Features of parallel connection between sentences of a complex syntactic whole (using the example of the Tatar language)

Giniyatullina Liliya Minnullovna ORCID: 0000-0003-0910-1476 PhD in Philology Senior Researcher, G. Ibragimov Institute of Language, Literature and Art of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, Kazan, Russia 420111, Russia, respublika Tatarstan, g. Kazan', ul. Karla Marksa, 12/4 gin_liluk@mail.ru

Introduction

The topic chosen for the study has a high degree of relevance, since in Tatar linguistics there is no comprehensive scientific study of a complex syntactic whole (CCC), the principles of organization and features of its functioning in the text are not established.

The objectives of the study are presented as follows:

                   - consider the main types of communication between the proposals of the CCC;

                   - to identify the features of parallel communication between sentences of a complex syntactic whole.

The research material is presented by examples of a complex syntactic whole from the texts of fiction and media texts.

The theoretical basis of the research was the work of such scientists as A.A. Potebnya ^[11], A.M. Peshkovsky ^[9], N.S. Pospelov ^[10], V.V. Vinogradov ^[2], I.R. Galperin ^[4], G.Ya. Solganik ^[13], F.S. Safiullina ^[12], M.Z. Zakiev ^[7], V.Z. Garifullin ^[5].  

An important role in writing the work was played by the use of such research methods as the method of linguistic observation and description of specific linguistic facts in order to obtain and generalize data.

The main part

A sentence in linguistics is considered as the basic minimum component unit of a text, which is implemented in the form of written and oral speech. But when studying this unit, groups of closely interrelated sentences become of great importance, forming a new syntactic unit, which must be considered as a component of the text and as a separate structural unit. Linguists call a group of sentences united by various means and methods a "complex syntactic whole".

Scientists distinguish two main types of communication between the proposals of the CCC: chain and parallel. In parallel communication, sentences are compared with each other and have parallel constructions. These include narrative and descriptive CCC.

In narrative complex syntactic integers, "successive processes are described, as if located in space and in time parallel to each other. They are intended to describe a number of alternating events, actions, phenomena related to the past or present and united in meaning ^{[12, p. 48]}. In such CCC sentences have the same structure, the main members in them have the same morphological forms. Predicates in them are usually expressed by verbs of the past and present tense, subjects are the form of the main case of nouns.

Consider an example.

Mayggaena kulyn kuya yes,

Yaktylykka taba karyi str .

Kulak eze kalgan har uramny,

Kunel kuze belan tany ul ^{[15, p. 33]}. /

‘He puts his hand on his forehead

And looks at the light.

Every street where a trace of fists has been preserved,

He knows with his soul.’

In this complex syntactic whole, parallelism is expressed by inversion and the same morphological form of predicates, their location before the subjects.

In the following example from a literary text, predicates are expressed in the form of the past categorical tense. The sentences describe successive actions.

Mena kyshitte. Uramnar yaktyrdy, agachlar, yortlar, kiresencha, karaep, yamansulap kaldylar. Keshelarne yozen da komesh sagysh kundy, alarnyn kuzlare uychanlands, yozlare monsulanyp, kunellare oep, ?annary ilaslanep kaldy ^{[6, p. 175]}. / ‘Winter has come. The streets brightened, trees, houses, on the contrary, turned black and sad. And a silver melancholy hung over the faces of the people, their eyes became thoughtful, their faces sad, and their hearts gloomy.’

According to V.Z. Garifullin ^{[5, p. 105]}, the main fabric of the structure of a reportage text consists of types of syntactic whole corresponding to narrative and descriptive types of presentation.

Descriptive CCTS are characterized by the unity of the time forms of predicates and syntactic parallelism. The unity of the forms of predicate expression is the most important syntactic feature of descriptive CCC ^{[12, p. 49]}.

Among the descriptive CCC, several categories are distinguished by structural features. In them, predicates are expressed in the same time form. There is also syntactic parallelism in them.

CCC with a single plan of the present time:

Colonel soyli da soyli, ber gena da akyl oyratmi, achyktan-achyk tarbiya belan shogyllanmi, balki sugysh harakatlare, nichek ?inug ireshulare khakynda gyn bayan ita. Hatta, kayberular kebek, min shulai ittem, min bolai ittem, deep ta shapyrynmy ^{[1, p. 8]}. / ‘The colonel tells and tells everything, does not teach anyone, does not engage in frank education, but only tells about the fighting, about how they won. Even, like some others, does not boast that he did this, did that.’

All the described actions occur at the same time. Predicates of all sentences are expressed by verbs of the present tense.

In media texts, the dynamism of the narrative is enhanced by attracting short sentences. This speeds up the pace of presentation, conveys the speed of change of events. This effect is often achieved by parcelling.

Parcellation and a complex syntactic whole are distinguished primarily by grammatical features. The "parcel" is a member of a simple sentence or a predicative part of a complex sentence and therefore depends on the element being properly explained. It is known that during parcelling, the semantic and structural connections between the "base part" and the "parcel" are preserved and are similar to the connections that arise in an integral unit.

Parcelled constructions can be considered a transitional phenomenon from a sentence to more complex textual structures – CCC. This position was put forward by V.G. Gak, who considered parcellation as an intermediate form between a sentence and a super-phrasal unity (CCC) ^{[3, pp. 202-203]}.

Parcelled constructions have been identified both in journalism and in fiction.

(1) Minem ati bugen Kazannan kaita. (2) Ulma? (3) Ul mina sapli kalach kiter. (4) Annary mina chitek kiter. (5) Or-yana chitek.

(6) Anyn saurysy sinen apanyn namazlyk chiga torgan urnage kebek chachakle bula.

(7) Anyn oltany bolgar oltany, kyrennan kiselgan. (8) Yaryp uk kiselgan. (9) Uze kyp-kyzyl tosle. (10) kura ?ilage tosle kyzyl tygel, ziyab tosle kyzyl.

(11) Anyn baltyry shadralanyp torah, than-kara.

(12) Mina ati ka?ul chitek kiter...

(13) Irtag gaetka min ka?ul chitek kiep baram ^{[8, p. 262]}. / ‘My dad is returning from Kazan today. He? He will bring me a roll. He will also bring me ichigi. New ichigi.

They will be embroidered with flowers, like your sister embroiders a prayer rug.

There will be Bulgarian soles on the sole, cut off at the edges. They themselves are red. Red, not like raspberries, but red, like a finch.

Their shin is rough, black-black.

My dad will bring me morocco boots.

Tomorrow I will go to the festival in morocco boots.’

The parcel here not only enhances the expressiveness and dynamism of the text, but also gives it a colloquial coloring.

In CCC sentences, predicates are expressed in the present tense form. In the third, fourth, and twelfth sentences, in addition to the same form of predicates, there is also the use of additions before predicates, which enhances their parallelism. In sentences 7-10, the hero describes ichigi. In this part of the CCC, there is no parallelism with either the previous or subsequent proposals. That is, we observe a parallel connection only in sentences numbered one, three, six, eleven, twelve, thirteen. In this CCC, the author intentionally divided the coherent text into several punctuation and intonation independent segments (second, fifth, eighth, ninth, tenth sentences). Therefore, these listed proposals, although included in the CCC, do not participate in the creation of parallel communication.

CCC with a single plan of the past tense

Dynamic description can also be achieved by using the verb form of the past categorical tense.

Descriptive types of CCC with a single plan of the past tense have the same syntactic structure as those described above. The basis of unity is the parallelism of sentences and the expression of predicates by the past tense form.

Examples of a complex syntactic whole with a single plan of the past tense are recorded by us in all functional styles.

Borynnan, koiryktan kazayaklar arkan yrgyttylar, urtadan basma suzdylar. Kayak, kuper chiten teralep, chaikaludan tuktap kalgach ta, unlal keshe ayagur basty. Kyska itep kiselgan sakal-myekly, ozyncha bitle, ochkynlanyp torgan shayan, tere kuz karashly chandyr ber keshe, elmaep, Akbure yruynyn bashi aldynda buregen saldy, bashyn ide ^{[14, p. 38]}. / From the front and from the tail, representatives of the Kazayak tribe threw ropes, from the middle they stretched a bridge. After the boat, pressed against the edge of the bridge, stopped rocking, about ten people stood up. A thin man with a short-cropped beard and mustache, an elongated face shape, with a burning, cheerful, lively look, smiled, took off his hat and bowed to the leader of the Akbura clan.’

2014 elda bashkalabyz Kazan torki donyanin madani bashkalasy deep iglan itelde. Inde ber el aldan republikabyzda zur azerlek eshlare bards. Bu el ramkalarynda karalgan madani charalar grandiose bulyr, deep kotelde (Tuganailar. 2014. September 30). / ‘In 2014, the capital Kazan was declared the cultural capital of the Turkic world. A year before, a lot of preparatory work was carried out in the republic. It was expected that the cultural events planned within the framework of this year would be grandiose.’

In the two examples above, predicates are expressed by verbs of the indicative mood of the past categorical tense. In the first example, syntactic parallelism is expressed by the fact that the predicates are preceded by additions (arkan yrgyttylar, basma suzdylar; buregen saldy, bashyn ida ‘they threw ropes, stretched the bridge; took off his hat, tilted his head to the end’).

In the second example (in the first and third sentences), before the predicates in the form of the past tense, there are subordinate additional sentences associated with the main word dip. In the second sentence – the subject.

Dynamic description can also be achieved by using the verb form of the past productive tense on -gan/-gan:

Russia Hezmat ministerlygy laekly yalga chygu yashen arttyrmaska bulgan. Bu hakta Federation Sovietyn social syasat committees of utyryshynda Russia hezmat ministers Maxim Topilin beldergan. Minister suzlarennan anlashylgancha, pension yashen arttyru turynda bahaslar aledan-alle kabatlyp torsa yes, pension sistemasyn 2030 elga kadar usesh strategiyasend laekly yalga chygu yashen arttyru karalmagan. "Laekly yalga 63-65 yashta chygu gamalda bulgan illarda urtacha homer ozynlygy da 80 yashtan artyp kita. A bezda ul 70-71 yashne gena tashkil ita", – deep achyklyk kertkan Topilin (Watanym Tatarstan. 2015. March 4). / ‘The Ministry of Labor of Russia has decided not to raise the retirement age. This was stated by the Minister of Labor of Russia Maxim Topilin at a meeting of the Federation Council Committee on Social Policy. According to the Minister, despite the fact that disputes about raising the retirement age arise from time to time, there is no provision for raising the retirement age in the strategy for the development of the pension system until 2030. "The average life expectancy in countries where retirement is 63-65 years old exceeds 80 years. And we have it for only 70-71 years," Topilin said.’

In this example, in the medial part, the predicates are located at the end of the sentence, an addition is used before them (yashen arttyrmaska bulgan ‘decided not to raise the age’ and subjects (arttyr karalmagan ‘no increase is provided’,Maxim Topilin beldergan' declared Maxim Topilin’). The last two sentences of the CCC form the ending of a complex syntactic whole. The last sentence is grammatically formed by inversion (achyklyk kertkan Topilin ‘clarified Topilin').

Conclusion

Thus, we came to the conclusion that the syntactic connection between the sentences of the CCC is expressed in their structural correlation. One of the most common ways of syntactic communication between sentences is parallel communication.

With parallel communication, the use of one, several or all members of sentences in the same grammatical form is observed.

In narrative CCC, predicates are usually expressed by verbs of the past and present tense, subjects are the form of the main case of nouns.

Among the descriptive CCC, several types are distinguished by structural features, in which predicates are expressed in the same temporal form. There is also syntactic parallelism in them.

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