DOI: 10.25136/2409-8728.2020.7.33462

Abstract: Rehabilitation of Marxist thought present in Althusser’s compilation of the articles titled by catching appeal “For Marx” is carried out in two directions: general – when theoretical line of understanding of the society and history is derived out of Marxism as political ideology; specific – when revealing the “ rational kernel” of Marxist philosophy of history or society, Althusser extracts dialectical contradiction rooted it his methodology of basis and superstructure. The subject of this research is the hermeneutic project of Althusser aimed at new interpretation of the Marxist philosophy of history, as well as elucidation of the “absence” of dialectical turn in Marx’s continuity of Hegel’s philosophy. The object of this article is the new methodology of social research oriented towards finding additional meanings of the principle of overdetermination, which allows Althusser to reconsider the Marxist method of basis and superstructure in a structuralistic way. The essence of its rehabilitation criticism (criticism of elimination of false understanding of Marxist philosophy) consists in the fact that the latter contributed to neglecting the superstructure and led the research to acknowledgement of its nature as a nonexistent phantom, illusion, behind which lies the only true reality resembled by the determinant of economic formations.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2019.8.30370

Abstract: This article attempts to present a philosophical criticism of the phenomenon of risk in entrepreneurship, considering two historically established approaches: economic-management (risk management) or organizational-analytical, and sociocultural (risk as a structure of public expectation). The subject of this research is the concept of “risk” related to the categories of uncertainty, danger, probability and possibility. The general perspective of philosophical understanding of this phenomenon is presented. The object of this research is the sphere of entrepreneurship, mostly independent, private entrepreneurship, which over the past two decades marks rapid growth of investments. The author explores the following aspects: 1) economic structure of the spontaneously generated order; 2) organizational importance of risk management; 3) structure of public expectation of risk as uncertainty or danger, associated with entrepreneurship; 4) description of positive and negative implication of the concept of risk. Comprehensive articulation of the phenomenon of risk in modern society is realized through philosophical generalization of economic importance of the spontaneously generated order (Friedrich Hayek), which contributes to proliferation of entrepreneurship, and allows revealing positive trend in acceptance of risk in modern society via sociological analysis. The scientific novelty consists in determining that the various classifications of the objects of risk in the context of economic-management (organizational) approach are based on the classical definition of market and market relations; this results in the positive meaning of competition and constantly growing employment index in business sector. Having analyzed multiple approaches toward risk situations and phenomenon of uncertainty, the author presents an original approach towards classification of the types of societies depending on acceptance/non-acceptance of the phenomenon of risk.