DOI: 10.25136/2409-8744.2024.2.70131

Abstract: The purpose of this work is to identify the essence of cinema in the process of its formation in the pre–revolutionary period of time in comparison with its predecessor - photography. The author examines in detail the main properties of photography and the main properties of cinema, which do not coincide with each other, as well as their functioning in pre-revolutionary Russian society. The use of photography in mass illustrated magazines of that time is analyzed. Attention is paid to the formation of the properties of cinema at an early stage, when the audience of the first illusions was still mastering the perception of a new spectacle, which at the same time led to mastering the ability to read the language of screen reality. It is emphasized that mass cinema, in fact, used and developed the techniques of mass illustrated magazines. The special properties of cinematography related to the qualities of photogeny are also considered. The available documents on the functioning of the first cinemas are being studied. The issue of the emergence of the alienation effect in application to pre-revolutionary cinema, which leads to the mythologization of screen images, is discussed. The questions posed are studied on the basis of the art historical research method using the historical analysis of the available facts. What is new in this work is that the studied properties of photography and cinematography at an early stage allow us to develop the results obtained on the process of using archival photo and film documents in the modern cinematographic process. On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that cinematography, in comparison with photography, has the property of serving to identify the lost historical reality with giving the on-screen reality the qualities of myth, since there are no reliable verification techniques for visual paintings on the cinema screen. Photography reproduces mirrored pictures of existence with a demonstration of the smallest details and details, but cinema overshadows it due to its inherent photogeny, which does not have adequate verbal descriptions. Cinematic photogeny helps to reproduce the breath of life itself on the screen. In the course of the work, the empirical properties of photography and cinematography were studied with the disclosure of certain important historical circumstances that help to better understand their functioning in society.The results obtained contribute to a better understanding and decoding of pre-revolutionary film documents.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-8744.2023.4.38611

Abstract: The purpose of this work is to reveal the peculiarities of perception of historical archival newsreels on the example of pre-revolutionary non-fiction films. The objective of the study is to identify the qualities of pre-revolutionary newsreels that influenced the mass audience before the revolution and compare them with those qualities that come out on top when perceived by modern viewers. In the work, an analytical approach is used as a method, which is based on theoretical provisions arising from the consideration of the specifics of newsreels as a special type of cinematography. The formation of Russian non-fiction cinema at an early stage is also considered, the techniques used in its development are revealed, and the extant evidence of the perception of newsreels in the first cinemas is studied. Films considered are : "The Sovereign Emperor, the Empress Empress and the Heir Tsarevich are pleased to taste sailor food on the imperial yacht "Standard" during their stay in the Skerries in 1908" (1908), "Asbestos mining in the Urals" (1911) and "The opening of the bridge across the Volga in the center of Rzhev" (1911). The results of the study confirm the influence of the so-called visual turn that occurred and indicate a fundamental difference in the perception of visual information compared to verbal. When analyzing the preserved film materials, including documentaries, it is noticeable that now these ephemeral screen images convey the breath of authentic life, and we look at the screen not to learn any story, but to feel the atmosphere of being of those people. The novelty of the undertaken research lies in the development of a model of perception of pre-revolutionary newsreels both in general terms and from the point of view of a specific audience before and now.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-8744.2017.6.21822

Abstract: The article deals with the question of how accurate is one or another filmed event, as well as its correspondence with the realities of time. Having analyzed a number of archival chronicle film footage, the author can be assured that multiple scenes were filmed using the staging elements, and some of them staged. This becomes noticeable in working with the early national newsreel of the World War I period. Although, separate scenes are authentic. The author attempts to identify which criterion and knowledge form the accuracy of the footage. The source of such knowledge usually imply the ordinary experience of the audience, previously seen films, books, and other types of mass media. In addition, in shooting the chronicle material, the camera operators try to follow the certain moral and ethical norms of the historical period. Staging elements in the early newsreel are traced not only on the example of the World War I period, but also the so-called imperial documentaries and film magazines of the era. It is noted that in separate cases, the camera operators during the film editing, used not only the linear methods, but also acquired the skills of essential film editing, which was inherent to the later period. It is concluded that the historical newsreel not always demonstrates the objective truth of an event; the filmed images often carry the organizational and prearranged character, beginning from staging separate scenes, ending with following to the established ritual of one or another ceremony.