made to classify the adverbs of place by the types of spatial relations, principles of spatial localization, as well as motivation of the parts of speech. The acquired results demonstrate that in the Russian dialects of Outer Manchuria, the adverbs of place differ not only in lexical composition, but also in semantics of the meanings from their analogues in other Russian folk dialects. They also feature the prevalence of units that characterize horizontal spatial localization.

Keywords: semantic content, localization, dialectic utterance, space, dialect adverbs of place, Russian dialects of the Amur region, dialects, semantic classification, types of motivation, proper-lexical dialecticisms

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.3.37662

Abstract: The purpose of the research in the article is to reconstruct the ideas about static space, represented in the lyrics of the songs of the leader of the rock group "Cinema" V. R. Tsoi. The object of the study was the linguistic means of verbalization of the main spatial fragments of the worldview in the works of V. Tsoi. The methods used in the study are methods of linguistic and cultural analysis, including conceptual, component analysis of the semantics of lexical units. The methodological basis of the study was the scientific developments of domestic schools of logical and conceptual analysis of language. The relevance of the research is determined by the use of modern approaches of linguistic and cultural (conceptual) analysis in identifying the features of individual author's consciousness. The scientific novelty of the research is due to the fact that the concepts of space as a static phenomenon considered in the article are based on the material of V. V.'s songs. Tsoi are insufficiently studied in the scientific literature in the linguoculturological aspect. In the course of the study, the following conclusions were made: V. Tsoi's ideas about static space are concentric: kitchen – house – city – earth – space; these spaces are closed, closed, at the same time inextricably linked by the unity of the center and permeable. The opposition of "friend and foe" and the idea of loneliness permeate the ideas of static space in V. Tsoi's linguistic picture of the world. The results of the research can be used in the practice of teaching disciplines related to the problems of linguistic and cultural (conceptual) analysis.

Keywords: semantics, rock poetry, Victor Tsoi, opposition, individual author's consciousness, language picture of the world, spatial representations, static space, conceptual analysis, linguoculturology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.1.25190

Abstract: This article is devoted to the concepts of psycholinguistics, neurolinguistic programming, speech influence on the audience and implementatino of psycholinguistic and NLP methods and strategies in political debates. The authors of the article describe a range of extralinguistic means that can at the intersection of psycholinguistics and neurolinguistic programming and aimed at affecting the audience and making a certain communicative effect. The authors have carried out a psycholinguistic analysis of texts as well as created a psychological portrait of a speaker using the results of language unit analysis. In particular, the authors present the results of the psycholinguistic and NLP analysis of Marine Le Pen's remark said by her durign the French president election campaign in 2017. The results of the authors' analysis of that part of political TV debates allow to conclude that a great variety of not only linguistic but also extralinguistic means are used to make a certain communicative effect on the electorate during election campaign and these are the means that are used in psycholinguistics and neurolinguistic programming. 

Keywords: impact on the audience, communicative effect, NLP methods, speech influence, debate, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistic programming, extralinguistic means, pre-election speeches, means of manipulating

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.2.26057

Abstract: This article is devoted to the research of word-building paradigmatic in computer and games discourse. Korolev analyzes pragmatic based on the analysis of term elements and term fields of the glossaries of three social games projects. The author focuses on definition of features attributable to the concept of 'term' and analyzes the main features of the term and why elements under research may act as terms. The author pays special attention to syntactical, lexical and semantic patterns of term building. The author analyzes frequency of using these or those means of terminologisation. The research involved glossaries of three social games projects with the audience over 250 million players. Terminological units (500 word forms) were selected by the continuous sampling method. In his research Korolev tries to prove that word forms of this discourse have specific features and properties of term elements constituting an individual term system within their semantic fields. Nationalwide words tend to be terminologised within this or that term system while terms themselves are created through syntactical, lexical or semantical patterns. The most frequently used syntactical pattern of term building is the creation of word combinations. Lexical pattern of term building creates terms using loanwords or calquing from other languages. Semantic pattern implies review of existing Russian words on English cognitive basis.

Keywords: Process of terminologisation, Term classification, Discourse analysis, Computer and games discourse, Term-building, Paradigm, Linguistic classification, Word-building, Term system, Term element

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.1.37266

Abstract: This research is conducted within the framework of linguistic source studies, the theoretical basis of which was formed as part of the Sector of Linguistic Source Studies and Research of the Monuments of the Russian Language of V. V. Vinogradov Institute of the Russian Language. The object of this article is the genres of customs record management, which are rarely involved in historical and linguistic research. The subject of this article is the expense books of Yeniseian Siberia stored in the Russian State Archive of Ancient Documents. Its brief overview is intended to draw attention of the scholars to high linguistic capacity of these manuscripts. The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by the need to solve one of the key tasks of linguistic source studies – introduction of new sources with high linguistic capacity into the scientific discourse. The application of paleographic, historiographical, formulary analysis, and historical-lexicological analysis establish the affiliation of these manuscripts to the local scribes; determine their structure and form of texts of the expense books; reveal most common lexical-semantic groups and individual lexemes that were not recorded in other customs materials. The specificity of expense books allow using them as a reliable onomastic source that reflects not only the all-Russian, but also local processes of formation of the Russian anthroponymycon. The introduction of the regional expense books with high linguistic capacity into the scientific discourse broadens the representation on the Old Russian language, provides reliable information on the lexis and onomastic system on the periphery of the Moscow State.

Keywords: Yenisei Siberia, handwritten monuments, linguistic informativeness, linguistic content, text structure, expense books, genres of customs records management, linguistic source studies, historical lexicology, historical anthroponymy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.5.30955

Abstract: The subject of the study is the concept of opposites in the Buryat language in a cognitive aspect. The object of the study is the antonymic correlates of the Buryat language. The study of the phenomenon of the opposite in the cognitive aspect makes it possible to determine the specifics of understanding the antonymic correlation and establish its criteria. The article discusses in detail the opposition in the language, the opposition in the Buryat language in terms of cognition, the function of the antonyms in the language. Particular attention is paid to the identification of specific features in the classification of antonyms in the Buryat language by the nature of the opposite.The main method of work is a descriptive method, including methods of observation, comparison and analogy, analysis of the data, classifications and generalization. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that for the first time antonymic correlates and their functions are considered in the Buryat language from the cognitive point of view. An attempt of semantic systematization of antonyms in the Buryat language is made and specific moments in the classification of antonyms are revealed. It is found that the classification of antonyms in the Buryat language can be carried out on the subject, parts of speech, on the principle of opposites.

Keywords: principle of opposites, antonyms, graduality, antonyms functions, semantic classification, cognition, Buryat language, correlates, Opposites, parts of speech

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2021.11.36808

Abstract: The subject of this research is the functionality of conjunction “not only” with its various correlates. The author establishes its peculiarities that distinguish it from other graded conjunctions: meaning, relation to pretext, variety of correlates, and typical absence of correlate. The relevance of the selected topic is substantiated by its inclusion in the study of linguistics of the text, and namely linguistic units that fulfill connecting function in the text. The goal lies in determination of peculiarities of the conjunction “not only” and its correlates. The article employs introspective-inductive and descriptive methods. The research presses need to continue studying the text, methods of achieving its cohesion, and expressive means in the context. The conclusion is made that the conjunction “not only” can be qualified as binary graded conjunction with certain peculiarities. Its uniqueness lies in specific manifestation of the gradation meaning; textual character (reference to pretext); instability of its composition; absence of correlate characteristic to this conjunction. Thus, “not only” performs the function of a conjunction and a text bond. The novelty of this research consists in describing the functionality of conjunction “not only” with its various correlates.

Keywords: characteristic, text connector, punctuation, evaluation value, gradation value, correlate, union, graduation, feature, pretext

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.1.28658

Abstract: The article is devoted to the typological analysis of proprial vocabulary used in such multi-structural languages as the French and Buryat languages. The aim of the research is to define universal and specific features of national anthroponymicons and their functional content that reflects specific national features and properties of the language system. Linguocultural aspect of studying proprial vocabulary satisfies the needs of contrastive linguistics and the need to adequately understand and transmit information through cross-cultural communication, translation of socio-political and fiction literature as well as growing demands of teaching foreign languages when the language is taught in close connection with the culture of the country. The research methods include comparative analysis that studies languages disregarding the country of their origin in oder to define similarities and differences in their structures and expressive means used to describe the same phenomena as well as methods of etimological and component analysis that illustrate both general nomination patterns and national cultural specifics of the language. The results of the typological analysis prove the thesis that appelative grounds in the majority of nations have universal nomination patterns. At the same time, proprial vocabulary of each language has its own specific national and cultural semantics that is an important component of national cultural associations. 

Keywords: French, anthropoformants, specific features, morphological structure, stratigraphy, universals, national and ethnic anthroponymy, crosscultural communication, typology, Buryat

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.4.27493

Abstract: The subject of the research is the structural and semantic features of the group of names of deviced used in aviation. The aim of the research is to perform a structural-semantic description of the aforesaid group of English terms using a set of parameters. The rationale of the research is caused by the tasks of the analysis and systematization from the point of view of their semantic features, word making models and systemic relations inside a group of terms that can be solved using the field representation of the thesaurus in a particular sphere of human activity. The authors offer and test parameters of the linguistic analysis of a thematic group of terms: nominative density, structural complexity of the group, structural complexity of the terms, semantic closeness of the terms, and peculiarities of their translation. The practical importance and novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors define parameters for studying a professional thesaurus that can be used for structural-semantic description of any other thematic group of terms. The results of the research can be used to create an academic ideographical dictionary as well as to teach translation of professional terms. 

Keywords: the structural complexity of the group, nominative density, linguistic analysis parameters, the thematic group, professional vocabulary, thesaurus, semantic fields, the structural complexity of terms, semantic closeness of terms, peculiarities of translation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.2.29267

Abstract: The subject of the research is the study of the particles as a category of immutable function words in modern Buryat and Bargut languages. The object of the study is a functioning of the particles as the main exponents of various semantic shades of words and sentences in Buryat and Bargut languages. The aim of this work is a comparative analysis of particles in the context of determining their content and structural-semantic characteristic on the material of Buryat and Bargut languages. The relevance of the work is due to the growing interest in questions of a deeper theoretical study of the usage of particles in kindred Mongolian languages, which include Buryat and Bargut languages. The study used a variety of methods: comparative, comparative-historical, methods of component analysis and observation. The scientific novelty of the study is due to the description and detection of particles of Buryat and Bargut languages in the comparative aspect, new information on the particles of the Bargut language is introduced into scientific circulation.The author pays special attention to the structural-semantic classification of particles in two languages taking for research. As a result of the analysis, the conclusion that particles serve for transferring various shades of meanings of strengthening the intonation of the statement, confidence, emotional excitement and the possibility of committing an action is made. 

Keywords: particles, lexical meaning, modality, desemantization, syntactic words, Bargut language, Mongolian studies, semantic shades, immutable words, full words

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.6.32943

Abstract: The subject of this research is the means of modeling cognate formations within word-formation nest with the top of “nomadity” in the Even language. The relevance of this research is justified by the need for systematization and comprehensive research of Even word formation. The goal of this article is to determine the semantics and word formation structure of derivative words of Even word-formation nest with designation “nomadity”, not previously examined in the works of Even language experts. The acquired results can be used in creation of word-forming dictionary of the Even language, and can be included into materials of special courses on lexicology and word formation. Based on the research of the word-formation nest with the meaning of “nomadity”, a discovery is made on the main features of the key concept, expressed using word-forming means. The authors also determine the semantics of these lexical units, and introduce new linguistic material on jargon and dialects of the Even language into the scientific parlance.

Keywords: verb forms, semantics, word formation, dialects, derivatives, derivative words, even language, substantives, formants, adverbialization

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.2.29341

Abstract: The article deals with history and condition of geographical terminology of Crimean Tatar language, the brief overview of Crimean Tatar scientific terminology development is given. The work also indicates the range of sources that can be useful in the study of this problem. This article aims to study and to describe the principal periods of Crimean Tatar scientific terminology development, geographical one in particular, also to determine the perspective of its development. The subject of the study is geographical terms and adjacent nomenclature. The methodological and theoretical basis of the research were works of G.H. Bukharova, Z.S. Kamaletdinova, G.K. Konkashpaeva, I. Kerimova, O.D. Rustemova, and others.  In this work were used a descriptive and historical-comparative method. To date, geographical terminology in the Crimean Tatar language has not been the subject of special linguistic studies. The importance of the study of this terminological system is emphasized by the need for historical analysis, review, and systematization of geographical terminology, as well as the need to streamline the processes of term formation for today and in the future. It is impossible to characterize the current state and identify the prospects for the development of geographical terminology in the Crimean Tatar language without assessing what contribution scientists have made in the past to the development of this problem and what significance their positions had for their time. This explains the need for the historical digression – the definition and study of the origins of geographical terminology, the main stages of development of the term system.

Keywords: terminological dictionary, geographical terminology, geographical term, metalanguage, nomenclature, terminological system, terminology, term, Turkic languages, Crimean Tatar language

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2021.5.35621

Abstract: This article examines the result of functional transposition of language units from nouns into introductory-modal words with the meaning of affective evaluation of the conveyed and emotive interjections. The object of this analysis is the substantive word forms such as “horror” / “nightmare”, which functionin in the syncretic context of modalation and interjectivation. The subject of this analysis is the combinatorics and proportion of differential features of nouns, introductory-modal words and interjections within the structure of syncretic formations. The relevance of this work is substantiated by the need for studying syncretic zones in the grammatical structure of language; determination of the peculiarities of interaction between the grammatical and the lexical within the semantic-grammatical structure of formations place at the intersection of several transpositional processes in the sphere of the parts of speech and inter-part-of-speech categories of predicatives and introductory-modal units. The novelty of this research consists in the use of quantitative characteristics in assessing the degrees of functional modalation and interjectivation of desubstantive word forms such as “horror”/ "nightmare". The article describes the experience of calculating the indexes of their transposition into position of isolated introductory-modal components of expression with the meaning of effective evaluation of situation. It is determined that syncretic formations “horror” / “nightmare” detect in syncretic contexts of modalation and interjectivation 5% correspondence of their differential features to the features of reference nouns, 64% correspondence to the features of nuclear introductory-modal words such as “of course”, and 56% correspondence to the features of nuclear emotive interjections such as “all is ruined!”.

Keywords: introductory modal word, substantive, interektivatsiya, modalation, transposition, grammar, Russian language, interjection, hybrid, indexing

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.6.33118

Abstract: This article examines the modern phraseological units in the aspect of pragmatics on the example of modern British fiction literature. Phraseology of English language being enriched with new lexical units of idiomatic character, which serve the pragmatics of expression according to narration of the text. The paper analyzes a number of modern phraseological units (phraseologisms, derivatives of phraseologisms, and authorial formulations), aimed at designation of personal or generally recognized status of heroes in the society. Authors of the analyzed literary works are the representatives of modern British linguistic community, with different life experience and views, whose work were displayed in various literary nominations and received positive assessment from the critics. All presented phraseological units are viewed in accordance to the context. The results demonstrate that the pragmatics of expression of modern phraseology is relevant not only within the framework of the described situation. Phraseological units, used for characterizing personal traits of the hero, convey his positive attitude or judgment of others, as well as cultivate formation of a certain image of the hero among audience. This research contributes to the development of principles and approaches towards studying phraseology of English language, its enrichment, and understanding of phraseology in a broader sense.

Keywords: lexicology, derivation, modern phraseological units, fiction, communicative task, speech act, pragmatic function, phraseology, idiomatics, author idiomatic units

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.4.30611

Abstract: The subject under research is the semantic analysis of Crimean Tatar somatic ideioms that describe the semantic field of interpersonal relations in terms of comparative linguistics. Phraseological nests, fields and groups unite somatic phraseological units that consist of interrelated elements of the phraseological subsystems of the language. The object of the research is somatic idioms, i.e. phraseological units that have somatisms in their structure, i.e. words that name parts of body of an animal or human. Human body is universal and allows humans to orient. Idioms used in the research were collected from dictionaries by the continuous sampling method. The methodological framework of the research includes works by A. Molotkova, N. Shansky, A. Emirov, R. Gaysin and other researchers. As a result of analysis of Crimean Tatar somatic phraseology related to the semantic field of interpersonal relations, the researcher discovered micro-fields of phraseological units that denote submission / dependence, severity, superiority, filiation, speech contact, etc. The research materials can be used for reading lectures, giving seminars and electives on lexicology and phraseology as well as creation ideographical and other types of dictionaries. 

Keywords: interpersonal relations, phraseological semantic field, phraseological nest, paradigm, somatic phraseology, the Crimean Tatar language, microfield, idiom, sememe, somatism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.11.34256

Abstract: The subject of this research is the category of tonality — one of the key text categories that reflects mentality of the author of the text. Essay, as a peculiar genre that functions at the intersection of publicistic and fiction styles, has its own typical range of tonality. Examination of the category of tonality in essays is a relevant  trend in the humanities. Well-known Soviet essays written by V. M. Peskov, which are considered exemplary, representative, and retain their relevance, served as the material for this work. The conducted analysis of V. M. Peskov’s essays reveals versatile means of explication of tonality and individual manner of the author. The novelty consists in observation that the texts of V. M. Peskov reflect the general tone of freedom and friendliness, the tone of conversation with the audience. His essays also reflect a clear authorial “Self”. Different essays mark different means of explication of tonality: in essays dedicated to nature, the author often applies metaphors, personifications, neutral words with positive connotations and words that express rational evaluation for imagery depiction of landscape with love for nature; in essays dedicated to people, the essayist often uses neutral lexicon with rational-evaluative or positive-evaluative connotations for creating image of the character; in essays dedicated to local culture, V. M. Peskov often applied emotionally expressive lexicon, words with suffixes of subjective evaluation, expressively syntactic constructs, special visual expressive means (personification, epithets, hyperbole, etc.) and colloquialism for admirable depiction of the local life and culture. Different techniques of explication of the category of tonality impose descriptiveness, attractiveness and influential power on the essay.

Keywords: tonality category, text categories, essay, genre, artistic style, journalistic style, functional style, evaluativeness, emotional tone, Peskov

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.4.27387

Abstract: The author of the article examines such aspects of the topic as the similarities and differences in using the 'iron' source domain as an element of a cognitive metaphor in the Russian and Chinese language pictures of the world. This research demonstrates the role of a metaphor for understanding the way used by a person to comprehend the reality. The analysis of a metaphor allows to find out what common features this or that language community shares in perceiving the universe and to discover experience that is reflected by the functions of a metaphoric mechanism. The researcher has applied the cognitive definition method to define and describe cognitive features of language materials as well as comparative method and linguistic observation method. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the researcher demonstrates and compares specific features of the Russian and Chinese language pictures of the world as these are reflected in the sphere of the reality that relates to iron. The main conclusion of the research is that different language pictures of the world have both similar and different perceptions of iron as the source domain of a cognitive metaphor. This reflects peculiarities of the mentality of each nation. 

Keywords: language picture of the world, comparison, cognitive metaphor, metaphorical projection, sign, source domain, iron, Russian language, Chinese language, metaphorization

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2021.5.35647

Abstract: This article is devoted to a detailed analysis of multicomponent terminological phrases in the veterinary terminological system of the modern German language. The object of the study is the German veterinary terminological system, the subject is multicomponent terminological phrases formed using the syntactic method of term formation. The paper analyzes two-, three- and more component terminological phrases in order to identify their structural, word-formation, semantic and functional features. The author examines terminological phrases in detail by the type of structural organization, by the type of internal syntactic connections, by the degree of fusion of components, by their activity within the phrases. The author reveals that substantive two-component terminological phrases with adjectives in the preposition have high productivity. Less common are uncomplicated two-component terminological phrases consisting of two nouns. The relevance of the undertaken research is due to the need to nominate new concepts, replenish and systematize the veterinary terminology of the modern German language as an integral part of the language of medicine, reflecting the professional activities of specialists in the field of veterinary medicine and related sciences aimed at preventing and treating animal diseases, protecting people from zooanthroponoses, the production of high-quality veterinary and sanitary food products, which together it has an important social significance related to the health of humanity as a whole. The analysis of linguistic features of terminological phrases in the German sublanguage of veterinary medicine undertaken by the author allowed us to conclude that the most productive model is two-component substantive terminological phrases with an adjective in the preposition as a definition. Multicomponent terminological phrases are an integral part of the term system under study and an effective means of nominating concepts in this field of science.

Keywords: two -component terminological phrase, structure, model, component, syntactic method of term formation, multicomponent terminological phrase, nomination, term, german veterinary term system, generic relations

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.10.37340

EDN: FSNZJR

Abstract: The subject of the study is a conceptual metaphor in the English-language media text. The current vocabulary associated with coronavirus infection is taken as an analysis. The cognitive paradigm of language research is based on the general methodological principle of cognitive linguistics: to draw conclusions about the structures of consciousness from the facts of language. The article examines certain images in relation to the description of COVID-19 in the modern English-language media text. Special attention is paid to the selection of ontological, orientation and structural metaphors, where the target sphere is SARS COV-2. Metaphorical expressions are analyzed, which are recognized as an important tool for the study of the conceptual sphere of a person. The main conclusions of the study are the fact that the COVID in the English text is considered as an ENTITY, an ANIMAL and the SEA. Highlighting the conceptual metaphors COVID-19 IS A SUBSTANCE, COVID-19 IS AN ANIMAL, COVID-19 IS A SEA, we came to the conclusion that the British consider coronavirus infection as something tangible, dangerous and endless.Different metaphors highlight different sides of the same phenomenon, and the speaker/writer always chooses between them, guided by current communicative goals. Each metaphor inevitably emphasizes, or highlights, some aspects of a particular concept, and obscures others.

Keywords: conceptual metaphor, English media text, sphere-target COVID, ontological metaphor, orientational metaphor, structural metaphor, The Economist magazine, sphere-source, covid as a substance, covid as an animal

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.1.28716

Abstract: The subject of this research is the lexical layer of modern Chinese. The object of this research is the so-called vasey-kango, Japanese lexical units borrowed at the beginning of the XXth century. The aim of this research is to discuss functions of Japanese vocabulary that underwent the reverse borrowing and was fixed in the lexical system of modern Chinese. The authors of the article analyze the process of linguistic borrowing as well as the role of this vocabulary for the development of Chinese society at certain periods of history. The research is based on the continuous sampling method, description and comparison. The authors also give examples of Japanese borrowings in the Chinese language with the translation to the Russian language and define peculiarities of functions of vasey-kango in the lexical system of the Chinese language. The results of this research can be used to study the vocabulary of modern Chinese and to teach it as well as to create study materials.  

Keywords: mastering, lexico-semantic, cross-language influence, lexical borrowing, vasey-kango, lexicology, Japanese, Meiji period, chinese, Qing Dynasty

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2023.7.40465

EDN: TUJKVM

Abstract: The article describes the analysis of the "spontaneous" dialogue of two Russian and foreign voice systems. The study is relevant because the possibilities of communication of the introduction spontaneously dialogue between Russian-speaking and foreign voice systems have not been studied by now. The objects of research have become two Russian-speaking systems – Alice by Yandex, voice assistant application by Sberbank; two English voice systems – Siri by Apple Ink and Google Assistant, including their Russian version. The choice is due to their popularity among native speakers of the Russian language, which was determined by the requests of these voice assistants on the Internet. The sampling period was from January 1, 2021 to December 20, 2022. Russian-speaking and English-speaking voice systems were selected by a continuous sampling method. The article draws conclusions, including about the communicative capabilities of Russian-speaking voice systems and foreign analogues with a built-in translation function into Russian. The scientific novelty is the analysis of "spontaneous" dialogic speech and the analysis of its compliance with the norms of the modern Russian language. At the end of the article there are results of the analysis of foreign phrases and expressions with a small number of variants are summarized to generate a response to the user based on materials from the corpus of the Russian language. Also, it is not uncommon to identify features of machine translation in foreign voice analogues, unlike Russian-speaking voice assistants.

Keywords: Russian language corpus, syntax, variability, speech recognition, machine translation, communicative function, voice assistant, voice helper, English-speaking voice system, Russian-speaking voice system

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.11.34252

Abstract: The subject of the research in this article is a comparative characteristic of the introductory expressions "not enough" and "not enough of this", used as a means of communication, mainly in the text – as text staples. The relevance of the research subject is determined by its involvement in the study of the linguistics of the text, in particular the linguistic units that perform binding functions in the text. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of the syntactic functions "not enough" and "not enough of this". In the course of the study, an introspective-inductive, descriptive and comparative method was used, which allowed us to deduce the features of the use of "not enough" and "not enough of this".    The research is conditioned by the need to continue studying the text, ways to achieve its coherence, integrity and means of expression in context. The main conclusions of the study are that both clips are used in the following cases: firstly, as a text clip at the beginning of a statement; secondly, in the function of a phrase clip; thirdly, as a means of communication within a sentence - complex and simple. The most typical for both staples is the text clip function. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time a description of the introductory units "not enough" and "not enough of this" was created in the syntactic aspect.

Keywords: introductory word, lexicographic data, complex sentence, a simple sentence, text, means of communication, paper clip-phrase, text clip, graduation, syntactic uses

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.10.38916

EDN: FYAHWI

Abstract: Prepositions in all languages represent a limitless field for research and comparisons. The function of prepositions is to express various relations of objective reality. The subject of the research of the presented article is a detailed description of the functioning of the component "beginning" in phraseological prepositions in Russian and the component "le début" in phraseological prepositions in French. Prepositions have been the subject of study by many linguists T.I. Antonova, N.I. Astafieva, O.S. Akhmanova, A.M. Babkin, M.V. Binkovskaya, R.V. Boldyrev, V.S. Bondarenko, N.I. Bukatevich, M.S. Bunina, M.V. Vsevolodova, L.N. Zasorina, G.A. Zolotova, E.G. Kulinich, Yu.I. Ledeneva, T.A. Panteleeva, R.P. Rogozhnikova, E.T. Cherkasova, G.A. Shiganova and others. The study is conducted in a comparative manner. The novelty of the research undertaken lies in the fact that phraseological prepositions with the component "beginning" in Russian and the component "le début" in French represent the beginning of an action or phenomenon, limitation, following and preceding in time. Empirical material shows that the productivity of the formation of phraseological prepositions with the meaning of temporality is quite high both in Russian and in French. Having analyzed the internal organization of phraseological prepositions with the studied component, we come to the conclusion that the Russian language has a greater variety of structural organization schemes than in French, with all its analyticity.

Keywords: precedence, following, french language, russian language, temporal preposition, phraseological preposition, preposition, beginning, component, limited

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2023.5.40773

EDN: CMLHEO

Abstract: This article is an analysis of the peculiarities of the linguistic embodiment of the concept of FORGIVENESS in the context of Russian and Avar linguistic cultures based on the material of religious texts and paremias. The analysis is based on a comprehensive methodological approach that includes linguistic and cultural methods of analysis. The linguistic embodiment of the concept manifests itself in a wide range of linguistic means - from words and expressions to proverbs and catch phrases. The specificity of the concept of FORGIVENESS is manifested in a parallel explication of both the reality of the religious picture of the world and the everyday one. The similarities in the representation of the conceptual signs of forgiveness in the compared languages are characteristic of the conceptual component of the concept, the differences are determined by the interpretative and meaningful spheres. The communicative situation of forgiveness is closely related to another situation of repentance, apology. The objects of the situation of forgiveness can be sin, harm, offense, debt. The concept of FORGIVENESS in both linguistic cultures has a purely positive connotation. And it is regarded as something without which life is impossible, meaningless. Forgiveness brings relief both to the one who receives forgiveness and to the one who gives forgiveness. The study showed that the concept of FORGIVENESS penetrates into all spheres of people's lives and makes them seriously think about their attitude to understanding the most important spiritual components of human life. The consideration of concrete examples of the linguistic use of these concepts in speech shows their versatility and high importance in the Russian and Avar linguistic cultures.

Keywords: comparative linguistics, religious text, proverbs, linguoculturology, Avar language, Russian, conceptual sphere, FORGIVENESS, concept, universals

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.1.37357

Abstract: The goal of this research lies in analysis of the numeral adjectives used in works of kyssa genre. The object of this article is the kyssa texts published in the late XIX – early XX centuries in the Tatar language. These texts emerged under the influence of Oriental literature, gained popularity among the Tatar people, and greatly contributed to formation of the norms of modern Tatar literary language. The quantitative numeral adjectives are used in kyssa genre for expressing temporal relations, uncertainty, number of objects, and age. Identical to modern Tatar language, divisional numeral adjectives are formed by the affixes -ar, -är and -äm. Approximate numeral adjectives are represented by paired words. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that morphological peculiarities of the texts of kyssa genre have not previously been the subject of special research in the Tatar linguistics. The acquired results indicate that the texts of kyssa genre contain a relatively large number of numeral adjectives, namely quantitative numeral adjectives in both nominative and cult meanings. Other categories of numeral adjectives are rather passive in the texts of this genre; their grammatical forms and meanings can be traced in modern Tatar literary language.

Keywords: digits of numerals, divisive numerals, ordinal numerals, kyssà genre, Tatar language, quantitative numerals, three, seven, first, uncertainty

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2023.4.40411

EDN: LVXKON

Abstract: This article is a study of the linguistic phenomenon of euphemization in political discourse. In the research, attention is paid to the main functions of euphemisms, in particular, the communicative function aimed at softening and neutralization of communicative discomfort, as well as the function of the public conscience manipulation. The study material is English-language socio-political newspapers. Applying continuous sampling method, euphemisms in the English-language political discourse were selected and analyzed in order to identify their functional and pragmatic potential and impact on the target audience. The survey results showed that the manipulative function of euphemisms plays a dominant role. Basically, euphemisms not only create a positive communicative atmosphere, but also have an implicit effect on the reader through veiling, disguising and distortion techniques. The present study is of theoretical and practical significance due to the certain contribution it makes to the study of the theory of manipulation of public consciousness by the political authorities. The analysis of the ways of implementing the tactics of emotional influence through euphemisms in political discourse allows us to develop a certain immunity to attempts of manipulation. Undoubtedly, further research in this area will contribute to a deeper understanding of the pragmalinguistic potential of euphemisms in political discourse.

Keywords: implicit effect, communicative atmosphere, English-language socio-political newspapers, communicative discomfort, linguistic phenomenon, political correctness, political discourse, communication, manipulation, euphemism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.4.27587

Abstract: The subject of the research is the lexical layer of modern Chinese. The object of the research is the verb-and-object complex 离合词 líhécí. The aim of the research is to cast light on the functions of the verbal and nominal elements of a Chinese verb-and-object complex that is marked with a fixed word order. The authors of the article analyze different interpretations of this controversial linguistic phenomenon of modern Chinese. The authors focus on the description of different variants of using verb-and-object complexes and provide examples in Chinese and their translation into the Russian language. The research is based on the method of continuous sampling of the linguistic materials from lexiographical sources and study books; and comparison. The authors describe the functions of 离合词 líhécí in a Chinese sentence. The verb-and-object complex of modern Chinese has a number of grammar peculiarities that differ it from commonly used verbs. The results of the research can be used to further study vocabulary of modern Chinese, to write study books and in teaching practice.  

Keywords: inversion, addition, predicate, subject, vocabulary, syntax, object, verb, grammar, chinese

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.4.30780

Abstract: The matter under research is lexical-grammatical categories of adjectives in the modern Crimean Tatar language. Asanova anayzes researches that offer different classification features that can be used to determine lexical-grammatical categories. She discovers that in modern Crimean Tatar qualitative and relative adjectives do not constitute independent grammatical categories. Morphological, syntactic and structural criteria are important for differentiation between relative and qualitative adjectives, however, these criteria only reflect the main semantic features of lexical-grammatical categories. The methodological framework of the research includes researches of V. Vinogradov, E. Wolf, A. Memetov and other scientists. In the course of writing her article the author has applied the method of description. She emphasizes that besides grammatical features, it is important to consider lexical-grammatical features in the course of differentiation between qualitative and relative adjectives. The author discovers that each adjective already has potential meaning of quality which is also a factor of transformation of relative adjectives into qualitative adjectives. 

Keywords: affix, simple adjectives, derivative adjectives, relative adjectives, qualitative adjectives, semantics, semantic features, adjective, Lexical-grammatical categories of adjectives, Crimean Tatar language

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2021.6.35909

Abstract: The subject of this research is the language of the republican newspaper “Daimohk”, the first and only newspaper in the world that is published solely in the Chechen language. Despite the status and age of the publisher (this year the newspaper celebrated the 98th anniversary), its language has not yet been subjected to scientific examination. The goals of this research consists in determination of the verbs most commonly used in the national republican newspaper “Daimohk”. The article analyzes the morphological component of the newspaper language using a special software for parsing and detecting the frequency of words DoshStat, developed by the Academy of Sciences of the Chechen Republic. The scientific novelty of lies in the source analysis of the language of the “Daimohk” newspaper as the language of the primary national periodical. Through automatic analysis with application of special software to detect frequency of words and subsequent manual search, the author determines the frequency of use of various verbs in the newspaper language. Emphasis is placed on the study of verbs, as the Chechen language features a wide variety of tenses and types. The acquired results would serve as the foundation for further research of the Chechen newspaper language, as well as a good asset for the Special Commission for Literacy of the Chechen language in mass media.

Keywords: spelling in the media, national edition, chechen language, use of verbs, morphological analysis, newspaper Daimohk, newspaper language, word frequency, parsing, verb tenses

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.2.37392

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to analyze the verbs used in the work "One Thousand and One Nights". The object of the study is the Tatar translation of the famous collection of fairy tales published in the printing house of Kazan University in 1897-1899. The author of the Tatar version of the work "One Thousand and One Nights" is the famous educator, translator and writer Fatih Khalidi. This work was widely popular among the Tatar people and had a significant impact on the formation of morphological norms of the modern Tatar literary language. The development of the plot, the dynamics of actions in them are built on verbal lexemes denoting eventfulness. They also contain emotionally expressive, interrogative-exclamation constructions, in which a significant place is also given to verb forms. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the features of the use of verbs in the work "One Thousand and One Nights" have not been sufficiently studied in Tatar linguistics. The factual material for the analysis was selected by the continuous sampling method. The analysis was carried out using descriptive, comparative-historical methods. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the activity of using verbs is associated with the narrative nature of the work. A feature of the collection of fairy tales is also the predominance of verbs in the form of the main voice, other voices are presented more passively. In the work "One Thousand and One Nights", the mode of action of verbs is presented in an analytical way, in which auxiliary verbs actively participate. They actively functioned in the language of the period under study, and most of them are widely used in the modern Tatar language.

Keywords: past tense, oguz form, future tense, negative form, Tatar language, analytical form, literary language, indicative mood, verb, imperative mood

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2023.9.43478

EDN: ZFORGG

Abstract: The article is devoted to the multidimensional characterization of the substandard vocabulary of the sublanguage of the coal mining industry. The functional-semiotic and structural heterogeneity of sublanguage slang has been established on the concrete material of the modern miner's sublanguage. The stratification categories of substandard vocabulary (professionalisms, interprofessionalisms, quasi-professionalisms, professional jargonisms), lexico-thematic groups, functions are described in detail. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of the ways and sources of the formation of special vocabulary of the lower case of the miners sublanguage slang, the main ways of forming the analyzed vocabulary are described in detail: the creation of a formally new unit and various semantic changes of words. It is concluded that the emergence and functioning of a developed system of substandard vocabulary in the miners' sublanguage is associated with the action of two main trends: the tendency to nominativeness, due to the need to overcome lacunarity and linguistic redundancy, as well as the tendency to portability, imagery and expressiveness. The thesis is put forward and supported by linguistic material that the special vocabulary of the sublanguage slang of the coal mining industry, considered in the socio-cultural aspect, represents the linguistic embodiment of the world of a special professional subculture, demonstrates the peculiarities of perception of objects of the outside world, ways of interacting with them, cultural stereotypes, values, motives and attitudes common to representatives of this profession.

Keywords: sublanguage of miners, sublanguage of the coal mining industry, substandard, professional jargonism, professionalism, sublanguage slang, professional slang, professional vernacular, professional sublanguage, special vocabulary

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2021.3.34219

Abstract: This article examines the mechanism of transposition of linguistic units from short adjectives into introductory-modal units and predicatives. The object of this research is word forms such as “it is evident”, which in asyndetic complex sentences represent a zone of hybrid structures on the scale of modalation. The subject of this research is the combinatorics and proportion of the characteristics of adjectives, introductory-modal words and expressions, and impersonal-predicative words (predicatives) within the structure of hybrids. The relevance of this work is substantiated by the need for studying the mechanism of interaction between grammatical and lexical within the structure of word forms involved in one or more transpositional processes on the level of parts of speech and inter-part-of-speech categories. On thee example of deadjectival word form “it is evident”, the author calculates the indexes of modalation and predicativation of short adjectives in the zone of hybrid structures represented by asyndetic complex sentences with explicative relations between the predicative parts. It is established that the hybrid “it is evident” demonstrates 56 % correspondence of differential characteristics with characteristics of the original nuclear short adjective “evident” in the meaning of “available for visible perception”, 27 % correspondence with the characteristics of nuclear introductory- modal word “evident” in the meaning of “probably”, and 67% correspondence with the characteristics of nuclear predicative “it’s a shame” with the semantics of emotional state of a person and moral-ethical evaluation of his behavior.

Keywords: introductory modal word, short adjective, predication, modalation, transposition, grammar, Russian language, predicative, hybrid, indexing

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2023.1.38502

EDN: IXRVKN

Abstract: The relevance of the work lies in the understanding that knowledge of logic, epistemology, ontology of language contributes to the competent implementation of the dialogue of cultures. The purpose of the study is to formulate the Cosmo-Psycho-Logos system of the Spanish language in comparison with Russian, English, German and French, as well as to substantiate the importance of introducing CPL in teaching a foreign language. The subject of the study is the CPL of the Spanish language. The methods of our research include general scientific methods of analyzing sources, namely colloquial Spanish speech on the example of 10 films and TV series, Spanish folklore, including modern, selected by random sampling (200 Spanish folk tales recorded by folklorists during the XIX and XX centuries, as well as 200 anecdotes), as well as analysis of secondary research material, i.e. works on this problem. The main approach in the work is a comparative approach, a set of comparative and general scientific methods is used to analyze the features of the Spanish language and systematize the data obtained. Thus, the analysis of the Spanish language is carried out at the morphological, semantic and syntactic levels, the elements of the Spanish language are compared with similar elements and systems of the Russian, English, German and French languages. The results of the study are a description of the CPL of the Spanish language, and also demonstrate that the epistemology, logic, ontology of the language are closely related to its semantics, morphology and syntax. Language ethics and aesthetics are reflected in the vocabulary. Spanish space-time relations are dynamic and inseparable. The Spanish ontology demonstrates the great functionality of the object. Spanish logic is indicative, inductive, coherent. Personal goal determines action, self-organization determines tectology. Spanish ethics is situational, while Spanish aesthetics indicates sensuality. This research can be supplemented by further work on Cosmo-Psycho-Logos of other languages, as well as on the didactics of the use of CPL in teaching a foreign language.

Keywords: dialogue of cultures, tectology, aesthetics, ethics, ontology, epistemology, logic, language, ethnic group, Cosmo-Psycho-Logos of the Spanish language

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2017.1.21946

Abstract: The subject of the research is the linguistic means that create verbal creativity in modern advertising. The object of the research is slogans and headers of advertising texts which are based on phonetic, syntactic, lexical and figurative means of the Russian language for attracting and retaining the attention of potential consumers. Advertising material collected from print and outdoor advertising of the city of Omsk clearly illustrates the possibilities of the Russian language in terms of creating art. Special attention is paid to the linguistic techniques that are aimed at achieving advertising goals. The main method used by the author was the collection of material and analysis of linguistic means of the Russian language. The theoretical basis is the work of renowned linguists (Rosenthal, Peshkovskoye, Valginae) and researchers in the field of advertising language (Bernadskiy, Blinkyou-Miller). The novelty of this study is caused by the fact that the author reviews advertising materials from the point of view of linguistic creativity. A variety of verbal expression techniques and strengthening of expressiveness typical for phonetic phenomena, trails, expressive syntax is shown in the selection of more capacious in the lexical, phonetic and syntactic relation to the words and phrases create vivid verbal images of advertising, the originality and memorability of slogans and headers of advertising texts. For the first time in the academic literature the Omsk advertising is used as the material for linguistic research.

Keywords: rhyme, segmentation, parceling, figurative meaning, metaphor, syntax, phonetics, advertising text, lexical means, linguistic creativity

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2021.7.36100

Abstract: The subject of this research is the units of predicate lexis with regards to the terms male teacher / female teacher in the texts of F. A. Vigdorova of the 1950s – 1960s. The goal is to determine the role of syntagmatic relations of agentives male teacher / female teacher in the prose of F. A. Vigdorova of the indicated period. The article explores the lexicographic data, semantics of adjectives, participles and verbs for the terms male teacher / female teacher, adjectives, participles, verbs as a means of characterization in the prose of F. A. Vigdorova of the 1950s – 1960s. The article employs the methods of linguistic observation, description, statistical calculation, and the elements of component analysis. It is established that the important role in literary space, the writer assigns to adjectives (less often to participles) and verbs, which express the author's intention manifested in the pragmatic potential of the terms male teacher / female teacher. The adjectives and participles as a means of predication compile a generalized “portrait” of the teacher, implicitly translating the message of F. A. Vigdorova on professionalism, duty, and responsibility of the teacher before children, nation, and the country. The verbs represent the multifaceted activity of the teacher, engagement in all spheres of life, aspiration to create. Adjectives, participles, and verbs as a means of characterization of agentives male teacher / female teacher reveal the author’s perspective upon the problems of education and upbringing, indicating the special role of the teacher in life of an individual and personal growth. The relevance of the article lies in the analysis of syntagmatic relations of agentives male teacher / female teacher in the prose of F. A. Vigdorova of the 1950s – 1960ws. The acquired results can be used in preparation of lectures, practical classes on linguistic semantics, linguoculturology, as well as literary language in the higher education institutions.

Keywords: predication tools, idiolect, language of fictio, gradosema, pragmatics, semantics, predicate vocabulary, lexeme, agent, Frida Vigdorova

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.7.31542

Abstract: This article represents a comparative study of structural and semantic peculiarities of interrogative sentences with negation in modern languages. The solution of the problem of interrelation and mutual influence of the categories of interrogation and negation in non-cognate languages is of undeniable interest. The relevance of this work is defined by insufficient research on the topic of interrogation and negation in the sentences from comparative perspective, namely with Chuvash language. The goal consists in determining the meaning of negation in interrogative sentences and the impact of the means of negation in Chuvash language compared to English language. The language of English and Chuvash fiction literature served as the main factual material for this study. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that based on the example of sentences with negation, the authors demonstrate that the structural and semantic peculiarities of such sentences are not specific to the English language, but rather common to many languages, including Chuvash; there are nuances that depend on the history of development and structure of a particular language. The results acquired from comparative analysis of the structure and semantics of interrogative sentences with negation in non-cognate languages provide the necessary material for future elaboration of the problems of speech culture and literary translation.

Keywords: the English language, features, juxtaposition, comparison, semantics, structure, interrogative sentence, means of negation, category of negation, the Chuvash language

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.6.33109

Abstract: The inspiration source for writing this article became the detected in scientific literature fusion of terms and concepts denoted by them. The object of this research is the concepts of “taboo”, “political correctness” and “euphemism”. The subjects is the key characteristics: functional and semantic peculiarities that allow correlating these concepts. The analysis captures the contamination of dictionary definitions, as well as examples from the texts of modern media. The author examines such aspects of the topic, as the general characteristics of taboo, political correctness and euphemism, their semantic structure and function. Special attention is given to interpretation, search of the  meeting points, and demarcation of the notions. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time these concepts are being analyzed “in tandem”, and that taboo is viewed in relation to euphemism and political correctness as a linguistic phenomenon (word-taboo) and non-linguistic phenomenon (rule-taboo). The main conclusions consist in the following: firstly, reasoned confirmation of the diversity of the concepts of taboo, political correctness and euphemism; secondly, correlation between the word-taboo and euphemism as the “replaced” and “replacing”; and thirdly, the determination that rule-taboo and political correctness are two powerful boosts for creation and utilization of euphemisms.

Keywords: a function of taboo, contextual meaning, basic meaning, semantic structure, taboo-word, taboo-rule, political correctness, euphemism, a function of political correctness, a function of euphemism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.1.28293

Abstract: The subject of the research is the characteristics of lacunarity in military vocabulary. The aim of the research is to describe a group of Russian-English verbal lacunaes depending on thematic and typological principles and to define the degree of lacunarity of such a group. The results of the research has allowed to describe characteristics of a typological classification of interlanguage lacunaes in the military vocabulary. The results can be used in teaching Russian and English as native and foreign languages as well as during theoretical and practical sessions of translations to be made by military students. In the course of the research the author has used the following methods: the continuous sampling method to select the language sample from lexicographical sources, the method of comparative analysis and the method of quantitative research. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author defines a list of lacuna characteristics in a group of military verbal lacunaes. The results of the research demonstrate a large degree of the nominative representability of a group of part-of-speech verbs as well as describe a list of characteristics for associated levels and steps. It is important to define characteristics of the classification of aforesaid verbal lacunaes to compare national features of lacunaes with different part-of-speech reference within the military discourse.  

Keywords: denotative extention, typological classification, specificity, lacuna characteristics, military sphere, Russian-English verbal lacunae, levels of lacunae, steps of lacunae, disjunction, conjunction

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.4.27612

Abstract: Modern linguistic studies lack researches of the genre specifics of Chinese advertising texts, and the linguistic singularity of messages they convey. The rationale of the research is caused by the authors' intent to define stylistic principles of Chinese insurance advertising texts and to explain their features and functions represented by linguistic advertising units. The object of the research is advertising insurance texts in China (life insurance, tourism, savings services, etc.) that influence the mind of a recipient and make him or her want to use insurance services. The subject of the research is the specific features of stylistic linguistic means used in Chinese advertising texts. In the course of the research the authors have used the method of direct translation while keeping the genre specifics of an advertising text, its lexical, grammatical and rhythmic features. The article presents the results of the research is speech tactics and stylistic methods (worldplay, lexical contrast, reiteration, and denial) that are used in Chinese advertising texts for more expression and emphasis. These features of Chinese advertising texts have never been studied by Russian researchers before. 

Keywords: wordplay, stylistics techniques, speech tactics, insurance, advertising text, stylistics, the Chinese language, lexical contrast, reiteration, denial

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2021.8.36123

Abstract: In the light of deliberate attention of modern linguistic science and a range of social disciplines to the problem of personality and language, the unresolved question of the nature of language game in the texts of different stylistic orientation remains relevant and polemical. Comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon at hand requires the study of linguistic material that would reflect the specific nature of language game, which represents the organic synthesis of genre-stylistic affiliation and creative uniqueness of linguistic personality. Therefore, the examination of language game in the authorial publicistic writing, namely publications of V. V. Nabokov draws particular interest. The subject of this research is the various manifestations of language play on the lexical-semantic level, which implies occasional alignment of semantic plans, change of the usual meaning of the linguistic unit. It is established that the publicistic heritage of V. V. Nabokov is notable for the artistry that is atypical for such genres; it can be traced in the choice of lexical means, their subsequent interaction and transformation. The usual linguistic units acquire the new plane of content, which largely determines the functional-pragmatic vector of publications and the authorial position that reflects the the tendentious suggestive intentions characteristic to the authorial publicistic writing: accusatory, critical, etc. Change of the usual plan of perception is achieved by various means; most typical is the reference to semantic invariant, which in the authorial context contravenes the known presuppositions. The observations indicate that the language game based on the partial or full change of usual meaning of the word is of syncretic nature: as a rule, the new metaphorical level is not limited by modification of a single lexeme, but extends to the entire structure and compositional volume of the sentence.

Keywords: means of expression, transformation of semantics, semantics, word, lexical units, lexical level, journalistic text, language game, occasional word functioning, Nabokov's journalism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.3.30193

Abstract: The object of the research is abbreviation as the means of word formation in Russian military vocabulary. The subject of the research is military abbreviations in mass media texts. The aim of the research is to describe such terms as 'abbreviation' and 'abbreviatura', to classify military abbreviations and to discover peculiarities of these words formation. Based on the analysis of authoritative mass media, the author of the article has selected and analyzed new military abbreviations, some of them are still left unrecorded by dictionaries, the latter also causing the novelty of this research. The researcher has applied teh following methods: linguistic description, directional sampling, classification and component analysis. The research data included military publications posted on a specialized website 'Military review', 'Star TV', e-newspapers Gazeta.Ru and RIA News, Komsomolskaya pravda, Lenta, and TASS. The scientific novelty of this research is caused by the fact that for the first time in the academic literature the author of the research classified abbreviations of military terms. The researcher also concludes about subdivision of military abbreviations into types and subtypes and features of these words formation. The article can be of interest for all those who are interested in military vocabulary and military terms.

Keywords: concise words, mixed aabbreviatura, alphabetic abbreviatura, sound abbreviatura, initial abbreviatura, abbreviatura, abbreviation, military term, military terminology, component

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.5.31208

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the comparative analysis of English and Chuvash verbs of intensive movements that comprise a separate lexical-semantic group in these languages. Relevance of this work is defined by the fact that there are relatively small amount of research on the comparative examination of verbs of movement in English and Chuvash languages, although they refer to one of the richest and diverse semantic groups within the verb as part of speech. An attempt is made to analyzes the words attributed to lexical-semantic group of intensive movement of a subject in space, establish semantic relations between the indicated units. The applied interlinguistic method allowed revealing a number of common and distinct features that are not evident in intralinguistic analysis. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that systemic examination of the group of verbs of intensive movement, which are united semantically, was conducted by comparison of linguistic means of multi-structural languages, namely English and Chuvash. The authors assume that the acquires results would contribute to better command of foreign languages, as well as more in-depth and comprehensive studying of the native language, as well as provide essential material for literary translation, formation and development of speech culture.  

Keywords: languages of different structure, speech styles, semantic features, language means, juxtaposition, comparison, lexico-semantic group, verbs of intensive movement, the English language, the Chuvash language

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.7.33407

Abstract: The subject of this research is the functionality of allophronic elements German colloquial language. The object of this research is lexical units of German colloquial language. The goal consists in determination of allophronic elements in German colloquial language from the stylistic perspective. .The author outlines the theoretical framework of the category of “allophrony”, its key characteristics and manifestations in the stylistic aspect of German colloquial language. The relevance this work is substantiated by the fact that the concept of allophrony is of great interest to modern linguistics from both, practical and theoretical perspectives. It is important to study this phenomenon in the colloquial language, since this communication layer involves all aspects of speech and language. Namely in conversational style, allophrony is manifested not only on usual level, but also occasionally. This work is first to analyze the contradictory elemnents in German colloquial language within the framework of studying the theory of allophrony. Allophrony is a linguistic category, introduced by the Professor of Philology B. T. Ganeev, which encompasses language and speech manifestations of contradictions. Analysis is conducted on the linguistic units of German colloquial speech in existence of allophronic elements. It is established that allophrony is present in the colloquial language and manifests in form of such stylistic means as enantiosemy, oxymoron, and irony. The contradictions of colloquial language, on the one hand, can be associated with certain contradictions of today’s world, and on the other hand – with the peculiarities of speech that are in constant “motion”.d

Keywords: spoken language, enantiosemy, irony, oxymoron, contradiction, ortophrony, allophrony, semantics, occasional, language

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2021.2.34968

Abstract: The object of this research is the anthroponymycon of the regional artifacts of business writing style of the second half of the XVII century. The subject is the model of nomination of persons belonging to the peasant class that played a significant role in the formation of permanent population of this territory. The article employs the unpublished manuscripts of business content, preserved in the Russian  State Archive of Ancient Acts (Moscow). Application of the traditional onomastics research methods alongside modeling techniques, the author conducts the analysis of structural peculiarities of anthroponymyc models of nomination of peasants; determines the place and role of additional identifiers of a person (names of persons by the degree of kinship, profession, and initial place of residence). The acquired results demonstrate that the absence of the single legal norm in documental writing style led to variations in the use of anthroponymyc structures for nomination of the same person, and the use of additional identifiers –  to creation of the more complex descriptive structures. It is established that the last component for nomination of a person in any model could include bynames and family names of peremptory origin, passed from father to son, which reflects the initial stage of the formation of last names on the periphery of the Moscow State. The scientific novelty consists in introduction into the scientific discourse of unpublished sources and anthroponymyc records into, which allows broadening the knowledge on the composition of the socially limited regional anthroponymycon of the XVII century.

Keywords: naming model, the anthroponymicon of the peasants, monuments of business writing, The Yenisei Siberia, historical anthroponymy, the naming structure, structural options, additional identifier, sobriquet, surname

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.4.36081

Abstract: The paper analyzes the situation of early learning of English in a Kazakh school. The author describes the results of the conducted sociolinguistic research in the capital gymnasium; analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the introduced system of early English language teaching; justifies the need for a large-scale statistical study of the current situation. The author introduces the term "kazinglish" by analogy with the already established term "runglish" and justifies its relevance for further research in a comparative aspect. The object of the study is teaching English in Kazakhstan primary and secondary schools. The subject of the study is the data obtained from the survey of informants (anonymous cluster survey).     Main conclusions: 1) change of one of the main mental and cultural paradigms in the field of foreign language education: focus on intercultural communication in action. 2) Primary and secondary level students identify motivation, professional competence of the teacher, accessibility, visibility as the main criteria for easy mastering of a foreign language. We conclude that there is a positive methodology for teaching a foreign language in relation to academic results and the predominant role of the interactive learning format.3) It is not necessary to talk about the presence of a certain talent for languages.4) It is necessary to form specialized training of students in the profile: humanitarian or natural-mathematical. 5) The problem of substitution of concepts and the resulting problem of colloquial foreign language. The so-called "easy and fast" method of language acquisition is becoming increasingly popular. As a result, side effects are unacceptable phonetic, grammatical, lexical and stylistic errors. 6) A pseudo-dialect of the English language is actively being formed in Kazakhstan, let's call it "Kazinglish" by analogy with "Runglish". "Kazinglish" has already become a reality. It is necessary to conduct a large-scale (republican) study on the mastery of foreign languages by the population. The results will allow analyzing the paradigms and trends that have occurred in the study of foreign languages in the country, and outline plans for the development of foreign language education in Kazakhstan.

Keywords: advantages and disadvantages, kazakhstan school, myths and facts, kazinglish, runglish, sociolinguistic research, primary school education, English language, early learning system, multilingual

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2024.2.69675

EDN: WFCCXY

Abstract: In the modern world, against the background of globalization, the tendency to carefully preserve regional and national customs is manifested in the growing interest in the culinary traditions of different peoples. Restaurants of national cuisines of different nations are becoming popular in the world; against this background, modeling of optimal ways of gastronomic nomination, which is in demand by business, is relevant. An important component of the formation of ideas about the dish is the order of presentation of information, which is reflected in the order of words. Following stereotypes developed within the framework of other languages and cultures can influence the recipient's perception of information. The object of the study is the influence of ways of presenting information about the composition and qualitative characteristics of a dish on the client's consciousness. The subject is the differences in the order in which information about the dish is presented on the menu in Russian and Chinese. Russian culinary names obtained by the method of continuous sampling from restaurant menus (1319 units), data from a questionnaire aimed at clarifying the preferences of native speakers of the Russian language when choosing a dish (142 questionnaires) are the material of the study. The analysis of the usual word order in elementary phrases that make up culinary names is based on quantitative and descriptive methods. The analysis revealed the most significant differences between the accepted order of information presentation in Russian and Chinese culinary names. The place of lexemes indicating the type of dish, culinary tradition, main ingredients, side dishes and sauces in Russian and Chinese culinary names often does not coincide. Russian, as a language with a free word order, presents a greater variety of types of information structures, while the word order is limited not only by grammatical rules, but also by various traditions of gastronomic nomination adopted in Russian and Chinese cultures. Cultural stereotypes are reflected in the order in which information is provided about cooking methods, dishes and the quality characteristics of the dish. Even in cases where calculating does not lead to errors in the Russian menu, following other people's traditions can cause misunderstanding and laughter, which must be taken into account when nominating a dish.

Keywords: predicative model, the attribute model, the copulative model, management, agreement, cookery, syntactic tracing paper, word order, translator's speech activity, speech perception

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.7.36587

EDN: MSJJWI

Abstract: The subject of the study are proverbs and sayings of the Kabardino-Circassian language with components of color designation. The paper reveals the specifics and patterns of the use of color words in the context of paremias, analyzes the structural-semantic, text-forming (phraseological) features of color nominations. The words naming the color make up a special lexico-semantic group. Their study is very important both theoretically and practically. Being a component of a stable phrase or a stable combination, they reflect the psychology and worldview of the people in a special way, it is a valuable source of information about the culture and mentality of the people. Being compressed in their form, proverbs and sayings represent not only a system of moral and ethical norms, but also contain the sum of knowledge about the external order of things and the inner world of a person. In the Adyghe paroemias, the circle of cultural concepts that can be considered nuclear for folk spiritual culture is revealed. And in this context, color designations can carry the burden of transmitting the normative and value orientations of an ethnic group, show the main stereotypes of human behavior.     The main conclusions of the conducted research are as follows: the color meanings of the Adyghe language, expressed mainly by adjectives, in this case Fiyce 'black' and huzh 'white', in paremiology can be considered a point of intersection of the interests of philology (linguistics, folklore studies, history of Adyghe literature), ethnopsychology, cultural studies, ethics, political science, philosophy. However, the color lexemes in proverbs and sayings, represented not only by adjectives, but also by nouns, verbs, adverbs, have not yet been the object of special study. The need for such a study is determined by the fact that color nominations in the figurative system of proverbs and sayings as special folklore microtexts occupy a very significant place, performing an important semantic and emotionally expressive load. In addition, native speakers of the modern Adyghe language often do not realize the original meaning of many paroemias.

Keywords: linguistic culture, color concepts, idiostyli, symbolism of color, verbalization of meanings, paremia, color designation, semantic structure, color semantics, stable expressions

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2016.1.17503

Abstract: Based on the analysis of the lingvogeneological materials, the author of the article demonstrates how the antilanguage methodology can be applied. The object of the research is the ontological status of word/antiword. The subject of the research is particular classes of words/antiwords such as genetisms and genealogisms which allow to solve many historiographical issues both in classical documentary genealogy and modern genetic genealogy. The point at issue is the problem of authentic determination of personal names of those ancestors of ours whose names could be hardly read or even missed in primary sources. In his research Nilogov uses the methods of genealogical, hermeneutical, historical, historiographical, chronological and etymological analysis as well as the method of antilanguage reconstruction. The results of the research are illustrated by linguistic data (anthroponyms) from the author's geneaological tree which contains over thousand names based on primary sources such as the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, State Archive of the Perm Region, State Archive of the Kirov Region and Civil Status Registration Offices. For the first time in the academic literature the author introduces such classes of words/antiwords as genetisms and genealogisms and provides a description of their types (subclasses of words/antiwords). 

Keywords: census record, church metric book, philosophy of antilanguage, genealogisms, antilanguage genealogy, genetisms, ontological status of word, lingvogenealogy, cadastre, anthroponyms

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2016.1.67588

Abstract: Based on the analysis of the lingvogeneological materials, the author of the article demonstrates how the antilanguage methodology can be applied. The object of the research is the ontological status of word/antiword. The subject of the research is particular classes of words/antiwords such as genetisms and genealogisms which allow to solve many historiographical issues both in classical documentary genealogy and modern genetic genealogy. The point at issue is the problem of authentic determination of personal names of those ancestors of ours whose names could be hardly read or even missed in primary sources. In his research Nilogov uses the methods of genealogical, hermeneutical, historical, historiographical, chronological and etymological analysis as well as the method of antilanguage reconstruction. The results of the research are illustrated by linguistic data (anthroponyms) from the author's geneaological tree which contains over thousand names based on primary sources such as the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, State Archive of the Perm Region, State Archive of the Kirov Region and Civil Status Registration Offices. For the first time in the academic literature the author introduces such classes of words/antiwords as genetisms and genealogisms and provides a description of their types (subclasses of words/antiwords). 

Keywords: census record, church metric book, philosophy of antilanguage, genealogisms, antilanguage genealogy, genetisms, ontological status of word, lingvogenealogy, cadastre, anthroponyms

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2017.4.21366

Abstract: This paper highlights proper names as a subject of author’s lexicography. The ways of onym lexicon description in Russian writer’s dictionaries have been shown. Fifteen author’s dictionaries have been reviewed. Basic difficulties connected with the process of proper names lexicography has been shown. Some theoretical principles of poetonym’s description has been considered. The author of the paper attempted to show that occurring of such new research areas of author’s lexicography as onymography and poetonymography is determined by the general trends of the development of this scientific field. Comparative and taxonomic methods have been used in the paper. Language entries in different dictionaries have been compared, their components have been described, methods of onym lexicon description have been collated. Methods of onym lexicon description depend on conception of author’s dictionary and special features of poetics and style of literary works which is analyzed. The general trend of contemporary author’s lexicography is to describe discrete components of writer’s language. Proper names are one of these components. That’s why it seems to be important to begin to create the theoretic foundation of poetonymography. This foundation should be based on the experience of proper names lexicography.

Keywords: dictionary of the writer's language, proper name, poetonymography, poetonym (proper name in literary works), onym lexicon, author's lexicography, language entry, variant of poetonym, onymography, poetics

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.4.27750

Abstract: New Year is an important socio-cultural phenomenon, thus it is important to define its essential cognitive features that reflect the Russian sense of national identity. The subject of the research is the associative field of the New Year concept as a fragment of the Russian linguistic world view. The aim of this research is to create an associative field of the New Year concept as well as to describe association reactions that convey the structural and semantic contents of this concept. The research material includes the results of the associative experiment that involved students of Ulan Ude universities. The main research methods included the descriptive method that involved observation, comparison and generalisation, field method, statistical processing of linguistic material, and conceptual analysis to define and interpret the main features of the concept. As a result of the research, the researchers describe the main conceptual groups of responses, interpret and systematize obtained data, present the associative field of the New Year concept by defining conceptual, imaginative and value-based associations; and provide a description of the association field, its core, nearest and farthest peripheries, the most typical responses that constitute the core of the concept, and unique association reactions that reflect the personal perception of recipients. Associations, in their turn, include responses that reflect regional features of the aforesaid concept. The authors of the article focus on the linguocultural interpretation of the New Year concept as a fragment of the Russian linguistic world view. 

Keywords: concept structure, reaction associations, evaluative associations, figurative associations, conceptual associations, cocept New year, associative field, associative experiment, language picture of the world, russian language

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2021.9.34343

Abstract: This article carries out a comparative analysis of the proverbs about health in English, Russian and Chuvash languages. Although the popularity towards leading a healthy lifestyle increases, there are virtually no comparative research of the proverbs on about health, which defines the relevance of this work. The goal lies in analyzing the culture and people's attitude towards health reflected in the proverbs of the compared non-cognate languages; finding the proverbs of the same content and uniting them into thematic groups. The novelty of this research consists in its linguoculturological focus. A comparative linguoculturological study of the proverbs of non-cognate languages allowed establishing the common and specific characteristics of the concept of “health” in linguistic consciousness of the English, Russian and Chuvash people, thereby determining their ethnic-cultural peculiarities. Theoretical importance of this work lies in the fact that the acquired results can be applied in comparative paremiology, the relevant segment of modern linguistics – linguoculturology; in lectures on the theory of cross-cultural communication and special courses on linguoculturology; in compiling textbooks on the practice of teaching foreign languages to the Russian-Chuvash audience, as well as medical glossaries.

Keywords: matching, comparison, thematic groups, cultural characteristics, health, saying, proverb, the English language, the Russian language, the Chuvash language

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.10.33924

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the analysis of structural models of toponyms in Chamalal language. Current realities are such that examination of toponymic system of any region deserves special attention. Research of the system must be based on studying the characteristic toponymic structures, which prompts the onomatologists to systematize them in accordance with structural peculiarities. Structural analysis of toponyms with determination of toponymic models and affixes is framework and a so-called approach towards further research. The subject of this research is the toponymy of non-written Chamalal language of the Republic of Dagestan. The goal consists in the analysis of structural patterns of isolated Chanalal toponyms of the rural localities of Upper and Lower Gavkari, Gigatli, Gadiri of Tsumadinsky District of Dagestan. The article involves field material of the author Z. M. Alieva acquired during the expeditions of 2018-2020). The novelty lies in the fact that this article is first to carry out a structural analysis of toponymic units of Chamalal language. Toponymic material is subjected to quantitative characterization the author analyzes its different in structure geographical names, and determines separate word-forming elements. The study of toponyms remains one of the paramount tasks of the national (including Dagestani) and foreign linguistics, which defines relevance of the selected topic. This branch of linguistics is important in multiple areas of science: solution of linguistic tasks, questions of interaction of ethnic groups and their cultures, problems of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the peoples.

Keywords: Tsumadinsky district, derivational affixes, quantitative characteristics, geographical names, classification, unwritten language, structural models, ñhamalin toponyms, toponymic system, static analysis

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.1.25524

Abstract: Based on the analysis of the French and English nonstandard vocabularies, the authors of the article analyze the relationship between language patterns and world outlook. As a result of their research, the authors define the most significant semantic spheres and fields that are typical for the French argot and English slang. Through analysing empirical material selected from specialized sources of uncodified speech, the authors have defined world view particularities of the French and Englishmen in various spheres of life. For example, the authors have discovered that both the French argot and English slang are more everyday life languages and rich in bright images. Noteworthy, that the French use metaphors more frequently while the English slang has a greater share of metonymies. The results of the research demonstrate that nonstandard language patterns create a miniature copy of the national world view reflected in the French argot and English slang. Analysis of the empirical material carried out by the authors allows to define world view particularities of the French and Englishmen, in particular, the authors describe cultural features of these nations in both everyday life and business. The research gives an opportunity to look at the society from the point of view of nonstandard language patterns that, in this case, create a reduced copy of the national world view and allow to discover the main lexical and semantic tendencies at the same time. 

Keywords: mentality, world outlook, linguistic view of the world, slang, argot, nonstandard, semantic sphere, semantic field, metaphor, metonymy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2021.6.34224

Abstract: This article represents a comparative study of the verbs of slow movement in the modern non-cognate languages. The absence of comparative study of the verbs of slow movement in the English and Chuvash languages define the relevance of this work. The goal consists in examination of the verbs of slow movement based on the material of English and Chuvash languages, analysis of the semantic relations within this group, and revealing the determining features of linguistic units that belong to this semantic group, as the author believes that namely these determining features do not always coincide in the compared languages. The article employs the method of analysis of dictionary definitions, method of identification of meanings, and component analysis. Application of the method of interlingual comparison revealed common and distinctive components of the meaning, which are not evident in terms of intralingual analysis. The research relies on the data from electronic dictionaries. The novelty of this research consists in finding interlingual correspondences with varying degree of equivalence and differences among the verbs of slow movement in the English and Chuvash languages. The acquired results can be valuable in theory and practice of teaching English language of Russia-Chuvash audience, as well as for broadening linguistic horizon of the students.

Keywords: unrelated languages, determinant signs, semantic relations, features, comparison, lexical-semantic group, slow type of movement, verbs, English, Chuvash

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.7.36773

EDN: MFHDYO

Abstract: The subject of the study is the valence characteristic of a group of verbs in the Russian dialects of the Amur region, characterized by secondary formation and localization in the territory of late settlement. Russian Russian dialects The relevance and novelty of this work lies in the fact that the specificity of verbal valence in Russian dialects remains poorly understood; for the first time an attempt has been made to study the valence properties of one of the lexico-semantic groups of dialect verbs, which are recorded in the second edition of the "Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Amur region". Using the methods of continuous sampling, descriptive-analytical and comparative analysis, the classification of the studied linguistic units was developed and the valence properties of emotive verbs were revealed.   In the course of the study, 62 verbs with the meaning of an emotional state were identified, of which 31 verbs are actually lexical dialectisms. The material allowed us to distribute the selected emotive verbs into 3 lexico-semantic groups: monovalent, divalent and trivalent. The observations have shown that the valence properties of a dialect verb are due to the component composition of its lexical meaning and may differ from their literary counterparts. Russian Russian dialects of the Amur region can contribute to the construction of a general characteristic of the valency properties of the morphological class of verbs, as well as to the identification of differences in the combinational possibilities of the verbs of the Russian language in the aspect of its regional existence.

Keywords: proper lexical dialectisms, Russian dialect vocabulary, comparative analysis, semantics, emotive verbs, lexico-semantic group, valence, dialects, Russian dialects of the Amur region, russian folk dialects

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.5.30904

Abstract: The object of the research is the phraseological units in German and Crimean Tatar languages as the means of expression of emotions. In her article Memetova analyzes problems that arise in the process of objectivation of emotions in the German and Crimean Tatar languages. Based on her analysis, she defines a corpus of phraseological units that verbalize different emotions, positive, negative and ambivalent. Memetova makes a comparative analysis of emotive phraseological units in Crimean Tatar and German languages and describes linguistic and non-linguistic means of expression of emotions. Memetova also describes different classifications of emotions used both by psychologists and linguists. In the course of her research the author has used the method of continuous sampling that allows to define emotive phraseological units in compared languages. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author compares emotive phraseological units in German and Crimean Tatar for the first time in the academic literature. The researcher discovers a wide range of emotions expressed with the help of phraseological units in both languages. The domination position, however, is held by negative emotions such as anger, annoyance, irritation, fear and grief. 

Keywords: verbalization, emotions, German, Crimean Tatar language, emotion, idiom, anger, joy, fear, astonishment

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.4.37825

Abstract: The subject of the study is the characteristic of the morphemic composition of adverbs in the Russian dialects of the Amur region, characterized by secondary formation and localization in the territory of late settlement. In this work, the author analyzes the study of the structure of adverbs in the Russian literary language and refers to the experience of studying this part of speech in Russian dialectology. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that the adverbial lexeme in the studied group of dialects in the structural aspect has not been previously considered by scientists. For the first time, using the methods of continuous sampling, descriptive-analytical and comparative analysis, an attempt was made to classify the adverbs recorded in the second edition of the Dictionary of Russian Dialects of the Amur Region. The material allowed to distribute the selected adverbs into 10 groups. The observations have shown that the main problems in studying the structure of adverbs in this group of dialects are the ratio in their characteristics of all-Russian features and locally limited, the articulability of adverbs of individual groups, as well as the preservation of some relics that make it possible to trace the dynamics of the vernacular vocabulary. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that the study of this group of linguistic units is necessary to build a typology of dialects of the Amur Region, monograph their description, identify the features of the language in the aspect of its regional existence and recreate the structure of the Russian dialect space as a whole.

Keywords: structural classification, single education, adverbs of time, Russian dialects of the Amur region, territorial dialects, adverb, word - formation formant, morphemic composition, dialects, morphemics

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2024.2.69817

EDN: WJBFAN

Abstract: The article presents a narrative analysis of Yu.P. Kazakov's short story "Arcturus the Hound Dog", which refers to the animalistic prose of the writer. The main purpose of the analysis is to consider the organization of the narrative in prose, since the narrative features of the work allow us to characterize the writer's idiosyncrasy in detail. Research objectives: to identify the features of the narrative; to get acquainted with the works devoted to the research topic; to turn to the historical and cultural context; identify the types of narrators; correlate the perspective and narrative plan with them. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that more and more studies are interested in narrative structures, as they allow us to determine the nature of the work and the poetics of Kazakov's stories. Despite the fact that many works are devoted to the early story "Arcturus the Hound Dog", not all of them differ in precise terminology and logical conclusions. So, we will attempt to challenge one of the points of view on the analyzed work. The study of the issue was based on a structural and semantic analysis. Formal, biographical and psychological methods were also used in the study. In the course of the work, the features of the narrative of the story were discovered. We came to the following conclusions: 1. The narrative is based on the principle of opposition of perspectives: an "internal - external" point of view (Innenperspektive - Außenperspektive) 2. The writer introduces three types of narrator into the canvas of the text: exegetic (omniscient, taking an indirect part in the action of the story), diegetic (active, directly appearing in the plot as a character) and lyrical (reflective, feeling, which manifests itself more on a spiritual level). The discovery of the latter in the canvas of the text determines the novelty of the study of the literary heritage of Yu. P. Kazakov. 3. Thus, the lyrical type of the narrator determines the poetics of Kazakov's lyrical prose, discovers difficult-to-grasp subtexts in the narrative and introduces a special rhythm into the analyzed story.

Keywords: composition of the work, point of view, lyrical expression, first-person narration, the outline of the narrative, zero focalization, perspective, animalistic story, lyrical prose, the type of narrator

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.8.37394

EDN: XIZEFR

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to analyze the active verb cut in English. The article defines the models forming the synparadigma of the active verb cut, describes the semantic features of the verb, analyzes the verb cut from the point of view of its morphological categories. The author conducts a theoretical analysis of the concept of "syntactic paradigm", its differences from the morphological paradigm, and also describes various interpretations of the concept of actionality, which is important in the analysis of the syntactic paradigm of the active verb. There are a large number of points of view about what range of phenomena the concept of synparadigma covers and what is the composition of the categories significant for it. The article presents the theories of the synparadigma of D.Worth, P. Adamts. The author comes to the conclusion that the synparadigma of the active verb cut consists of 8 models: VN, VNprpN, LinkVed, Voneself, VO, VD, VNV, VNprpG. The highest frequency indicators are characterized by the VN model. An analysis of the active verb cut from the point of view of its characteristic species-specific, collateral categories and mood categories shows that the most commonly used form of the verb cut in the English-language media text is Present Indefinite and Present Perfect. Narration in the present tense provides a very strong presence effect, causes a feeling that events are happening here and now. The active verb is mainly used in the actual voice. Due to the lexical meaning, the verb cut is often used in the passive voice. The analysis of the verb along the line of the mood category revealed a large number of sentences in the indicative mood.

Keywords: English language, mood category, collateral category, viewmodern category, actionality, the verb cut, syntactic paradigm, active verb, The Economist Magazine, English-language media text

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.1.37297

Abstract: The matter under research is lexical-grammatical categories of adjectives in the modern Crimean Tatar language. Asanova anayzes researches that offer different classification features that can be used to determine lexical-grammatical categories. She discovers that in modern Crimean Tatar qualitative and relative adjectives do not constitute independent grammatical categories. Morphological, syntactic and structural criteria are important for differentiation between relative and qualitative adjectives, however, these criteria only reflect the main semantic features of lexical-grammatical categories. The methodological framework of the research includes researches of V. Vinogradov, E. Wolf, A. Memetov and other scientists. In the course of writing her article the author has applied the method of description. She emphasizes that besides grammatical features, it is important to consider lexical-grammatical features in the course of differentiation between qualitative and relative adjectives. The author discovers that each adjective already has potential meaning of quality which is also a factor of transformation of relative adjectives into qualitative adjectives. 

Keywords: affix, simple adjectives, derivative adjectives, relative adjectives, qualitative adjectives, semantics, semantic features, adjective, Lexical-grammatical categories of adjectives, Crimean Tatar language

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.3.26815

Abstract: The subject of the research is the problem of studying the Crimean Tatar language in the bilingual environment. The object of the research is synonyms in the Crimean Tatar language. The use of synonyms ensures accuracy of expression of this or that meaning, enriches the literary language and increases the expressive power of the language. Frequent use of synonyms denotes a good knowledge of a language and is important not only in the process of learning a foreign language but also improving one's native language skills. Synonyms enrich one's speech and allow to better express one's thoughts. In her research Ablyametova has used the method of description as the main method of linguistic research, and the method of distributive analysis. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author of the article analyzes particular exercises that are used to teach Crimean Tatar synonyms. As a conclusion, the author underlines that the most efficient method of teaching Crimean Tatar synonyms is to choose synonyms consulting Russian-Crimean Tatar dictionary and to scan texts for synonyms. To increase efficiency of teaching exercises, it is also good to expand the range of synonyms based on different ways of synonym origin in the Crimean Tatar language. Exercises should be aimed at a more efficient and frequent use of synonyms in one's speech. 

Keywords: semantics, lexicon, efficiency, speech, communicative features, exercises, vocabulary, study, Crimean Tatar language, synonyms

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.1.29020

Abstract: This article is devoted to the problem of using such feature of the metal as 'value' in the Rusisan language picture of the world. The value is interpreted as an experimental sign that is created and exists inseparably with human. The Russian language picture of the world views metal as an element of axiological scale: platinum, gold, silver, bronze are seen as metals of high value and copper, stannum and lead are conceptualized as metals of low value. In everyday life and literature knowledge about these metals are often used as the cognitive basis for describing other objects. In the course of the research the author of the article uses a cognitive definition method that implies determination and description of cognitive features in language materials as well as comparison and linguistic observaton. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that being based on the experimental feature sof metals allows speakers to comprehend other spheres and learn new information. Based on the analysis of the language material carried out the author concludes that the metaphor with the source of 'metal value' is actively used for the demonstration of axiology of different objects which proves the important of this means of qualifying objects and underlines the importance of this kind of metaphor. 

Keywords: metal, metaphor, perceptual sign, experimental sign, language picture of the world, Russian language, cognitive activity, axiological scale, value, source area

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2022.1.35119

Abstract: The subject of this research is the communicative metamodels as minimal units of syntax, which combine formal abstract expression and necessary communicative meaning. The article provides their classification, lists the differences from minimal and extended structural schemes. The object of this research is the two-part infinitive, one-part, and infrequent metamodels. Separate attention is given to the two-part metamodels of non-infinitive type. Analysis is conducted on polypredicativity of syntactic units of the modern Russian language, which despite being similar to a simple sentence, do not have a communicative completeness. This article aims to comprehend this phenomenon. Special attention is paid to abstract generalized models that are able to fully convey the communicative meaning. An attempt is made to trace the connection of syntaxes within the specific speech patterns. The scientific novelty lies in determination of speech patterns in communication and their hierarchy. Each universal metamodel is viewed from the perspective of its communicative polypredicativity. The author’s special contribution consists in creation of communicative patterns based on the abstract minimal and extended schemes, as well as constitutive distributor that is crucial for communication. The main conclusions lie in the following: 1) in introduction of the concept of metamodel as the element of syntax, which combines the formal content on the level of high abstractness and communicative meaning through introduction of the constitutive potential distributor into the scheme; 2) division of communicative metamodels into two-part non-infinitive, two-part infinitive, one-part, infrequent, based on the predicativity/non-predicativity; 3) determination of invariants in communication of the indicated models depending on the sequence order of structure elements and potential constitutive distributors.

Keywords: single-component metamodels, non-frequency metamodels, two-part metamodels, constitutive component, minimum diagrams, expanded diagrams, communicative metamodels, two-part infinitive metamodels, potential distributor, typical value

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.4.27888

Abstract: The subject of the research is the thematic variety and linguistic and cultural connotation of Chinese benevolences. The object of the research is Chinese benevolences. The rationale of the analysis of Chinese benevolences is caused by the growing interest towards folklore genres including benevolences as a set of cosmological representations and some kind of a myth-and-ritual act of a word's magic influence. The authors of this research set a goal to study the thematic variety of Chinese benevolences, their linguistic and cultural components that reflect the national mentality, and cross-cultural features of Chinese people. To achieve the research targets, the authors have used descriptive and structural methods, generalisation, linguistic and cultural analysis, and creative translation. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors analyze thematic diversity and national and cultural specifics of Chinese benevolences. As a result of the research the authors discover the Chinese benevolences contain reality words that have a vivid national nature and convey cultural information. Being a marker of national identity, phraseological units often act as benevolences, too.   

Keywords: linguistic and cultural connotation, national and cultural specifics, phraseologism, small genre, good wishes, folklore, symbolic, structure of benevolence, subject, worldview

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.2.29207

Abstract: The subject of this research is the syntagmatic motivational linkages in prefix verb derivation of the Russian language, observed in the aspect of synchronic dynamics. The author examines such aspects of the topic as syntagma (combination of two verbal-cogitative components connected by hierarchical relations of the principal and explanatory) and syntagmatic motivation (substantiated by syntactic models). Special attention is given to the fact that the motivated verb derivative structure can correlate with the motivating components in either syntagmatic sphere or paradigmatic sphere. The scientific novelty is associated with determination of peculiarities of syntagmatic motivation of derived verbs, role of the verbal prefixes in syntagmatic motivation, stages of “derivational history” and varieties of syntagmatic motivation of prefix verbs. The following conclusions were made: 1) full structural-semantic syntagmatic motivation – prefix verbs are motivated by syntactic microstructures, including non-prefix verb and prepositional-nominal constructs, in which preposition is materially and semantically analogous to prefix; 2) semi syntagmatic motivation – prefix verbs are motivated by syntactic microstructures, including non-prefix verb and adverb or combination of noun with preposition, consonant with prefix semantically, but not formally.

Keywords: derived word, context, prefix, syntax, verb, syntagmatic motivation, motivation, word-formation, derivation, semantic

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2024.1.69688

EDN: EHGVCF

Abstract: The stepwise nature of adverbial transposition of nouns without prepositions is investigated. The object of study is the forms of the creative case of nouns without prepositions, representing the first stage of transposition into adverbs, the subject of consideration is combinatorics and the proportion of substantive and adverbial features in the structure of word forms of the "whisper" type, functioning in the zone of the periphery of the noun class. The relevance of the research is due to the need to develop such a field of scientific research as the transpositional grammar of the Russian language, as well as to identify patterns of functioning of linguistic units in transitional zones between parts of speech and interparticle semantic and syntactic categories. The purpose of the article is a comprehensive analysis of substantive word forms that demonstrate different degrees of manifestation of signs interacting with the functional adverbialization of nouns and adverbs on two stages of the noun zone. Within the framework of the proposed approach to syncretic formations, methods of oppositional analysis (with an adverbial scale), elements of component, distributive analysis, and linguistic experiment are used. The novelty of the study consists in the description of a formalized methodology for establishing the stages of adverbialization of substantive word forms, demonstrating a different degree of departure from nouns and approximation to adverbs. It is established that the substantive word form "whisper", for example, is characterized by a multi-stage transposition into an adverbial class. In the zone of the periphery of nouns, she makes the first, actually syntactic step towards adverbs. It is associated with its use first in the syncretic function of complement and circumstance, and then only in the function of circumstance. The presence of dependent words in the form of adjectival and subsubstantial distributors, as well as the function of object complement, restrain the further advancement of the word form "in a whisper" towards the class of adverbs. The loss of object meaning in the word form under consideration is associated with a shift at the level of verbal subordination: weak control as a way of connecting the word form "in a whisper" with the main word is replaced by case adjunction. Object-circumstantial relations are transformed into circumstantial ones. But the main categorical features of nouns in the zone of the periphery of this class of words are preserved. The theoretical significance of the work lies in the fact that it contains an understanding of transitional phenomena in the field of parts of speech in a systemic linguistic aspect. The practical significance of the research is determined by the possibility of applying its results in teaching linguistic disciplines – Russian, general linguistics, theoretical grammar.

Keywords: adverb, type of use, periphery, noun, part of speech, adverbialization, grammar, Russian language, transitivity scale, stage

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.4.30266

Abstract: This article is devoted to the analysis of gradual semantics of borrowings in the modern Russian language system. The researcher focuses on gradual meaning of borrowings depending on lexical-semantic groups. The aim of this research is to describe lexical-semantic peculiarities of borrowings with gradual semantics in the modern Russian language system. To achieve the research targets, the author believes it is necessary to do the following: to analyze theoretical concepts about graduality and gradual semantics; to give a lexical-semantic classification of borrowed words with gradual semantics. In his research Chan has applied the following research methods: linguistic description, classification, directional sampling, and component analysis. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that for the first time in the academic literature Chan carries out special and in-depth research of borrowed words with gradual semantics from the lexical-semantic point of view. Besides other factors, the novelty of the research is also caused by the author's choice of examples for analysis, neologisms of foreign origin used at the turn of late XX - early XXI centuries. 

Keywords: russian language system, lexical-semantic groups, degree and measure, gradual semantics of borrowings, borrowings, graduator, gradual semantics, graduality, implicitness, explicitness

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.2.29333

Abstract: The subject of this research is the political lexicon in the English language. The article examines the criteria fir determination of political lexicon, provides definitions of this term to various scholars, frames the definition of political lexicon, and highlights its peculiarities in the English language. The author also explores the question on the relationship between political lexicon and political (sociopolitical) terminology; defines the concept of “political term”; describes the main means and methods of enriching political lexicon in the English language. The following methods were applies in the course of study: general scientific method for collection of the existing literature on the topic; systematization and generalization for formulation of fundamental concepts of research; random sampling for selecting the examples; contextual analysis for determining the peculiarities of functionality of phrases within the system of English political lexicon and mass media; as well as translational analysis. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that this article allows establishing the status of political theme within the lexical system of English language, since for the current stage of development of linguistic a promising trend is the determination of morphogenetic linguistic phenomena. The author also describes the main means of enriching the lexicon on the example of research material, which allows reflecting the development trends of political lexicon in the modern English language.

Keywords: borrowing, phrase, affixation, word formation, lexical unit, terminology, politics, term, lexis, semantic relations

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.12.34439

Abstract: The study of lexical-semantic structure of the Crimean Tatar language is one of the relevant tasks of modern Turkology. Systematic interpretation and presentation of the language suggests comprehensive characteristics of lexical-phraseological composition in terminology of paradigmatics, syntagmatics and epidigmatics. Selection of this topic is substantiated by the fact that the category of synonymy in the Crimean Tatar language has not previously become the object of special research. The relevance of studying this topic is defined by insufficient coverage of the problem in the Crimean Tatar language. The existing in modern scientific and educational literature records on synonymy of the Crimean Tatar language are rather fragmentary. The question of synonymy is one of the central in modern linguistics. Multiple aspects of synonymy are also relevant in the Turkic linguistics. The interest towards lexical morphology of synonyms, synonymous use of the borrowed lexis, as well as phraseological synonymy has increased over the recent years. A historiographical overview of the existing in Turkology scientific literature proves that the study of synonymy in Turkic linguistics is currently picking up. A substantial number of works dedicated to this topic examine various concepts of the phenomenon of synonymy, as well as its other important aspects. Many aspects of synonymy are quite relevant in the Turkic linguistics. The interest towards morphology of synonyms, synonymous use of the borrowed lexis, and phraseological synonymy is growing significantly.

Keywords: linguistics, dominant, synonymic row, lexeme, synonymy, study, turkology, Crimean Tatar language, lexicography, paradigm

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.1.29123

Abstract: The subject of the research is the analysis of the conjunctive method of connecting words and sentences in the Buryat language compared to the Bargut language. The object of the research is the functions of conjunctions as the main grammar method of connecting words in the Buryat and Bargut languages. The aim of the research is to provide a system description and structure-functino analysis of Buryat and Bargut conjunctions. The authors of the article focus on correspondences, common features and differences of Buryat and Bargut conjunctions represented by two groups of conjunctions: composing and subordinating conjunctions. In their research the authors have applied the descriptive method that implies observation and generalisation as well as the continuous sampling method, comparative method, field processing method and component analysis that demonstrates both general development patterns and specific features of the language. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that Mongolian studies do not particularize conjunctions of sister languages like Buryat and Bargut from the point of view of their similarities and differences. The results of the research can be used to compare historical grammar of Mongolian languages and study the issues of grammar and vocabulary of the modern Buryat and Bargut languages. 

Keywords: subordinating conjunctions, composing conjunctions, lexical meaning, lexics, grammar, syntactic words, Bargut language, Buryat language, grammaticalization, full words

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2024.4.70236

EDN: QMEFCH

Abstract: The article examines the verbs included in the structure of the semantic field of thinking, namely the basic verbs to think and thinking, complicated by the prefix y-, based on the material of Russian texts of different genres. The subject of the study is the following values of situational modality (the so–called semantic X) - the invariant value of desirability, as well as the value of the opportunity realized by derivatives to conceive, to think in the process of communication. The purpose of the work is to reveal the specifics and conditions of the modal functioning of these verbs. Achieving this goal is facilitated by solving the following tasks: 1) to identify the modal meanings realized by the considered derivatives; 2) to determine the conditions of their modal functioning within the framework of the utterance; 3) to identify the role of the nominatively independent word-formation with formant y- in the process of creating the modal, modal-evaluative meanings of the corresponding derivatives.   The goals and objectives of this work determined the choice of a comprehensive research methodology, including the following methods: functional-semantic, descriptive, contextual. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the subject of the study. As a result of the conducted research, it is concluded that the verbs of thinking, to think with the formant y- are able to realize the modal meanings of possibility, desirability (which is a condition for the realization of opportunity), associated mainly with intentions that contradict the moral, ethical, social norms of society. The analysis of the texts made it possible to determine the lexical and grammatical basis of the modal functioning of the verbs of thinking, complicated by the prefix y-, in the semantics of which the modal component is implicitly contained, to establish syntactic conditions for the realization of the meanings of situational modality, i.e. the presence of a dependent subject semantically unlimited infinitive in the verb. The reinforcing role of the service formant is determined for the formation of the modal meaning of the derivatives to think, to conceive as an independent (autonomous) significant unit, in the meaning of which the seme "bringing to an undesirable state" is explicitly expressed, as well as the pejorative seme "to commit something bad, criminal, reprehensible (to the detriment of someone)". The materials of the article can be used at seminars and practical classes of the university on topical issues of the category of linguistic modality.

Keywords: modal-estimated value, pejorative sema, the seed of undesirability, the value of the opportunity, the value of desirability, modal value, prefix y-, situational modality, verbs of thinking, negativization

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.1.29205

Abstract: The subject of this research is the peculiarities of speaker's functional roles in a literary text taking into account the functional and semantic contents of the text. The authors of the article view the demonstration and possible variation of a speaker's role in the artistic text, describe the dependence of explication peculiarities on the kind of an utterance's referential structure and associated type of speech. As an example, th eauthors analyze the chapter 'Taman' from Mikhail Lermontov's novel 'A Hero of Our Time' as a flat fiction masterpiece. The methodological basis of the research involves the main provisions of the theory of functional and semantic types of speech. The nature of the research has determined the use of the main method of the structural and semantic description which implies direct observation, analysis, comparison and classification of linguistic factors. The major role is played by the oppositive analysis that allows to compare description texts and narrative texts as well as so called 'reasoning' texts. The researchers describe the connection between speaker's roles and functional and semantic structure of an artistic text. Such approach allows to analyze the functions and roles of a speaker taking into account the general logical basis of the speech types like 'description', 'narration' or 'reasoning' and the nature of an actor that creates the utterance and semantics of predicates. This approach to the analysis of an artistic text demonstrates how the role of a speaker impacts his or her choice of linguistic means, tonality, expressive patterns and means and allows to define the most typical features of a writer idiostyle.

Keywords: subject of consciousness, observer, reasoning text, description text, narrative text, subject of speech, functional and semantic types of speech, speaking, artistic text, writer idiostyle

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.2.32322

Abstract: The subject of this research is the implementation of the theory of functional grammar in teaching of Russian language grammar to Chinese audience. The object of this research is the functional grammar of A. V. Bondarenko and communicative function of G. A. Zolotova. Studying the theory of functional grammar of the Russian language and its application among the Chinese audience allows deepening the understanding of grammar rules and increase the efficiency of teaching Russian grammar to Chinese students. The article analyzes the current situation regarding the teaching of Russian grammar in China. Special attention is given to such question as the method of employment of the theory of functional grammar at the grammar lessons among Chinese audience. The novelty consist in the attempt to implement the theory of functional grammar in teaching of Russian language grammar to Chinese students. The article determines the flaws of the traditional structural grammar and merits of the functional grammar. It is revealed that the application of functional grammar would help the students to improve the command of grammar rules and speech communication.

Keywords: Russian Teaching, sentence model, communicative grammar, categorical situation, semantic category, functional-semantic field, functional grammar, traditional grammar, speech communication, communication situation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.3.27055

Abstract: In her research Khakhimova analyzes abbreviation as the productive methods of word formation in relation to German veterinary terms. The subject of the research is different types of abbreviated lexical units created as a result of the abbreviation process. The abbreviation process is based on the linguistic economy rule aimed at minimization of lingustic expressive forms used to denote a particular content. The object of the research is German veterinary terms. The research material includes reduced lexical units that can be found in German veterinary vocabularies including Internet vocabularies. The main research methods is the continuous sampling method, statistical analysis, structural and comparative analysis. The importance of studying new abbreviations in the veterinary vocabulary is explained by the influence of extratextual factors, in particular, rapid development of veterinary as a science aimed at prevention and treatment of animal diseases, and protection of population against diseases common for human and animal. The results of the analysis allow to conclude that the most productive types of reduced units in a veterinary dialect of the German language are initial three-letter abbreviations, initial-syllabic acronyms and partially abbreviated words consisting of initial abbreviations and notional words. 

Keywords: partially abbreviated words, apocope, acronym, clipping, initial abbreviations, classification of the reduced units, German veterinary terminology, method of word formation, abbreviation, initial-syllabic acronyms

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.11.34201

Abstract: The subject of this article is the intransitive verbs in Kolyma dialect of the Yukaghir language. In Yukaghir linguistics does not feature special research on the verb word formation of this dialect, which defines the relevance of this work. The object of this article is the affixes used for the formation of intransitive verbs from the base of quality processes (qualitives). The goal of this article is to describe the formation of intransitive verbs from the base of quality processes of Kolyma dialect of the Yukaghir language, as well as to clarify the meanings of word-forming affixes. The scientific novelty consists in the analysis and description of the formation of intransitive verbs from the base of quality verbs of the language of wood Yukaghir folk. The results lies in determination and specification of the semantics of word-forming affixes of intransitive verbs, formed from the base of qualitaty processes, such as -mu (reducing to various changes), -kie (acquisition of a certain quality or transition from one state to another), -ba ~ - ge, - lye, - d  (completed action or process), - buo (semi imposition of  a quality), - de and the suffix of one-time action – s’ - (completed action or process).

Keywords: quality process, verb, morphology, Language of the forest Yukaghirs, Kolyma dialect, Yukaghir language, word-formation, affix, base, word

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.2.29789

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of communicative barriers which can lead to communication breakdowns, based on the analysis of features of linguistic personality in the context of intercultural communication. The subject of the study is nationally marked features of linguistic personality, socio-psychological factors of representatives of American individualistic and Russian collectivistic linguistic cultures. The special attention is paid to the differences in perception of extra-verbal factors, including the peculiar features of estimation of the communicant's personality, space-time categories of the process of communicative interaction, value bases that determine the choice of communication strategies and tactics and can cause the misunderstanding, communicative breakdown.  The research methods include methods of semantic and pragmatic interpretation, the method of contrastive description, by which the studied strategies of one language were compared with the corresponding strategies of another language in order to identify different kinds of differences. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that due to the differences in the value bases of American and Russian cultures there are significant differences in the perception of the communicant, the conditions of the communicative situation, which can cause a communication breakdown. The scientific novelty of the study is due to the identification of different aspects of perception in similar communicative situations under the influence of differences in cultural models. 

Keywords: Russian linguistic culture, communication strategies, collectivistic culture, individualistic culture, intercultural communication, communication barriers, communication breakdown, linguistic personality, English linguistic culture, communication context

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.11.34211

Abstract: The subject of this research is small folklore genres, namely wishful thinking and curses. The goal of this article consists in the comparative analysis of most used emotional and expressive lexis in the Bezhta and Chamalal languages. Currently, in the context of irreversible process of narrowing and unification of linguistic palette of humanity, its preservation requires the creation of full descriptions of the living” languages. This list also includes the non-written Bezhta language (from Tsez subgroup) and Chamalal language (from Andi subgroup) – two of the 18 minority languages existing in Dagestan. The research employs field material collected by the authors during expeditions of 2018-2020). Analysis is conducted on wishful thinking and curses in different ontological situations of the Bezhta and Chamalal communities. The relevance of studying small folklore genres of Bezhta and Chamalal people is substantiated by uniqueness of the type, is observed to a different degree in the folklore of different peoples. The key research methods contain analytical (analysis of theoretical literature and factual material on the matter), continuous sampling, descriptive and comparative methods. The methods of field work were applied in the course of expedition to Bezhta and Tsumadinsky Districts of the Republic of Dagestan in terms of collection of the materials on paremiology of Bezhta and Chamalal languages.

Keywords: ethnic culture, structure, curses, good wishes, Chamalin language, Bezhta language, unwritten languages, specificity of national mentality, tradition, folklore

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2024.4.70303

EDN: QIRNHT

Abstract: The subject of the study is the lexeme "normal", a multidimensional analysis of which is carried out on the basis of data from the National Corpus of the Russian Language (NCRR), which includes more than 2 billion words, which makes it quite representative. The purpose of the work is to determine the composition of the homocomplex "normal" in modern Russian, to compare homonyms in semantic, syntagmatic, functional aspects. The relevance of the research undertaken is due to the fact that the lexicographic literature does not provide a complete description of all homonyms "normal". Thus, the predicative "normally" has remained outside the attention of lexicographers, although it is in this category that the pragmatic potential of the studied word is realized; in addition, cases of using the word in a discursive function have not been noted. This study was conducted on the basis of a concordance of 4055 texts with this lexeme, a large amount of material allowed us to draw conclusions about the quantitative and qualitative features of the functioning of this homocomplex. In accordance with this goal, descriptive, quantitative, statistical methods, as well as corpus analysis methods were used in the work.  The methodological basis of the research was the works devoted to the problem of functional homonymy (V. V. Vinogradov, O. S. Akhmanova, V. V. Babaytseva, P. A. Lekant, etc.) and methods of corpus linguistics (O. N. Lyashevskaya, N. V. Pertsov, V. A. Plungyan, E. V. Rakhilina, D. V. Sichinava, etc.). The results The following provisions became the basis of the work: based on the data selected from the corpus, it is argued that the homocomplex "normally" unites a group of functional homonyms (adjective in short form; adverb; predicative (category of state); interjection), which differ in a set of morphological features, syntactic function, syntagmatic features, semantics expressed in speech. It is concluded that all these homonyms are active in modern Russian speech; they have pragmatic and stylistic features in different speech spheres. The first texts with the predicative "normally", as well as with the homonymous adverb, recorded in the NCRR, belong to the end of the XIX century; the use of "normally" as an interjection in a discursive function appears much later, in the 1980s. Statistical methods allowed us to determine the most frequent collocations with the lexeme "normally".

Keywords: pragmatics, semantics, discursive function, interjection, adverb, predicative, short adjective, homocomplex, functional homonyms, Russian National Corpus

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.1.32048

Abstract: This article explores causal relations complicated by modus saturation. As examples, the author selected the modus of necessity with modal predicate must, and modus of assumption with modal work perhaps. The goal of this work consists in examination of causal semantics in modus formations of various type and mark out a demarcation that is important in analyzing causal semantics and logics of similar relations in a sentence and text. The following methods are applies in the course of this research component analysis, propositional analysis, and contextual analysis. The work is conducted within the framework of semantic syntax and logics of language. The main conclusion consists in determination of the primary role of the modus of necessity in the texts with causal semantics, as well as potential of a modus to form the semantics of cause and effect in the texts. The relevance of this article us substantiated by reference to such modern linguistic directions as the logics of language, semantic syntax, and syntax of text.

Keywords: predicate, proposition, modality, modus, depth syntax level, logics, semantics, effect, cause, communication

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2024.3.70155

EDN: KESMHO

Abstract: The subject of the research is the search for the optimal method of analyzing deep structures using frame semantics. The study of semantic roles, similarities and differences in the approaches of both C. Fillmore and B. Levin – M. R. Hovav make it possible to analyze the structure of a sentence in more detail and accurately, identify deep cases and determine semantic relations between words. The study of these aspects is key to understanding language constructs and their interpretation. The study of various approaches makes it possible to identify both common features and unique features, which is key for a complete understanding of language constructions. An interest in text analysis in the field of artificial intelligence, machine learning and computational linguistics, and an understanding of the semantic relationships between words will help create more accurate and efficient text processing algorithms. One of the research methods is the semantic analysis of sentences based on corpus data. This method includes the study of various linguistic constructions in the context of their use in real texts, which allows us to identify common patterns and rules for the use of these linguistic units in different situations. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the authors have determined the similarity of the approaches on how to understand the surface and deep structures of language of Ch. Fillmore and B. Levin and M. Rappaport. Their work, despite differences in methodology and terminology, together allow for in-depth investigation of the relationship between the meanings of verbs and the structure of arguments. As a result of the study, the natural relationships between deep cases and semantic roles in sentences of various types are revealed, and key points that need to be taken into account when analyzing deep structures for a more accurate definition of the semantic roles of arguments are highlighted: frame semantics and thematic grids. Disagreements and alternative points of view contribute to the constant development and improvement of linguistic theories. Such debates eventually lead to a deeper understanding of the implementation of the arguments and open up opportunities for further research in this area. Both C. Fillmore and B. Levin and M. Rappaport have made significant contributions to understanding the surface and deep structures of language, although their approaches and terminology may differ.

Keywords: corpus, natural language, artificial intellect, case grammar, implementation of arguments, frame semantics, generative linguistics, deep case, syntactic structure of language, thematic roles

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.4.27908

Abstract: The object of this research is the syntactic aspect of the Yakut-Russian translation. The subject of the research is the complex sentences in the Yakut and Russian languages. The language of literature, the language of the national literature classics, the best prosaists are the best source of the analysis of the literature language. Successful translation is based on a firm linguistic base, thus translation matches are a nettlesome issue today. The authors of this article analyze translation matches of complex sentences in the Yakut and Russian languages based on the analysis of E. Neymokhova's novel 'Alampa'. The methodological basis of this research includes the following analysis tools: structured word-forming, comparison and description. For the first time in the Yakut language studies the authors of the article discover translation matches of complex sentences in the process of interlinear translation and their role in literary translation. The results of the analysis made it possible to make the following conclusions: contents of Russian complex sentences correspond to those in the Yakut language while their structures differ a lot. In the process of interlinear translation and literary translation complex sentences in the Yakut language usually preserve their structure in the Russian language. 

Keywords: complex sentence, literary translation, syntax, Yakut language, interlinear translation, Yakut-Russian translation, Yakut literature, translation, translation matches, equivalent translation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2024.4.70438

EDN: QCUTPT

Abstract: The subject of the study is the linguistic and cultural features of the Chinese argumentation tradition. The object of the study is the elements of the logical structure of reasoning. The author examines such aspects of the topic as the differences between Eastern and Western models of argumentation and the prerequisites for the formation of the Chinese style of argumentation. Definitions of argumentation and related terms included in the range of concepts of argumentative discourse are given. In the aspect of this problem, the question of the relationship between the functional and semantic type of reasoning and argumentation is also highlighted. The author believes that argumentation is a more detailed development of reasoning based on ways of presenting facts, quotations, appealing to authority, emotions, expert opinion, and laws. In the social contexts of polemics, public discussions, Essenes, and science, the ability to argue is understood as an art. The author also notes that argumentation is a mental and predominantly verbal activity.  Special attention is paid to the structure of classical Chinese literary argumentation. For analysis, the author turns to the scientific metaphor "geometry of argumentation". This facet of argumentation is a methodology for reconstructing argumentative discourse. According to this, a reconstruction method based on the identification of argumentation schemes is used. Argumentation schemes are generalized models of how an argument relates to a conclusion or thesis. The main conclusion of the work is that the structure of argumentation in the Chinese text differs from that in the generally accepted model of argumentation of the Western type. To substantiate this conclusion, the author considers S. Tulmin's model, which consists of six elements, believing that the elements of the model can be distinguished in the representative texts of the argumentation. Therefore, the essay can be considered as an explication of argumentation schemes. After that, the author proceeds to analyze the structure of the argumentation in the text of the "Essay on Eight Legs" (八股文), which consists of eight elements. The intermediate conclusion of the work is information about the positive and negative prescriptive aspects of using the eight-part essay scheme in an educational and professional context and in the context of application in less institutional discourses.

Keywords: argumentation schemes, Western culture, Chinese culture, Chinese language, models of argumentation, argumentation, thesis, logic, The eight-legged essay, Lunyu

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.4.28189

Abstract: The subject of the research is the phraseological prepositions of temporal semantics. The aim of this research is to carry out a component analysis and comparison of phraseological prepositions in the Russian and French languages. Within the framework of this research, the author has studied components of adverbs and verbal adverbs. The empirical basis of the research is the original card catatologue of phraseological prepositions of temporal semantics. The cases of how these prepositions are used were taken from the National Corpus of the Russian Language and National Corpus of the French Language. Based on the results of the practical research, the authors conclude that adverb components are quite often used in the Russian language. In the course of their research the authors have used the following methods: component analysis, descriptive method including elements of analysis, comparison and generalisation. The main conclusion of the research is that adverb components are frequently used in Russian while more rarely used in French. The authors describe semantic features of phraseological prepositions with adverb and verbal adverb components in Russian and adverb component of infinitives in French. 

Keywords: comparative aspect, phraseopreposition, verbal adverb, adverb, component, temporal semantics, phraseological preposition, two-component, three-component, lexical unit

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2020.12.34535

Abstract: The goal of this research consists in the description of subjective-evaluative adjectives of general assessment of yakhshy ‘good’ / yaramay ‘evil’ on the material of Crimean Tatar language. The relevance of this research is defined by the need existing in Crimean Tatar Language for studying the evaluative function of an adjective. Theoretical framework of this research is comprised of the works of such scholars as O. Jespersen, A. A. Potebnja, V. V. Vinogradov, A. M. Shcherbak, E. M. Volf, N. D. Arutyunov, etc. The research employs the methods of analysis, generalization, and classification. The acquired materials can be used in the practice of teaching Crimean Tatar language. The novelty lies in the fact that this article is first to examine the semantics of adjectives yakhshy ‘good’ / yaramay ‘evil’ with evaluative meaning. It is established that these adjectives can move from one lexical-semantic group to another, due to the fact that semantics of the word initially carries its figurative meaning. The adjectives yakhshy ‘good’ / yaramay ‘evil’ in Crimean Tatar language can be on the periphery of multiple lexical-semantic groups, which can be divided into two main groups: sensory perceived by a human characteristics of the inanimate object, and properties that describe the appearance, age, and socio-communicative traits of a human.

Keywords: evaluation, lexical-semantic variant, polysemy, lexical-semantic group, lexemes, subjective-evaluative adjectives, adjective, good, bad, Crimean Tatar language

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.4.28389

Abstract: The subject of the research is the synonymy of names of clothing in literary lexemes and dialecticisms. Just as different synonymous nominations may be used to denote the same kind of clothing, dialecticisms may be used as a literary name of the same clothing. One of the most topical issues in modern language studies is the analysis of thematic lexical layers. Dialect vocabulary is of special interest. This is explained by the fact that in the process of the semantic analysis of a language picture of the world, a dialect-speaker demonstrates description of phenomena and items in his or her vocabulary. Thus, by studying lexemes of particular dialects, it is possible to understand national and cultural features of speakers, how they perceive and understand the world. In the course of writing her article Ablyametova has used the methods of description and distributive analysis to study the inter-dialect synonymy. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the researcher analyzes names of clothing in Crimean Tatar dialects and describes their peculiarities. Based on the analysis of clothing names, the researcher describes synonymic rows in Crimean Tatar dialects and defines its lexical features. Dialects differ from other variants of national language as well as literary language. 

Keywords: inter-dialect synonymy, synonyms, literary language, language, dialect, Crimean Tatar language, names of clothing, synonymic series, semantics, etymology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.1.22820

Abstract: The article is devoted to the origin of a perfect in Germantic languages. The analysis of the Gothic material and possible means of borrowings, functional and semantic features of the possesive verb and past participle structures as well as sociolinguistic analysis of ancient English demonstrate that the hypothesis of borrowing creates a number of contradictions in semantics and general grammaticalisation of a perfect at the early stage of its development in the ancient Germanic languages. The difference in grammaticalisation paces of different Germantic languages is explained by intra-linguistic features of their aspectual-temporal systems. The periphery nature of the construction is viewed as a consequence of their statal semantics that is not in line with the general aspectual-temporal system. As the grammaticalisation and acquirance of the status of an analytical construction with a perfect temporaral meaning happens, the frequency of a construction rises, too, which demonstrates its categorisation and integration into the aspectual-temporarl system of Germanic languages. The comparative historical method and philological analysis of examples, analysis of selected words from the corpus of texts, semantic analysis of the construction are used as research methods. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that Bondar provides a set of arguments that prove the failure of the 'latin' hypothesis that tries to explain the origin of a German perfect. The author gives a semantic differentiation between the types of statal perfects which development helps to explain the statal nature of the analysed construction as well as a number of other semantic puzzlers that present the semantic and syntactic analysis of the haben-participle II structure. 

Keywords: resultative, semantics, language contacts, syntactic borrowing, old germanic languages, latin, perfect, grammaticalisation, possessive verb, sociolinguistics

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.2.29935

Abstract: The subject of the study is a semantic and etymological analysis of determining the nominative features of lexical units and the classification of totemic nominations of the bear in Even language. As a result of the study of comparative analysis of evens' totemic vocabulary with other languages of the Manchu-Tungus linguistic group, the peculiar features of lexical units functioning in subdialects and dialects of Even language are determined. The survey of ethnographic and folklore studies reflecting the cult worship of the bear in the culture of the minority ethnic group, which led to the emergence of a whole complex of rituals, is carried out. In the work, the method of linguocultural analysis, contextual, comparative, and introspective methods were used. The novelty of the study is due to the fact that at the first time the linguistic analysis of totemic names of a bear possessing the ethnospecific features in the linguistic picture of the world of the Evens is carried out.The relevance of the study is due to the importance of language research within the anthropological paradigm of modern linguistics, and an insufficient study of zoonymic vocabulary in the dialects of the Even language, revealing the features of the linguistic picture of the world of the people.

Keywords: connotation, vocabulary, totemism, etymology, semantics, totemic vocabulary, dialect, even language, zoonyms, zoomorphic code

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.6.31187

Abstract: This article examines the English-language realities within the framework of literary text and their translation into the Russian language. The goal is to determine the patterns of application of the various methods for translating realities from the English language into the Russian based on the analysis of translation solutions (on the example of Daphne du Maurier’s novel “Rebecca”). The selected from the original text routine realities are analyzed from the perspective of the ways of their translation (on the basis of classification of V. S. Vinogradov) for determining the most productive out of them. In the course of research the author uses the methods of continuous sampling for selecting the language material; linguistic observation and description; quantitative estimation; and comparative method. The analysis of language material demonstrates that the most productive means for translation of routine realities of the English language into the Russian language imply adaptation, periphrastic translation, and calquing; then follow the transcription and transliteration. Less productive with regards to translation of routine realities became the hypo-hyperonymic translation. The theoretical importance and novelty of this study consist in the hierarchical arrangement of the material, systematization of translation solutions, and specification of the factors and solutions affecting the adequacy of translation of realities into the Russian language. Despite interest of the researchers to the process of translation of realities, practical aspects of the effectiveness of separate translation approaches and their combinations remain relevant. Analysis of the quality of translation equivalents, determination of the patterns for translating realities based on the material of literary texts may contribute to more profound understanding and solution of the problems of the theory and practice of translation of the non-equivalent lexis. The research materials can be valuable for pedagogical purposes and professional translation of English texts containing non-equivalent lexis into the Russian language.

Keywords: translation theory, interpretation, translation, non-equivalent lexis, classification of realities, culture, realities, equivalent, literary text, the English Language

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.1.24272

Abstract: The Russian language being inflectional and English being analytic, the translation of the of the as-pect meanings of the verbs raises difficulties and problems. That’s why the object of the research is the form Perfect of the English verb, functioning in the different kinds of fiction, the subject being the comparative analyses and the ways of translation of the aspect meanings of the Russian verbs into English. At a comparative research of the functional and semantic complexes of a verb the similarities and differences in the compared languages reveal. In Russian aspectual-temporal meanings of a ver-bal form correlate with semantic components of the verbal action, in English both parts of verbal semantics being implemented by the compound category Tense-Aspect. At the same time the inter-nal asymmetry of verbal forms and meanings for each of the compared languages appear. Moreover if there are imperfective and perfective aspect in Russian, the translation of these particular forms into English may have more different ways, in particular, it may be both continuous and non-continuous forms, both infinitive and modal constructions. The novelty of this research is caused by the appeal to the deep language semantic characteristic of a grammatical form. The search of equiv-alent means of transferring of the complex of meanings of the Perfect form in Russian while trans-lating, the analysis and the methods of development of adequate translation of the content of the verbal Perfect form, the comparison of the Russian tense and aspect complexes of a verb to Tense-Aspect category for the Perfect form are the points for consideration. The offered variants of translation of concrete lexical units and structures will help trainees to understand nuances while translating both languages. Having analyzed a number of syntactic structures, we have come to conclusion that comparing the semantics of aspect and the ways of ver-bal action in Russian with the semantics of the English Perfect the asymmetry is revealed, which is determined by interlingual structural-typological distinctions, in particular, by existence - absence of similar forms, their various semantic, analytical and synthetic tendencies. The asymmetry is shown especially brightly in translation process. It is a contextual environment of the categorial meaning that is a starting point for the trans-lation and helps to avoid both a positive, and negative interference of both languages.

Keywords: perfect meaning, aspect meaning, polycentric, unicentric, functional-semantic field of aspect, comparative research, modality, processive meaning, result meaning, limitation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.6.31268

Abstract: The object of this research is the phraseoscheme with base component “even would…not” in the Russian language. The goal of this work lies in comprehensive description of properties of the indicated phraseoscheme. For achieving the set goal, the author solved the following tasks: 1) brief interpretation of the framework of the term “phraseoscheme”; 2) analysis and classification of the collected from the Russian National Corpus facts of use of the phraseoscheme in the fictional prose; 3) determination of semantic and structural variants of the phraseoscheme; 4) detailed examination of functional properties of the phraseoscheme “even would not + Vinf”, which prevails among the structural variants of the phraseoscheme under consideration. The conducted research allows concluding that the indicated phraseoscheme is mostly applied in the infinitive subject clauses rather than in subjectless clauses; at the same time, the subject may be verbalized or nonverbalized. The novelty of this work consists in the first ever attempt to analyze the indicated phraseoscheme  as an independent phraseoscheme and demonstrate its structural variants. This could complement the list of phraseoschemes with the presence of subjunctive particle.

Keywords: subjective meaning, infinitive sentences, functional properties, structural properties, semantic properties, syntactic phraseology, even would not, phrase, subjectless meaning, structural options

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.1.25705

Abstract: The subject of the research is the nomination of family relations in Saltykov-Shchedrin's novels. The term 'nomination' is widely used in linguistics that relates it to all kinds of naming of a certain object. The expressive and stylistic means that influences the interpretation of an image by a reader is its nomination presented as some kind of a chain of images in a text; very often literary experts speak of the 'system' of nominations. This research focuses on the system of nominations of family relations in Saltykov-Shchedrin's novels 'The Golovlyov Family' and 'The Peshekhonsky Area'. By using the continuous sampling method, the author of the article has discovered over 600 nominations of family relations. The results of the analysis of family relations nominations demonstrate that nominations used by the writer underline the hypocrisy of the heroes and prove the formality of their relations that lack a true feeling or contribution. The famly relations described by the writer only contribute to the deceipt and humiliaton and are used for observation of the etiquette as the sole purpose. 

Keywords: nomination of family relations, nomination system, text analysis, creativity of Saltykov-Shchedrin, lexic analysis, artistic text, continuous method, semantic series, appeal, etiquette

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.6.31535

Abstract: The subject of this research is the origin of the elements of Kyrgyz terminological combination “unaa juuguç jez” (carwash) commonly used in parallel to its Russian version in advertising discourse of the car service center of Kyrgyz Republic and emerges as a result of literal translation of the Russian word into Kyrgyz language. The authors examine the etymology of each element of the term in comparison of their correspondence in other cognate languages, as well as circumstantially substantiate the formal-semantic unity of the identical by origin words in various languages. Special attention is given to the commonness of Turkic-Sino root morphemes that testifies to the remote relation of the Altai and Sino-Tibetan languages. The scientific novelty consists in demonstration of semantic justification of the structure of Kyrgyz name for carwash, establishment of the origin of each element of the terminological combination on the basis of their comparison with the matches in other languages, substantiation of etymological identity of elements comprising the term in various cognate languages, attraction of Chinese language for comparative analysis of the facts from the perspective of Nostratics.

Keywords: nostratics, macro-family of languages, Chinese language, Kyrgyz language, Turkic languages, Sino-Tibetan languages, Altai languages, name of car wash, etymology, origin of the term

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2019.1.28808

Abstract: The aim of the research is to analyze the mechanism of transposition of short adjectives into input-model words and expressions in the Russian language. Based on the example of word forms 'it is seen', 'it is heard', and 'it is known' explicated into predicative and impersonal-predicative functions of someone's audio, auditive or cognitive perception the author of the article describes syntax conditions, features, stages and limits of adjective modalation. The rationale of the research is predetermined by the growing role of the subjective modal factor in the language. In the course of the research the author has used general research, general linguistic and special research methods (comparison, generalisation, description, oppositive analysis, distributive and transformation analysis). The research is focused on the core input-modal words created as a result of functional-semantic modalation of adjective word forms. It is demonstrates that the areas of the modal word core at the scale of transposition are achieved by single word forms with '-o' comparable to adjectives and predicates. An example is the modal unit 'it is seen' used as an input element of a common expanded sentence. At the stage of the core it is derived of such predicative features as categorial semantics of the evaluation; the function of the main element of an impersonal (input) sentence; compatibility with the verb conjunction of neuter gender, singular number and subject-object and/or circumstance determinants. Neither it has the features of an adjective (adjective lexical semantics); categorial meaning of a sign of an object; grammatical categories, forms and paradigms; functions of a predicate of a two-element construction; word-modifying and sentence connections. Based on its antonomic meaning, a lexical and grammatical omonym is created. 

Keywords: input-modal unit, predicative, short adjective, modàlation, grammar, Russian language, scale of transition, core, periphery, homonym

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2016.3.18924

Abstract: In this article Rolgayzer describes the main means of the language-related categorization of celestial bodies in the Russian and French languages. The researcher also defines the most efficient lexico-grammatical means that express categories of evaluation, time, amount and dimension. The phenomenon of categorization covers all spheres and aspects of human existence. The subject of the research is the language-related objectivation of category features as one of the ways  to order and describe the conceptual picture of the world. The object of the research is celestial bodies concepts verbalized in the form of Sun, Moon and Stars. In the course of the research the author has used the method of the conceptual analysis to define and describe category features constituting the structure of the viewed concepts as well as the method of the contextual analysis. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author defines category features of celestial bodies concepts in terms of Russian and French linguocultures. The main conclusion of the research is that categorization is one of the basic terms of the humanity and the main means of the systematizatino of objects and phenomena in the surrounding world. 

Keywords: linguoculture, conceptual analysis, objectivization, celestial bodies, cognitive system, characteristic, concept, categorization, category, worldview

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2016.3.68244

Abstract: In this article Rolgayzer describes the main means of the language-related categorization of celestial bodies in the Russian and French languages. The researcher also defines the most efficient lexico-grammatical means that express categories of evaluation, time, amount and dimension. The phenomenon of categorization covers all spheres and aspects of human existence. The subject of the research is the language-related objectivation of category features as one of the ways  to order and describe the conceptual picture of the world. The object of the research is celestial bodies concepts verbalized in the form of Sun, Moon and Stars. In the course of the research the author has used the method of the conceptual analysis to define and describe category features constituting the structure of the viewed concepts as well as the method of the contextual analysis. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author defines category features of celestial bodies concepts in terms of Russian and French linguocultures. The main conclusion of the research is that categorization is one of the basic terms of the humanity and the main means of the systematizatino of objects and phenomena in the surrounding world. 

Keywords: linguoculture, conceptual analysis, objectivization, celestial bodies, cognitive system, characteristic, concept, categorization, category, worldview

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.3.26657

Abstract: The article is devoted to an in-depth research of the language situation in early medieval England. The rationale of the research is caused by the fact that adoption of Christianity of the British Islands made a significant influence on the language situation all over the medieval Europe and England in particular. In her research Sokolova compares the language situation in England before and after adoption of Christianity. Before adoption of Christianity, the main feature of the language situation was the functional paradigm, the highest level being taken by the elaborated folklore language and the lowest level being taken by the everyday dialect that was different in different territories. After adoption of Christianity, the language situation in England was defined by the existence of two langauges that had equal and equivalent functions and opportunities, Latin and Old English, the scope of the application of the latter extended with time. In her research Sokolova used the historical research method that allowed to analyze the dynamics of transformations of the language situation in a certain period of the history of the language. The main conclusion made by the author is that the milestone in the historical-cultural situation of early medieval England was the opposition between pre-Christian and Christian cultures and thus existence of two literary traditions, previous literary tradition that had the features of previous epochs, mostly represented by epic poetry, and new literary tradition that was mostly represented in prose and demonstrated the process of the English language transformation.

Keywords: new literary tradition, previous literary tradition, functional paradigm, language situation, Latin, Old English, adoption of Christianity, medieval England, poetic ancient manuscripts, prosaic ancient manuscripts

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.3.27146

Abstract: The article is devoted to the lexico-semantic field with the invariant 'education' in the Russian and English langauges , domiments and constituents thereof. In her research Nasibullaeva demonstrates the dynamics of the use of lexemes in the sphere of education, and gives definitions of important terms such as semantic mutliplier, semantic field, and archilexeme. The author compares micro fields of the lexico-semantic field 'education' in English and Russian, describes particular lacunas, and compares Russian and English lexemes. The research methods include semantic analysis, comparison and quantitative research methods. The method of semantic analysis allowed to define dominants of a lexico-semantic field with the invariant 'education'. Comparison gave an opportunity to discover common and distinguished features of that lexico-semantic field in the English and Russian languages. Quantitative analysis allowed to define the main trends of translation of lexemes from English into Russian and vice versa. Despite numerous researches on the matter, intensive development of lexicography, and changes in English and Russian education vocabularies as a result of modern trends and processes, still remain an understudied topic. The rationale of the research is caused by the fact that the author develops new approaches allowing to better describe the vocabulary of contemporary English and Russian as well as to define their national and cultural features. 

Keywords: translated equivalent, microfield, lexico-semantic group, archilexeme, semantic field, dominant, constituent, lexis, lacuna, seme

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.3.27434

Abstract: The subject of the research is the linguoculturological and linguosynergetical aspects of the fractal organisation of PROSPERITY concept in the British fairy tale discourse. The object of the research is the British fairy tale discourse viewed by the author as a fractally organised verbal and cogitative process functioning in a discursive space. Such approach extends the idea of the discourse as a non-linear fractally organised semantic system and allows to analyse and describe lingjuoculturological and linguosynergetical features of the fractal self-organisation of the British fairy tale discourse in general and in particular. The author of the article focuses on the realisation of the HOUSE concept based on the 'unwinding spiral' model based on the analysis of a British folklore fairy tale The Story of the Three Bears. Fractal simulation of the British fairy tale discourse demostrates its structural features through determination of self-similar irregular semantic structures (fractals). The author emphasizes specific features of animalistic fairy tales in which animals have human features viewed from the 'wrong or right' point of view. The author concludes that British animalistic fairy tales illustrate ethical standards of behavior, inevitability of punishment for wrongful acts and triumph of justice. 

Keywords: spiral, fractal simulation, humour, comical, folklore, British fairy tale discourse, linguasynergetics, concept, animalistic fairy tale, semantic development

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2016.4.21122

Abstract: In the present article the author examines distinguishing features of the development of the ‘Career’ scenario within the ‘Education’ framework structure depending on certain information blocks containing data about a particular situation. Relevant data are presented from the point of view of the lexical semantic analysis of linguistic units which relations determine the dynamics of the scenario development. It should be noted that the frame-based representation of knowledge in a particular linguistic community has a relative nature due to the analysis being based on autobiographic materials and memoirs written by famous Russian-speaking figures. The research method used by the author of the article is the lexical semantic analysis of expressions from memoirs and autobiographies of famous Russian-speaking figures. The main conclusion of the research is the author’s description of the development dynamics of the scenario within the analyzed framework at the moment of the transfer from one stage (slot) to another stage and associated relations between these stages. Detailed lexical semantic analysis allows to define the cultural component that can be further studied. The results of the research are of special importance for linguoculturological research. 

Keywords: verbalization, representation, cognitive, lexical unit, slot, framework, scenario, slot occupancy, career, education

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2016.4.68324

Abstract: The research article is dedicated to the development specifics of the script «career» as part of structuring frame «Education» into blocks which present information about definite situation. The information due to lexical-semantic analysis of language units and relations between them determine dynamics of the script. The knowledge of certain language community is relatively presented within frame structure which is explained by strictly analyzing autobiographical details and memoirs of outstanding Russian characters.

Keywords: script, frame, slot, lexeme, cognitive, representation, verbalization, slot completeness, career, education

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2015.4.16916

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of eponymic terminological units of the spheres of digital photography and nanotechnologies in the contrastive-comparative aspect. It considers a short story of appearance of the term «eponym», the morphological and syntactic structure and from the point of view of anthropocentrism the word-formative models of eponymic terms as terminological units formed with the help of proper names. It is stated that the majority of such terminological units are correlated with the surnames of scientists who participated in the creation and development of any special objects, who made a certain discovery in the fields in question. A complex method of research is applied which includes definitional, contextual types of analysis, method of continuous selection of terms. Digital photography and nanotechnology terminologies, despite some distinctions in their nature and peculiarities of term-derivation in the Russian and English languages, are no exception. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of spelling of eponymic terms with small and capital letters in both languages, as well as to the abbreviating of onymic and appellative components. The authors come to the conclusion of the significance of eponymic terms in the spheres of digital photography and nanotechnologies, despite their relatively small amount in the analyzed terminological systems. Eponymic terms of the spheres of digital photography and nanotechnologies in the modern Russian and English languages are characterized by the different morphological-syntactic structure, the presence of eponymic and non-eponymic synonymic terms, a clearly expressed tendency to abbreviation.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2015.4.67374

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of eponymic terminological units of the spheres of digital photography and nanotechnologies in the contrastive-comparative aspect. It considers a short story of appearance of the term «eponym», the morphological and syntactic structure and from the point of view of anthropocentrism the word-formative models of eponymic terms as terminological units formed with the help of proper names. It is stated that the majority of such terminological units are correlated with the surnames of scientists who participated in the creation and development of any special objects, who made a certain discovery in the fields in question. A complex method of research is applied which includes definitional, contextual types of analysis, method of continuous selection of terms. Digital photography and nanotechnology terminologies, despite some distinctions in their nature and peculiarities of term-derivation in the Russian and English languages, are no exception. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of spelling of eponymic terms with small and capital letters in both languages, as well as to the abbreviating of onymic and appellative components. The authors come to the conclusion of the significance of eponymic terms in the spheres of digital photography and nanotechnologies, despite their relatively small amount in the analyzed terminological systems. Eponymic terms of the spheres of digital photography and nanotechnologies in the modern Russian and English languages are characterized by the different morphological-syntactic structure, the presence of eponymic and non-eponymic synonymic terms, a clearly expressed tendency to abbreviation.

Keywords: eponymy, terminological unit, terminology, terminological system, proper name, digital photography, terminological element, nanotechnologies, eponymic term, word-formative model

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.4.22807

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the sources of modern Slovak literary language. The basis for the codification of Slovak literary langauge is Ludovit Stur's Book 'Slovak Literary Standard' (1844). The book was generally accepted by the academic society, however, Catholics and the younger generation of Protestants had serious objections to some of Stur's provisions. Michal Godza represented the views of Protestants while Martin Hatalla represented the views of Catholics. In her research Gorina examines similarities and differences between their approaches to the codification of the language as well as analyzes phonetics, morphology and spelling of Catholic and Protestant variants of Slovak literary language. The researcher has applied comparative and functional methods to analyze particular language phenomena in order to define similarities and differences between views of Catholics and Protestants on necessary transformations of Stur's condification. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that transformation of Stur's codification has never been studied before in Slovak language studies, neither have the ideas of Godze or Hatalla been referred to either Catholics or Protestants even though their concepts were included in The Brief Grammar of the Slovak Language that created the grounds for modern Slovak language. The main conclusion of the research is that Hatalla naturally combined phonematic and etimological spelling principles offered by Stur and Godza and eliminated the most controversial phonetic and morphological elements of the codified language. 

Keywords: codification, Slovak literary language, grammar, spelling, etymological principle, phonematic principle, morphology, phonetics, rhythmic law, reform

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0749.2018.4.27623

Abstract: Today there is a growing interest of modern linguistic studies towards peculiarities of how humans perceive the reality and how their mental activity works. The subject of this research is anemonyms in the English language and culture. The aim of the research is to define universal and specific features of the names of winds, to differentiate between a term and nomenclature name. The authors offer a general classification of nomenclature names of anemonyms (depending on the force, consistency and direction of wind) and describe specific features of natinal dialects of English and their pronunciation variants. The main research methods used by the author include description, etymological method and quantitative analysis. The researcher also analyzes transcription of the English combination of vowels 'th' in the Russian language as it is described in the dictionary of L. Prokha. The author concludes that English names of winds reflect historical events and were created as a result of interaction and interdependence of native dialects and conquerer languages. 

Keywords: names of winds, nomen, opposition, special features, universals, typology, English language, anemonyms, borrowings, transcription