Abstract: The object of this research is the modernization theory in the context of Russian history. Based on the historical, philosophical, sociological, and politological studies, is conducted the analysis of evolution of the “modernization” concept. The author examines the historicophilosophical meaning of the modernization theory, giving particular attention to the philosophical-historical views of the modern Russian scholars on modernization theory. The article considers some aspects of scholars’ views upon the philosophy of history, relationship between the society and the government, development of the economy, politics and ethics, the role of personality in historical process. The scientific novelty is defined by drawing special attention to the impact of peasantry upon the country’s modernization process. The terminology of modernization theory is attributed to the researchers of the XIX – early XX centuries. The process of establishment of the concept took place in the middle of the XX century. At the same time, modernization theory still remains at the stage of development and improvement, which is confirmed by the principle of historicism. In the course of examination of modernization on the Russian historical process, the author noted the phenomenon of permanent modernization. Modernization in Russia has begun with the reforms of Peter the Great and continued until Stalin’s reforms. The key factor that delayed modernization in Russia was the lack of necessary reforms in rural areas.