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Abstract: Nowadays social philosophy offers a great number of contradictory scenarios, models and prognoses. Quite often we get the impression that the history is fraught with tectonic quakes. Computers are assuming the role of oracles. The author underlines how valuable all the prognoses are but at the same time he draws our attention at Oedipus effect which means a hidden and manipulative implementation in sociology. The author also makes a suggestion that there should be many scenarios because it would provide a wide choice in social philosophy.

Keywords: philosophy, oracle, ‘storm of the future’, scenarios, politics, humankind, consciousness, futurological boom, expertise, social practice.

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Abstract: The article provides a new solution of the ‘difficult consciousness issue’ which explains why all the previous solutions of the ‘consciousness and body’ issue failed. The author of the article describes a new theory of consciousness and its structure which allows to explain the consciousness phenomena as well as to study consciousness in an experimental way. Solution is based on the hypothesis about environment model which is used in explaining the issue and consciousness structure.

Keywords: philosophy, consciousness, difficult issue, mental, qualia, reality model, I and It, brain, representation, neurophysiology.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the phenomenon of French pragmatism at the turn of the 19th – 20th century which was centered on the problems of subjective reality and relative knowledge. The author’s purpose was to show how French pragmatists (E. Leroy, G. Milo, J. Villebois) solve the above mentioned issues and come to a new rational understanding of scientific objectivity. The article is of historical and philosophical nature and epistemological nature at the same time because it provides non-trivial perspectives of pragmatism philosophy.

Keywords: philosophy, new spiritualism, objectivity, pragmatism, psychology of knowledge, rationalism, relativism, symbolism, phenomenism, epistemology.

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Abstract: The article is devoted to the national minorities and immigrants in the system of social relations from the point of view of social studies and philosophy. It is proved that interaction between world cultures are considerably formed by ethnical minorities and migration processes. The result of the research allows to define and understand the problem of integration of national minorities and immigrations into the system of social relations.

Keywords: philosophy, marriages, immigrants, culture, minorities, translations, civilization, language, ethnos, interaction.

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Abstract: The author of the article breaks the tradition to view October Revolution as the beginning of socialism in Russia. In the author’s opinion, the deal is much more than that. It was impossible to solve the centuries-long debates between millions of peasants and Russian nobility and bourgeois class and to create the basis for modern civilization without deposing bourgeois class and destroying capitalism which had been formed after 1861. Non-capitalistic path of our country after the civil war turned out to be hard and dramatic due to economic and cultural undevelopment. Lenin was one of those few who understood how fatal the Jacobinism model of the transfer to socialism was for new Russia. However, Lenin understanding of Russia’s social perspectives came into collusion with communistic beliefs of the majority of Bolshevik Party members who thought they could achieve socialism by simply destroying bourgeois class and proletarian dictatorship. After Lenin’s death those beliefs were supported by Stalin’s government. Thanks to Stalin, socialism is now associated solely with the forced industrialization. Independent peasant household (during so called village collectivization) was sacrificed, terror against discontented was started (so called struggle with the enemies of the people) and totalitarian power of the party leaders was established (proletariat dictatorship). As a result, our country now has to catch up with the other countries and modern civilization just like France long ago did. Nevertheless, Russia has already made the first step towards Modern Age. Today the question is more about speeding up and expansion of this movement in history.

Keywords: philosophy, revolution, Jacobinism, Thermidor, hegemony, Modern Age, compromise, socialism, proletariat, culture.

Abstract: The author of the article criticizes the universal nature of the system analysis. According to the author, system analysis has its own limits, too. That is, a system must include the cause of its existence. So, we can’t view organism as a system because its cause of existence is concentrated in the past. Mental forms cannot be systems, either: their causes of existence are concentrated in the future. The author of the article also provides his analysis of the city mentality.

Keywords: philosophy, system, organism, personality, institution, society, past, future, habitus, personality.

Abstract: The article is devoted to social and cultural background of the phenomenon of Russian youth movement outside their native country. The authors of the article describe certain measure which, at least for a while, allowed to stop de-nationalization of growing generation.

Keywords: philosophy, history, emigration, youth, succession, acculturation, mentality, nation, identity, cultural studies.

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Abstract: Teaching about ‘middle knowledge’ says that God has a special kind of knowledge which allows Him to now not only what a person would do under these or those circumstances but also to know what a person would actually do. The teaching was introduced by Louis de Molina in the 16th century. The fullest theory was suggested by Dekker. The author provides counter arguments for some aspects of Dekker’s theory about ‘middle knowledge’. All these counter arguments can be all reduced to the following ideas: 1) teaching about middle knowledge is not an adequate solution of the omniscience issue because it uses a very problematic interpretation of free will based on the principle of alternative possibilities; 2) quietism assumes that God exists outside time, but in such context the middle knowledge does not exist, either; 3) teaching about middle knowledge is excessive because there is another, more economic theory, that claims to solve this problem (Severinus Boethuis teaching about forecasting, prophesy and free will).

Keywords: philosophy, Middle Knowledge, forecasting, prediction, Quietism, future, contingency, free will, alternatives, Louis de Molina.

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Abstract: The author of the article analyzes how Filioque teaching was formed (teaching about proceeding of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son) in Latin patristics before Augustine. It is shown that Augustine synthesized different ideas of his predecessors: Tertullianus, Hilary of Poitiers and others. Augustine’s synthesis as well as Oriental critics of Filioque teaching have defined orientation of future development of relativistic teaching about personality and had a certain impact on discussion about universals and relationship between will and mind.

Keywords: philosophy, scholasticism, patristics, Augustine, Filioque, personality, universals, triadology, attitude, the Holy Spirit.

Abstract: This article is an attempt to take a new look at human. It is proved that it is his spirit and senses but not his mental ‘self’ (consciousness) which is a true nature of human. Analysis is based on experience of phenomenological reduction, when the subject of research is the sphere of senses and feelings even though these are traditionally viewed as part of consciousness and deprived of its own peculiarities. The author shows that there is a very deep structure in human inner world which can be defined as a spiritual unit (or ‘soul’ in the exact meaning of this word). Basic laws of such a unit are opposite to the laws of material and sensual existence and mental phenomena and act as additional. This structure determines features of all human sensuality and cogitation and it is the source and substance of all higher forms of emotional life and an important beginning in human evolution and personal architectonics.

Keywords: philosophy, consciousness, sensuality, phenomenology, spirit, ideal, real, spiritual, structure, human.

Abstract: Action provides not only physical but also metaphysical health. When human acts or moves, he raises his life activity to the level of vitality, i.e. unity with the Universe. Health ceremonies are aimed at increasing vitality. Embryological development perception and taboo make a contribution to it, too. As an example, the author tells about the fallen child’s tooth tradition which is, in fact, the long life spell. Abkhazian culture views long life as a consequence of afferent concentration of the Universe forces.

Keywords: philosophy, movement, health, vitality, embryology, taboo, child’s tooth, long life, numismatism, bioethics.

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Abstract: Different projects of release (of human, consciousness, culture, language, creativity and etc.) which have become the norms of post-modernistic paradigm are now reflected in religious activity and teaching by an Indian philosopher Rajneesh (Osho). The uncertainty principle, being one of the main concepts in post-modernistic ontology and gnoseology, in many ways defines the plurality of modern perception of the world. Just like his predecessors, Osho tries to create the synthesis of Oriental metaphysics and Western philosophy. But unlike them, he goes beyond the limits of Indian spirituality and incorporates all Chinese and Japanese spiritual practices into his teaching. In his lectures Osho touches upon a great variety of topics and his philosophical conceptions are syncretical and eclectical. His philosophy can be named as one of the most provocative and sometimes even scandalous versions of Hinduism reformation in post-modernistic paradigm.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, post-modernism, religion, mysticism, release, truth, human, Rajneesh, Osho.

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Abstract: We a re o ffering y ou t he fi rst R ussian t ranslation o f Marcel Mauss’ w ork – t wo s ections o f h is ‘Ethnography Study Book’ (1967, Edition Payot, Paris), in particular, the main concepts of the esthetics and religion sections with detailed information about games and rituals.

Keywords: philosophy, ethnography, anthropology, religion, ritual, esthetics, games, society, tradition, culture.

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Abstract: The article is devoted to the history of Russian culture and unique features of the Russian mentality. In the first part of the article the author pays most of his attention at methodological analysis of ethical orientation and legal consciousness as constituents of social identity. The second part of the article is devoted to the objective relation between events of Russian modern history and Russian mental characteristics as well as causes of the latter and drivers of their development in the future.

Keywords: philosophy, ethical orientation, mythology, religion, legal consciousness, mental evolution, ethical identity, Russian culture, crisis in spiritual practice.

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Abstract: The article provides a definition and structure of communication and its place and role in the system or education. The author of the article introduces a new term ‘information computer of quasi subject’ and describes its specifics and role in communication. The author also analyzes potential sources of negative consequences of informatization of education as well as facts worsening the education process based on computerized communication.

Keywords: philosophy, education, informatization, quasi subject, interaction, computer, socialization, communication, personality, sociality.

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