Abstract: Assessment of the state of agriculture in the Republic of Kalmykia. The author examines key trends in the development of agriculture in the region. The analysis of statistical data is structured on comparison of the indicators of pre-reform period and recent years. The region actively develops animal husbandry, thus the livestock indicators exceed such of the pre-reform period, sheep and goat population is steadily increases. Special attention is given to assessment of the state of agriculture by the rural residents of Kalmykia based on sociological survey. The survey results demonstrate that the rural residents assess the state of agriculture in the region as “satisfactory” or “poor”. The research is structured on the analysis of statistical data of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service, generalization of statistical material, secondary analysis of modern studies dedicated to the problem of agricultural development in the Republic of Kalmykia, as well as the author’s original sociological research. The scientific novelty consists in the ratio between assessment of the state of agriculture by economic indicators and representations of rural population on the development of agriculture in the region. The comparison of statistical data and survey results allows concluding on the various assessment of the state of agriculture in the Republic of Kalmykia.