Politics and Society - rubric The heritage of transformation

Abstract: Noting the negative attitude to the state in the modern Russian society, one should keep in mind that the state is an inalienable value, and while any government official or leader may be discharged, it is not the case with the state overall. At the same time it is necessary to review the scientific concept of the state so that it meets the challenges of the modern times. V.A. Zatonsky’s article contains analysis of the nature of the state and political life and their correlation. He reviews positions and definitions by a number of renowned legal scholars, and based on the analysis, he offers his own definitions, which he proposes as the definitions, which meet all the modern requirements.

Abstract: Currently the agricultural legislation of Ukraine includes a complex legal institution of support of agriculture, which develops rather rapidly. This article, written by A.N. Stativka and V.Y. Urkevich provides detailed characteristics of the system of support of agriculture in the Ukrainian legislation.

Abstract: Currently Russian legal scholars discuss the matter of constitutional economics – the new direction in science devoted to correlation of economical reason and the constitutional development, as expressed in the norms of constitutional law. The author of this article considers that such an approach allows to overcome the existing difficulty related to lack of knowledge of economics by the lawyers, and lack of knowledge of law (especially constitutional law) by the economists, and to find the constitutional prerequisites for the effective development of economics.

Abstract: The legislation of the late years in the sphere of nature management and environmental protection in Russia often criticized by both the professionals in the sphere of ecology and the society as a whole. It was often noted that the state ecological expertise of the legislative drafts and the by-law drafts is often skipped, and its negative results failed to lead to due consequences. This article contains the critical evaluation of the existing situation.

Abstract: The experience of development of ecological audit in Russia lasts more than a decade. This article by T.Z. Yusupov is devoted to the analysis of the existing practice, various aspects of such audit as an entrepreneurial activity.

Abstract: In the modern world, the man-made civilization, its social structures and connections become more and more close-woven and universal. As the author of this article points out, the institution of federalism also needs to change in order to meet the new challenges, including the international level.

Abstract: Realization of the concept of the economical constitution is currently very topical, since its requirement that the state is bound by law in the sphere of economy is in close relation to the concept of the jural state itself. Is it possible to establish a constitutional economy in Russia? As the authors of this article point out, this question might be answered by the analysis of the American experience, where the “New Deal” of President Roosevelt allowed to form the needed prerequisites for the constitutional economy in a very short span of time.

Abstract: The author presents his own version of a new ombudsman classification, as well as an original version of the mukhtasibs as the prototypes of the ombudsmen. He establishes the organization and functional ombudsman contradiction (OFOC), which prevents the institution from further development and offers the ways to overcome the existing difficulties and form a new system. Keywords: political science, ombudsman, mukhtasib, system, contradiction, organization, law, corporation, independence, cooperation

Abstract: The article is devoted to analysis of Federal Law, which changes the order of formation of a Council of Federation. The authors point out positive and negative elements of new law, and their possible influence on the law-enforcement practice. It is supposed that a new order of formation of the Council will provide for higher level of legitimacy of senators. However, lack of detail in the law may bring the efficiency down to zero. The lack of unified understanding of society as a whole may bring all of these to nothing, and even after 15 years the system of state government is far from optimum. Keywords: political science, Parliament, Council of Federation, members of Council of Federation, legislative bodies of state power, constituent subjects of Russian Federation, constitutional law, legislation, parliamentary procedures, local municipal government

Abstract: The article is devoted to key perspectives of development of international cooperation in the Eastern Siberia within the context of international and foreign economic connections of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation, which are situated in this region. The author analyzes the key scenarios of development of foreign relations based on the general models of social and economic development of the region. The author studies topical program documents of federal and regional value on complex development of constituent subjects of the Russian Federation. Keywords: political science, politics, region, cooperation, connections, region, perspectives, globalization, state, scenarios

Abstract: Theoretical cognition of the problem, which is raised in this article is due to the practical needs of development of Dagestan, as an ancient country, which integrates within its historical borders a great number of peoples and ethnic groups, and accumulates within its spiritual nucleus polymorph religious and confessional structures. This article is aimed to define some approaches of scientific and philosophical methodology of the problem of unity and variety, while being based on objective logic of historical process and its events. Keywords: sociology, Dagestan, unity, variety, international, culture, traditions, cooperation, unity, stability

Abstract: The article is devoted to analysis of evolution of machinery and its understanding. The author shows that in the New Age, the machinery was closely connected to sociality. The author discusses the ways to overcome the negative consequences of scientific and technical development, such as the re-evaluation of definitions of nature and engineering, connection of machinery and sociality, the need for personal activity of an individual and society. Keywords: sociology, politics, machinery, Modern, development, engineering, technology, control, happiness, consequences

Abstract: The process of introduction of the peacemaking as an institution became a lawful consequence of development of the powers of the Security Council of the UN. The peacemaking is not included into the UN Charter, but it did appear within the process of activities of the Security Council on ensuring international peace and security, and it continues to develop. This article is devoted to analysis of the process of formation of this institution, as well as the definition of peace-making, the author also attempts to classify peace-making operations. Keywords: jurisprudence, peacemaking, Security Council, UN, UN Charter, Somali, Yugoslavia, Congo, UNPROFOR, Kosovo

Abstract: Review: European countries face the need to seek approaches to solving the problems caused by globalization, Europeanisation and changes of European political map after fall of the post-Soviet system and rise of new states in the East. More than that, European Countries have to solve such problems as economic difficulties of the last years, military and geopolitical dangers, immigration, islamization and others. In response to these challenges, some European leaders popularize further strengthening of European Union. On the other hand, creation of supernational authorities in EU and, as a result, minimization of a role of national regions have made ethnical groups to question again their role in a new European model. Subjects of a new ethnical movement called ‘the Forth World’ are becoming a new reality of state-to-state relations. By suing the changes in the European system, the Forth World is trying to settle on the international scene, to reach the level of national states and to have equal rights and possibilities with those. Key words: political sciences, ethnicity, globalization, consolidation, European Union, Euro Integration, ethnos, immigration, islamization

Abstract: The article is devoted to the prospects for the development of an E-Government in the republic of Kazakhstan. The author suggested his own practical recommendations on how to apply new information and communication technologies in the process of advancing a state government. Key words: political science, e-government, Kazakhstan, state administration, ICT (information and communication technologies), cyberspace, infrastructure, transactions, portal

Abstract: The end of the 20th century created favorable conditions for speeding up the process of the economic integration. The questions of economic sovereignty of a government moved to the forefront. The doctrine of the international law contains the basic principles of realization of the state sovereignty. Thus, sovereignty is both a principle, status, particular feature of a government and type of relationships with the other subjects of the international law. According to the author of the article, the supranationality conception of international organizations contradicts to the main idea of the international law because there can’t be any ‘supreme power’ controlling the initial subjects of the law, — countries’ governments. Not a single international organization has ever issued a consistent act (convention or a deed of foundation) which would even hint at its supranationality nature.

Keywords: political sciences, integration, sovereignty, regionalization, globalization, supranationality, international law, state, law, economics

Abstract: Up to the present works by a famous Orthodox missionary Jannes Vostorgov havn’t been sufficiently studied. The last senior priest of the Pokrovsky Cathedral of the Kremlin was executed by Bolsheviks in 1918. Supporting the monarchy of Russia, Joannes Vostorgov proposed his own conception of absolute supremacy based on realization of the Russian Orthodox idea through national identity. This article is devoted to the analysis of those historical and philosophical views.

Keywords: political sciences, policy, absolute supremacy, Russian idea, priest, Peter the First, Alexander the Second, Slavophiles, metropolitan

Abstract: the article describes Russian lawyers’ points of view on the meaning of a very important and frequently used term parliamentalism’. Based on his study, the author suggested his own idea of what parliamentalism meant and what its defi nition should include.

Keywords: parliamentalism, democracy, parliament, representative institution, central legislative authority, form of government, state regime, mechanism of government, political and legal phenomenon, social and cultural phenomenon.

Abstract: The author has considered the present situation when the Orthodox Church receives many scientists, engineers and officers, i.e. people with the rational way of thinking. The author also described such peculiarities of the Modern Orthodoxy as a personal interpretation of Christian teaching, strengthening of esoteric overtones, transformation of the Orthodox society into a new type of social activity. Moreover, the author analyzed the role of Orthodoxy in solving social problems in Russia.

Keywords: political sciences, society, church, news, science, esotericism, personality, Christianity, Hesychasm, religion

Abstract: At the present time both Russian and foreign philosophers speak a lot about the close connection between Christianity and socialism. Such sayings as ‘Jesus Christ is the first communist’ and ‘God told to share with others’ are quite famous nowadays. In this respect, it seems quite topical to come back to the works by a distinguished figure in Orthodoxy, John Vostorgov who was shot by Bolsheviks in 1918. A great number of his books and articles were devoted to dethronement of such stereotypes.

Keywords: political sciences, politics, Christianity, socialism, Marxism, communism, the New Testament, economics, monism, society

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of forms of transmission of the presidential authorities in the countries of the former USSR. The author defined the two scenarios of changing the power: ‘coup d’Etat’ and ‘succession’. The author analyzed conditions, factors and consequences of corresponding political processes and concluded that the election institution has never played a significant role in the process of transmission of authorities within the post-soviet territory

Keywords: political sciences, post-soviet, president, coup d’Etat, successor, regime, democracy, elections, constitutions, violations

Abstract: The article studies the peculiarities of development of integration processes in post-Soviet countries, in particular, the problem of integration co-operation within EurAsEC. The author also described formation of trade and economic relations between Russia and EurAsEC members, the basic trends of Russia’s investment policy in EurAsEC, some issues of foreign political relations between Russia and Central Asian countries (particularly, energy cooperation and cooperation between EurAsEC state members in the sphere of regional security and stability and resistance to new challenges and threats. The article also considers some approaches to evaluating the role of Russia in CIS activity and Russia’s participation in regional integration projects in the Central Asia.

Keywords: political sciences, foreign policy, regional security, EurAsEc, CIS, integration, economic relations, national interests, external trades, investments

Abstract: The system of the political education of the Soviet youth in the 1920th is viewed as a form of political control. It is concluded that it was quite an effective way to realize certain functions of political control through political education. On the other hand, such a system was aimed at strengthening totalitarian features of the Soviet power. Soviet political education did not give as much knowledge on politics as forced to express commitment to the Soviet political system. In its turn, the system of political education did not check one’s political beliefs as much as simply copied the normative political behavior.

Keywords: political sciences, law, political studies, political inspection, political control, youth, Komsomol, Totalitarianism, New Economic Policy, communists’ party

Abstract: The article is devoted to the world democracy as a contradictory value and a progressive civilization which gave birth to such phenomenon as declaration of democracy or democratization. By using the term ‘political Occam’s Razor’ the author tries to reveal the thesis that Western policy obeys the principle of the so called ‘political Occam’s Razor’ in the sphere of democratization of the Central Asian countries. In this way, very complicated challenges are usually postponed and secondary challenges come to the first place and are solved fast. In philosophy, Occam’s Razor gets rid of ‘overly’ difficult evidence and uses only simple facts. In politics, political subjects refuse from difficult challenges and solve the secondary goals first. The author also discusses the thesis that the political Occam’s Razor is aimed at the global democratization, but for the moment the West chose the longest way to democratization after the failure of the first romantic wave of democratization in the Central Asia. By leading the policy against semi-authoritarianism, the world democracy, however, does not free Tajikistan and countries of the Central Asia from the danger of a war, although according to the political Occam’s Razor, the world democracy should try to avoid turning other countries into a threat for itself

Keywords: political sciences, politics, democracy, world democracy, democratization, authoritarianism, balanced politics, political Islam, formal democracy, Occam’s Razor

Abstract: In this article we consider the problem of globalism and the Eurasian as integrity and treated as part of Tajikistan. Proposed today Eurasian, as integrity, is not based on statehood, even bearing in mind the CIS, as a more or less weak expression. Today the integration of the Eurasian character is only possible on the basis of equality of peoples without restrictions on the sovereignty of countries. In Tajikistan, perhaps, there are own understanding of Eurasian with Tajik specificity. The key to the Tajik specificity is to preserve the sovereignty of Tajikistan in the new integrity, which must differ from the Eurasian statistic understood, that is, Eurasian, based on a new supranational statehood

Keywords: Eurasian, globalism, atlantism, the theoretical basis for Eurasian, Common Eurasian nationalism, the Eurasian movement, the concept of open society, national interests, atlantist model of globalization, the Eurasian ideology, the globalization of the econ

Abstract: Aristotle and Avicenna (Ibn Sina) were the first ones to study new philosophical categories of filling and unfilling. Aristotle defined those as ‘deprivation’ and ‘finding’ while Avicenna looked at it as the fullness and incompleteness. According to the author of the article, these new categories are related to the structure of movement and material

Keywords: social studies, category, unfilling, filling, finding, deprivation, Aristotle, Avicenna (Ibn Sina), Hegel

Abstract: Formation of a new institution calls for serious costs and efforts, which are due to the need to ensure series of positive precedents, to mobilization and stimulation of supporting forces, to overcome the majority barrier. However, the improvement of important institutions, as well as formation of new ones, is not always possible For example, this may happen if a reform enters an institutional trap. Article is devoted to mechanisms of formation of a new institution: institution of market of effi cient competition in the framework or power industry reform.

Keywords: social studies, institution, reform, electric power industry, competition, re-monopolization, market, monopoly, system, regulation

Abstract: There are ideal extent and categories of rigidity and plasticity. Being ideal attributes of the material they mutually reflect one another. Consequently, Plato’s ideas do not contradict to materialism since there is a universal law of outpaced reflection.

Keywords: social studies, ideal, outpace, reflection, attributes, material, actual existence, categories, rigidity, plasticity

Abstract: The article compares the natural and religious grounds of the two political cultures, - Western democracy and Russian conciliarity. As a result of the analysis of influence of environment on appearance of the first centralized states and comparison of geographical, religious and mentality features of Europe and Russia the author concludes that Russian conciliarity is very different from Western democracy. Consequently, there is a very low chance that Russian political culture can be actually changed from conciliarity into democracy.

Keywords: political science, conciliarity, democracy, personacentrism, systemocentrism, Orthodoxy, Protestantism, civilization, political culture

Abstract: The article analyzes the draft constitutions of the Ukraine proposed by the President V. Yushchenko and the Party of Regions in 2009 from the point of view of the presidential and parliamentarian forms of government. Noteworthy that both of the drafts suggested an approach to a parliamentarian semi-presidential republic with balanced powers of the president and the parliament. However, these draft constitutions were only a part of the election campaign for both political forces. After the presidential election in 2010 the Constitutional Court repealed the constitutional reform of 2004 and V. Yanukovych recovered all significant presidential powers. Nevertheless, the author concludes that the process of reformation of the Ukraine Constitution was not over at that stage. According to the author, the Ukraine will eventually come back to a semi-presidential constitutional model due to peculiarities of the Ukraine political elite and party system.

Keywords: political science, constitution, Ukraine, president, parliament, semi presidential republic, democracy, consolidation, political regime, constitutional reform

Abstract: The author of the article notes that in order to prevent unwanted migration flows we need not to look for isolate solutions but to determine system dysfunctions of implementation of the migration policy both in Russia and other countries having similar problems. According to Popova O. V., we need to view migration processes as socio-political processes with unpredictable dynamics and to use experience of the other countries when developing Russian migration laws.

Keywords: political science, politics, migration, processes, globalization, state institution, conceptions, transformations, migrant, integration

Abstract: The principle of genetic adequacy lies at the roots of expansion of the Universe, genetics, determinism, dialectics unity, logic and theory of knowledge, equality of existence and mind, Lomonosov’s idea of the nature’s likeness and Giordano Bruno’s principle of cosmology. Based on the author, it comes through all the history of the human thought.

Keywords: social studies, principle, genetic, adequacy, Avicenna, Lomonosov, Hegel, Origen, Universe, nature

Abstract: The author of the article develops researches in virtuology. In this article the author studies the terms ‘virtuality’ and ‘virtuology’ from the point of view of history and studies of categories. According to the author, these terms constitute the base for conceptual approaches to virtuality topics and are very important for analyzing and understanding modern social philosophy. The author of the article also gives his own definitions of the terms ‘virtuality’ and ‘virtual’.

Keywords: social studies, virtuology, virtual topics, virtuality, virtual, virtual reality, virtual technology, computer virtual reality, computer virtual technology, computer virtuology

Abstract: Attributes of the material – the material (actual existence) and the ideal – particularly reflect and mutually form one another. This is the essence of the ‘expansion of the resemblance’. Every item has an ideal image which is transferred into another item when influence is applied. This other item becomes the ‘resemblance’ of the primary thing and this is the universal law of the oncoming proportioned activity. Information is such an ideal resemblance of every material item which certainly proves its universal nature.

Keywords: social studies, material, ideal, universal law, reflection, expansion, likeness, information, being, integrity

Abstract: The article analyzes the nature of modern Islam. The author reveals the causes of appearance of various Islamic movements and their role in politics. Certain attention is also paid at the basic ideas of these active Islamic movements and their evolutionary trends. The author also describes the sources of politicization of Islam.

Keywords: political sciences, Islam, Islamism, politicization, fundamentalism, Salafi, Wahhabism, religiosity, jihad, revival

Abstract: In the modern context the struggle for power is performed at an information level of the political space, which is being expanded and constantly gaining new properties. New characteristics of this phenomenon should include new technologies of its mastering and effective usage as well as new methodology. The article considers the basic approaches which, according to the author, are necessary for an objective study of the political space in the context of globalization.

Keywords: legal studies, space, political, globalization, methodology, approach, economic, global, modernization, information.

Abstract: The article is devoted to describing of stable forms of conservative traditionalism of Russian society which produce varied forms of deviant behavior of individuals. Necessity of transformation of such personality types as “adaptive”, “solitary”, “avoiding” is substantiated. The idea of “human capital and human potential growth in the country” based on formation of central zone of modern socio-cultural values which are to replace traditional values is proposed.

Keywords: Deviation, adaptation, defi ciency social request, defi ciency social life, mystic participation, frustration, avoiding reality, centre zone of traditional socio-cultural values, central zone of traditional socio-cultural values, types of traditionalism.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.6.8819

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2023.1.43796

Abstract: This article examines the place of e-government in the system of public administration. The topic's relevance is due to the universal digitalization of public relations, including the sphere of public administration. E-government is a new format of interaction between the state and society based on the use of modern information and communication technologies, which needs theoretical justification. The methods of scientific analysis and synthesis, deduction, and induction, as well as methods of description, comparison, and analysis of secondary data, are used in the work. The article reflects on the issue of the development of e-government in Russia. The object of this study is the social relations that arise during the creation and functioning of the e-government system. The author formulates the conclusion that e-government in the Russian Federation is in continuous development and is also an important tool for the development of the digital economy, which requires a revision of the digital skills of civil servants. At the moment, there is already a trend toward training personnel for digital public administration. It is revealed that in the Russian Federation, e-government, which is an important tool for the development of the digital economy, is in continuous development. There is already a tendency to transition to electronic records. To get the maximum benefit from digital transformations in public administration, a new approach to the formation of the competencies of a modern civil servant is required because the lack of the necessary level of training can serve as a serious barrier to improving the efficiency of public administration. Information technologies are dynamic and rapidly undergoing changes. As a result, the existing requirements for civil servants cease to be relevant in the period of digital transformation. The legislation of the Russian Federation defines that the requirements for the knowledge, skills, and skills of civil servants are established by official regulations. Therefore, the competence model should be adapted for each specific position, taking into account the specifics of the activities of the authority.

Keywords: Internet, information and communication technologies, scientific and technological progress, information society, public authority, digitalization, e-government, electronic state, electronic democracy, democracy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.6.7297

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.6.5993

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2018.9.27310

Abstract: The subject of this research is the shift in the role of cities in postindustrial era. The author believes that the cities experience inner transformation losing the traditional functionality, generated by the industrial era. Most importantly, city ceases to be a confined “place” with internal structure and differentiation based on the industrial production. It is state that the cities, which existed as industrial centers due to the industrial revolution, have depleted their development potential. This leads to the emergence of cities that lose their urban concept, becoming the urban spaces with the open and constantly expanding boundaries. The research is conducted on the basis of structural-functional analysis, comparing the functionality of industrial cities with the modern megacities. The author comes to a conclusion that city as an industrial project has exhausted itself. The largest cities become the centers of postindustrial world, holding a special place in the “flow” of commodities, workforce, capitals, and information. The development of a modern city leads to the long-term social and political changes. An industrial city in its classical type pales into periphery of social development and turns into a “suburb” of postindustrial society.

Keywords: social community, agglomeration, metropolis, social relations, post-industrial society, industrial era, city, nation, globalization, mobility

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2017.8.23925

Abstract: The subject of this study is the analysis of social and normative concept of the Russian religious philosopher, legal expert and political scientist I. A. Ilyin, as well as the assessment of possibility of implementation of his ideas in the current Russian realities. The author examines the origins of thinker's creative activity, which take the roots in his political and religious beliefs as well as correlate with the general trends in the development of social and political thought in Russia of the late XIX – early XX century. The article meticulously analyze the views of I. A. Ilyin upon the essence and dorms of such sociological and legal categories, as law, legal consciousness, stat, and authority. Particular attention is paid to characterization of the thinker's views upon the political and spiritual state of the Russian society during the prerevolutionary and Soviet historical periods, as well as his predictions pertaining to social transformations in the post-Soviet Russia. The author applies the method of document analysis with references to the works of I. A. Ilyin and followers of his creative path alongside the comparative historical method that allows comparing the thinker’s ideas with modernity. The main conclusions consists in the following positions: 1) confirmation of relevance of I. A. Ilyin’s social and political legacy along with the need of its study in the context of sociology and other social sciences; 2) substantiation of constructiveness of the suggested by I. A. Ilyin’s proposals aimed at reforming the law, legal consciousness, power and the state simultaneously with the spiritual revival, as well as purposefulness of its implementation in modern Russia.

Keywords: Legal consciousness, Law, Social and normative concept, Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin, Sociology, Modern Russian society, Power, State, Spirituality, Patriotism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2017.12.25109

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the analysis of correlation between the modern concept of nation and its origins within the philosophy of French Enlightenment. The author attempts to determine the key characteristics of nation among the French representatives of Enlightenment, as well as compare them with the characteristic of this notion accepted at the present time. In the course of this work, a conclusion is made that due to the Enlightenment, the nation is defined as a cultural commonness and political formation, and strict pursuit of only one of the indicated interpretations generates cultural or civil nationalism. Methodological basis of this research first and foremost lies in the historical and comparative approaches, which help tracing the emergence of the concept of “nation” and its transformation with the passage of time affected by various factors. A conclusion is made that the French Enlightenment encouraged the establishment of the modern perception of nation, and produced both, positive and negative impact upon this process. The optimal way of working with different ideas of the Enlightenment is their synthesis and subsequent adjustment to the current realities of life. The growth of nationalistic moods and controversial cult of patriotism in Russia and the world confirms the importance of study of the concept of “nation” for its proper and utmost efficient application in theory and practice.

Keywords: Social contract, General will, Racism, Orientalism, State, Nationalism, Nation, Enlightenment, Culture, Citizenship

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2018.9.27469

Abstract: The subject of this research is the social practices implemented in Soviet planning and the prospects of their application in modern Russia. Planned economy was one of the paramount achievements of the XX century. It allowed avoiding a number of negative social occurrences, such as unemployment and social inequality. However, namely planning was proclaimed the cause of dissolution of the Soviet Union, which justified an unambiguously negative attitude to such management approach in both, academic and administrative environments. At the same time, the Western economic literature does not have a definite assessment, which encourages considering the prospects for implementation of this practice once again. Methodological base includes the systemic method for ensuring a comprehensive analysis of planning as a management technique and social practice; the problematic-chronological methods identifies the transformation trends of this technique. The article provides information on the origin and evolution of the Soviet-type economic planning. It is underlined that the political leaders used this technique for their purpose, setting the unattainable tasks and using economic failures to find and blame the “enemies”. The conduced analysis demonstrates that the cause of inefficiency of planning as a management technique was technocracy, formalism and social indifference. Thus, the system of planning under the modern circumstance must develop as a method of coordination of the citizens’ needs and interests of government administration.

Keywords: practice of management, planning, Soviet history, social needs, public administration, planning economy, social practices of interaction, social development, social transformation, social engineering

Abstract: Inclusion of the institution of an ombudsman into the legal system of the Baltic states caused a problem of its place within the exsiting system and judical practice, which is typical for most post-Soviet states. This article is devoted to the existing models of interaction between the ombudsman and the judiciary in the Baltic states, and it holds both practical and theoretical relevance…

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.1.10648

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2019.1.27568

Abstract: The subject of this research is the factor of election of D. Trump in the development of Euro-Atlantic community; the object is the evolution of Euro-Atlantic geo-civilization. The authors examine the characteristic features of the Euro-Atlantic community, principles of the so-called Euro-Atlantic solidarity, theoretical views upon the problem of globalism of liberal democracy, distribution of liberal democracy and decrease of its influence, foreign policy strategies of the United States, their practical implementation, cooperation of the states belonging to the Euro-Atlantic geo-civilizational circle, as well as the states regarded to the various geo-civilizational realms. The study is based on the geo-civilizational approach for comprehensive analysis of the external and internal characteristics of the large territory (geo-civilizational realm), which comprise the sustainable elements of its evolution and allow demonstrating the interdependence of the sociopolitical development upon the establishment of international formats of cooperation between the “affined” from geo-civilizational perspective countries and shift of the internal liberal-democratic ideology outwards. The following conclusions were made: liberal ideology is reflected in the approaches of liberal hegemony; the so-called liberal values predetermined the formation of the unified liberal-democratic world, the affiliation to which depends on their recognition; currently, there can be observed not only the emergence of the new hybrid form of liberalism, but also the revival of the ideas of nationalism and traditionalism; the future of liberalism in many ways depends on its positions with the United States after the election of D. Trump as the Presidents, who already started amending its interpretation, mostly within the framework of foreign policy. The scientific novelty lies in the statement that the problem of liberal-democratic globalism is examined through the prism of geo-civilizational approach.

Keywords: international processes, geo-civilization conflicts, ideology, Euro-Atlantic geo-civilization, geo-civilizations, liberal hegemony, Liberalism, liberal and democratic values, the USA, Trump

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.1.54175

Abstract: The drastic growth of population creates even more global issues which solution requires mutual efforts of the mankind. For example, in-depth researches carried out in such spheres as the protection of the environment, atmosphere, sea, biological diversity as well as epidemic research studies require participation and involvement of all countries. The purpose of the present article is to conduct the research of modern tendencies in development of science and technology. In the author’s opinion, this is a topical issue because of the great signifi cant of science and technology for the global progress and human development. The author of the article describes the most important tendencies in development of the global science and technology including scientifi c and technological globalization, development of the global cooperation in science and technology and others. It is the author’s opinion that today we can distinguish seven major characteristics of the process of development in science and technology: advanced countries put forth equal efforts to fi nance research and technology; developing countries start to infl uence the structure of international cooperation in science and technology; economic growth becomes the main purpose of the innovative development of science and technology in different countries; the pace of commercialization of scientifi c and technical achievements grows; interaction between the main factors of innovative development grows stronger; state support of companies’ innovation activities goes up; training of the personnel performing innovation activities is still in the focus of attention; the Big Science projects keep gaining more importance and international cooperation in science and technology is developing very fast. The author concludes that continuous investments in research and technology and encouragement of the countries’ scientifi c, technological and innovative development can guarantee a sustainable development of the countries’ national economy and scientifi c and technological domination on the global competitive market as well as development of the new global technological revolution.

Keywords: innovation, science, evolution, scientifi c achievement, social development, communication, progress, technological revolution, technical achievements, social thought.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2017.5.22931

Abstract: The subject of this research is the confessional policy of the Russian Empire of the XIX century regarding the Muslim nations residing in the North Caucasus. It is proved that due to accession of this region to Russia, the highlanders faced the opportunity to advance in their sociocultural development. Namely in the XIX century took place the period of their revival, called the "Islamic Renaissance". Its characteristics implied legitimacy of the new government, opening of mosques, functioning of the Islamic traditional institutions, and development of religious education. The conclusion is made that the conducted in North Caucasian suburb modernization in the social and spiritual sphere conduced the strengthening of authority of the religion in life the alien society, as well as encouraged the Islamization of highlanders. However, multiple projects on modernization of North Caucasus remained uncompleted (including its Islamization), and still are the subject for discussion. Such fact requires the development of the more balanced policy of the Russian authorities with regards to the "Muslim question".

Keywords: public policy, Islamic Renaissance, Islam, alien society, mountain peoples, modernization, North Caucasus, Russian Empire, legal field, religion

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2022.1.35111

Abstract: The object of the research is the actual problems of Russian philosophical thought related to the issues of power and society, the spiritual and historical basis of national existence, in the context of modernity. The article attempts to reveal the meaning of the philosophical polemics of N.V. Ustryalov, the leader of the smenovekhovstvo, and Slavophiles, in which, according to the author of the article, these topics are most acutely raised. The main triad in Ustryalov's political ontology is distinguished (power, nationality, religion, which should be based on a creative idea) and compared with the well-known triad of Slavophiles (Orthodoxy-nationality-autocracy). It is shown that Ustryalov, in the "power-people" bundle, gives priority to power, mystifying and psychologizing it, whereas, according to Slavophiles, state power is a manifestation of the people's will, whose mind is in churches and universities. It is argued that the main disagreement between Ustryalov and the Slavophiles was how they treated Orthodoxy. Ustryalov believed that not only religion, but also philosophy can become the spiritual basis of society's life, but only if it carries a creative beginning. He was close to the principle of religious tolerance. The Slavophiles believed that power should be based on the spiritual foundation that develops historically: without relying on it, it is impossible to resist the new-fangled ideas that are masterfully introduced into people's consciousness. The article concludes that Ustryalov, seeing Romanticism in the political doctrine of the Slavophiles, was not free from it himself. He did not fully think through the idea of national policy, which is especially relevant in modern times.

Keywords: evil art, creative idea, power, state, national policy, slavophiles, Ustryalov, tolerance, national idea, saddening

Abstract: How can one explain the way the people try to attain perfection, the way they are attracted to it? Can one define art? What do philosophers think of the nature of art? What are specific features of art? What are philosophical bases of aesthetics? All these issues are topical with the philosophers, who work in the sphere of aesthetics. In this article V.K. Samokhvalova searches for her own answers to the eternal question and expresses her opinion on place of science of aesthetics in the modern world.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2019.6.31709

Abstract: This article examines the problem of civilizational development of Russian in its institutional aspect. Russian civilization is interpreted as a holistic dynamic system that requires the existence of basic institutions for its successful functioning and further development, through which it would be able to reproduce itself. The author highlights the backbone institutions of Russian civilization, such as the institution of unitary state, institution of Orthodox Church, and institution of community; as well as analyzes their transformation as civilization-forming institutions and in terms of interaction with each other. The combination of civilizational and structural-functional approaches allows having a new perspective on the problem of civilizational development by overcoming the determinism of cultural paradigm. Despite the fact that the role of culture for the establishment of one or another civilizational community is indisputably great; civilization is incapable to exist without the institutions defining its structure. Designation of community as a basic institution of the Russian life, which manifested alongside other historical forms in Soviet collectivism, as well as inability of the Orthodox Church to ensure spiritual consolidation of modern society, makes paying attention to unitary (imperial-like) state as the last institution that allows preserving the unity of Russian civilization.

Keywords: civilizational choice, globalization, community, orthodox church, imperial state, social institution, Russian civilization, historical evolution, Russian world, political identity

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2021.1.34728

Abstract: The dissolution of the Soviet Union actualized the problems of seeking the spiritual guidelines for further development of the country in the nascent civil society. The “new” elite that separated from the yesterday’s Komsomol workers, saw itself as part of the rich and progressive West. However, building the single social, economic, and cultural community with Europe did not turn out successful. Therefore, the processes of seeking spiritual grounds and establishing an integral, unique, All-Russian identity became particularly relevant. The research carried out among youth on the national and regional levels, demonstrate different citizens’ assessments of their identity: All-Russian and regional. If All-Russian identity is more characteristic to the residents of large cities, then the majority of young residents of the national republics of North Caucasus prioritize their regional identity. The expert survey conducted in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic reveals that in the expert community, All-Russian and regional identities are equally important. It is also noted that some regions of North Caucasus are characterized by proliferation of the ideas of consolidation around the ethnic identity of closely related peoples residing in different regions of Russia and the world. For example, the sociopolitical environment of Turkic-speaking peoples indicates the political and cultural movement of Pan-Turkism, which is focused on consolidation of all Turkic peoples. In the central and western regions of North Caucasus prevail the Circassian social movements, which promote consolidation of the scattered Circassian communities in the regions of southern Russia.

Keywords: Karachay-Cherkess Republic, expert survey, youth, Kabardino-Balkar Republic, society, The Republic of Ingushetia, Russia, Northern Caucasus, identity, sociological research

Abstract: The problems of interbudgetary relations from the very start of the market reforms were obviously acute. The conflict in this sphere lasts since 1990s, and it has came into the chronic form. At the start of the reforms, the situation was close to explosion. At the modern stage one can speak of modernization of the interbudgetary system, rather than its complete transformation, which, in turn, has to do with above-mentioned problems and traditions of the state policy.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2018.4.26076

Abstract: The subject of this research is the peculiarities of the establishment and development of sociology as a science and academic discipline in Russia; transformation of sociology as a science; application of competency-based approach in determination of the content of sociology as an academic discipline and learning methods. The author examines the initial period of establishment of sociology as a science, development of sociology within the Soviet and post-Soviet society, inclusion of sociology into educational process of the Russian universities as a field of study or major, as well as the conversion of sociological knowledge. The scientific novelty lies in assertion of need for differentiation of the content of sociology as a science and scientific discipline. The content of sociology as a science is formed under the influence of logics of the structuring of scientific knowledge, as well as factors of its conversion; it is determined by the educational standard that contains the list of social competencies essential for a graduate of a specific major in order to be in demand at the job market. A conclusion is made that the content of sociology as an academic discipline must correlate with the specificity of major of a university graduate; the specificity of language of presentation of the scientific and academic knowledge substantiates the need for transformation of sociology as a science into the academic discipline.

Keywords: applied sociology, special sociological theories, all-sociological theories, sociological knowledge, subject matter, science, sociology, conversion of sociology, social competences, social laws

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2019.4.30937

Abstract: This article is dedicated to the problem of training of the new generation of specialists, mostly in the field of research and development capable of employing the latest knowledge and competencies in response to the growing external and internal threats. Thesis on the difference in goal-setting between the academic and corporate sphere of research and development underlies this publication. The analysis is aimed at determination of specificity of the university and corporate training of academic staff, as well as substantiation of the need to consider advantages and disadvantages of both approaches. The theoretical-methodological framework consists of a set of provisions revealing the specificity of innovation activity and allowing to analyze the relationships between its participants. The conclusion is made that despite the differences in goal-setting, both corporate and academic sectors are equally interested in preparation of highly qualified specialists. The author underlines that consideration of these differences at the national level, as well as separate corporations and universities would have positive impact upon economic development.

Keywords: innovations, specialists, science, economy, education, training, corporations, universities, research and development, education policy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2018.8.26941

Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of the impact of political culture and political traditions upon the character, fate and consequences of liberal reforms in Russia. Using the historical examples, the author demonstrated that none of the conducted liberal reforms in Russia, including the reforms of the late XX century, did not reach the set tasks, as well as each attempt of liberal modification subsequently led the country to departure from the initial goals and conservative renaissance. It is noted that at every stage of the Russian history, liberal projects came into contradiction with the traditional structure and traditional values of political culture of the society and government, which were far away from the liberal values of Western countries. The author questions whether or not Russia can align the liberal reforms with the genetics of political culture, and do the Russian political traditions allow the country to follow the path of sustainable democratic development. A conclusion is made that conservatism of the modern Russian society along with consolidation in mass consciousness of the values of order, stability and ideas of traditionalism, in a political-cultural aspect is a fairly expected result of the reforms of the late XX century. The author believes that preservation of the traditional foundations of the political culture of Russian citizens is defined not only by the political-cultural genetics, but also depends on the economic, situational and true goals of the government, which is the key subject and guarantor of the reforms in Russia.

Keywords: civil society, liberalism, conservatism, political development, political values, political traditions, political culture, political reforms, democratization, authoritarianism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2017.1.17757

Abstract: The object of this article is the examination of globalization trends, while the subject is the social essence and forms of manifestation of cosmopolitanism and patriotism. The author reviews the controversial unity and interconditionality of these phenomena, their impact upon formation of global thinking and ethnic self-consciousness. The work analyzes correspondence of the cosmopolitan values to the nature of globalization, their conjunction with the values of universalism. Special attention is turned to the dependence of advancement of the globalization process from the combination of cosmopolitan and local patriotic practices. The scientific novelty consists in substantiation of a thesis on the complicated nature of cosmopolitanism and patriotism. The ideas of cosmopolitanism emerged in the course of historical development, being in demand by the circumstances of national and political life, as well as requirements of the civilizational development. The following conclusions were formulated: the importance of cosmopolitan orientations and patriotic values actualizes by the requirements of globalization; 2) the logic of modern development suggests interdependence and interconditionality of these imperative trends of globalization.

Keywords: Tradition, Locus, Identification, Fragmentation, Universalism, Nationalism, Liberalism, Patriotism, Cosmopolitanism, Globalization

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2017.1.54670

Keywords: Tradition, Locus, Identification, Fragmentation, Universalism, Nationalism, Liberalism, Patriotism, Cosmopolitanism, Globalization

Abstract: Specific features of legal culture of electors are to a great extent defined by an election system, which is being applied. Furthermore, the adequacy of such a choice is defined by the attitude of the people. Which election system is best for Russia? What do the electors, legal scholars and practicing lawyers think about it?

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2021.4.31473

Abstract: The subject of this research is the civilizational foundations of the political systems of the founding countries of the Eurasian Economic Union, their genesis, and manifestation at various historical stages. Particular attention is turned to outlining the cultural-civilizational characteristics that determined the similarity of the political tradition. The article explores the peculiarity of transition from the Soviet political system to national political systems, indicates the differences in the process of establishment of the national political systems, reveals the general characteristics of the results of such transit, defines the role of cultural-civilizational factors. Assessment is given to the influence of geopolitical and civilizational factors upon integration and its further course. Research methodology leans on the historical-politological analysis applied through the prism of cultural-civilizational theory, as well as a range of the methods of historical-descriptive approach. The author's special contribution consists in summarizing the civilizational experience of founding countries of the Eurasian Economic Union from the perspective of its importance for the integration process. In the conditions of the demand for nationalism and sovereignty, the strong state power becomes one of the key obstacles towards further integration. Long-terms success of the union requires the formation of a certain ideological framework, such as variations of neo-Eurasianism.

Keywords: civilization, political system, political process, Eurasian Economic Union, Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, eurasian integration, formation, identity

Abstract: A wish to live in a civilized state does not necessary presuppose the need to go abroad and leave Russia. In any case, we remain essentially Russian, and no one can make us Americans or Germans. However, the question is how to protect our best qualities: our spiritual values, kindness, patience, readiness to help other people, while teaching us to be responsible and careful, to take initiatives an to abide by law? How to make us respect the rights of the weak, of the national minorities, and, generally, the right of people to life? In other words, the central issue of this article is how to enter a civilized world community and keep our Russian spiritual values?

Abstract: Existence of the universal principle of correspondence of objective reality is confirmed by the anthropic principle which applies to all items and relations. All items are inter consistent and when an item changes, one existence is transferred to another; existence always remains equal to itself. Correspondence is the identity, similarity, rationalism, correspondence between the cause and effect, inter consistency between determinism and accident, relation between the existence of supposition and the existence of perception.

Keywords: social studies, philosophy, existence, inter consistency, Avicenna, correspondence, theology, rationalism, objective reality, reflection.

Abstract: The article analyzes changes in Christian culture of Russian people in the last third of XVII century up to first third of XVIII century, the separation of church and its influence on cultural development of Russia. Changes in Russia’s festivities culture relate to reforms by Peter the First. The analysis is done in the context of general changes in Russian peoples mind. Theoretical and methodological base was formed by historical-cultural and culturological approaches.

Keywords: Russia, feudalism, Christianity, festivities, foreigners.

Abstract: This article by Professor V.G. Bayev is aimed to characterized the general nature of the legal views of Bismarck. It is not an easy thing to do, since Bismarck was not a legal thinker, but a statesman, a man of actions, a politician. His activities were aimed at formation of the political reality of his place and time. His thoughts and expressions were political by their nature, since they were aimed at preparation of political decisions, and did not directly touch upon the legal sphere. However, any statesman has to be guided by the legal principles in his political activities…

Abstract: The ancient donkey totem was created in the infancy of mankind by ancient Iran people who transferred their interpretation of their totem god – donkey (char) many thousand years before Avesta which included the cult of donkey, too. Those tribes and societies also adopted the Iran people’s name – Aria. Numerous changes of the term ‘char’ acquired a sacral meaning. Based on the author, there could not be just coincidence of phonetics and semantics there.

Keywords: philosophy, totem, Ahura Mazda, Avesta, Hare Khrishna, Charon and Charites, Harris and charisma, Hara Berezaiti, good.

Abstract: Existence and non-existence are relative and defi nite. There are different worlds that are inseparable but if we create a mathematical model of transformation of ‘nothing’ of the other world into ‘existence’ of our world, we can actually get an incredible bunch of energy. Scientists who study dark matter and energy try to fi nd the defi nition of this matter. The idea is right up in the air and it is very much needed for the humankind security.

Keywords: philosophy, existence, non-existence, Aristotle, dark matter and energy, weapon, energy, security, asteroid, Dirac fi eld.

Abstract: The article studies traditions of Russian Scandinavian studies in Russian science of the 20th century. The author of the article describes the main schools of science studying Scandinavian countries, their methods and infl uence on Russian science. Scandinavian countries has been making a signifi cant infl uence – political, economic and cultural – on Russia at certain periods of its development. Moreover, civilization of the Scandinavian peninsula, without any doubts, is a very interesting and original part of the history of Europe in general.

Keywords: history, traditions, Scandinavian studies, science, Vikings, culture, model, Russia, state institution, identity.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the process of formation of the model of Politics of Place associated with the development of different integration institutions. Much attention is paid at the economic and ideological factors as well as the integration concepts influencing the formation of the structure of the existing model of Politics of Place in Latin America. At the end of the article the author makes a conclusion that the amplification of the structure of communication and economic relations between Latin America countries creates grounds for formation of the pluralistic model of Politics of Place which, in its turn, does not cancel numerous cultural and ideological issues but requires an analysis of the development of integration institutions and search for methods of integration based on a great variety of variables.

Keywords: political studies, pluralistic Politics of Place, open Politics of Place, integration, Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America, South African Community of Nations, Andean Community, Latin America, model of regionalism.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2017.6.23488

Abstract: The object of this article is the cultural and worldview determinants of Russian culture that affect the process of its modernization. The subject is it specificity of interrelation of the worldview patterns of Russian culture and scientific-innovation development of the country. The goal of the research consists in examination of the genesis of national spiritual culture with its regards to the major global trends of economic, political, and scientific-technical development. The authors thoroughly analyze the institutional peculiarities of ongoing evolution of the Russian society under the conditions of state paternalism, which led to a strong dependence of the Institute of Science from the power-bureaucratic hierarchy. Theoretical-methodological basis leans on the attitudes of the “interpretive sociology of M. Weber and cultural sociology of J. Alexander, which in many ways is substantiated by the need for interpreting the worldview patterns of national culture as the independent determinants of scientific-technical progress; concepts of structural-functional analysis (T. Parsons, R. Merton, and others); and neo-constitutionalism (D. Norht, S. G. Kirdina) that allow reflecting the institutional practices, which strike all spheres of spiritual and material production; Marxist theory that are capable of infiltrating the essence of clannish conflicts in Russia and specificity of the national modernization through the analysis of revolutionary leaps. The main conclusion consists in the idea that the cultural and worldview determinants, common to the Russian culture and associated with historical memory, can form the orientation of social consciousness and affect the processes of scientific-innovation progress. It is noted that during all of the historical modernization waves, the country was in a state of certain institutional underdevelopment, justified by the authoritarian system of political control, absence of the developed institutions of civil society and private property. The prospects of Russia's scientific development are considered, taking into account the requirements for expanding civil control and formation of the country’s innovation image. Attention is paid to the fact that the innovation activity, carried out by the Institute of Science, implements a function aimed at humanization of the national culture and public consciousness.

Keywords: development, worldview, institutes, Russian society, cultural patterns, innovation, science, culture, scientific and innovation development, ethos of science

Abstract: The fi rst half of the XIX century is remarkable for the formation of new type of the state and public fi gures who have made a considerable contribution to the development of a tax policy. One of the highest state fi gures was Nikolay Semenovich Mordvinov, who devoted himself to a science about fi nance. His theoretical judgments are based on the deep analysis of national tax practice. He put forward some original opinions, some of which were embodied in the practice of taxation. But most of his projects remained unclaimed and untimely. However Mordvinov’s some development on taxes found a practical realization in Alexander’s II reforms. In the light of today’s tax problems the ideas and principles on the taxation are more than actual – after all Nikolay Semenovich was dreaming of fair system of taxes.

Keywords: the graph N.S. Mordvinov, fi nancial crisis, policy, taxes, problems, solutions, poll tax, local taxes, recruiting receipts, tax redemption

Abstract: This article is the author’s fi rst attempt to study historiography of Tajikistan during Early Modern Period and Contemporary History. Analyzing the main resources and archives in Tajik’s history the author underlines the importance of the primary source and calls modern historians (especially Uzbek and Tajik ones) to objectively study the main stages of Central Asian history. Based on the author, it would allow to avoid future mistakes in interpretation of historical facts.

Keywords: history, Orientalist, sources, archive, materials, falsifi cation, interpretation, fact, culture, Tajik.

Abstract: The paper concerns topical problems of Russian humanities and social science. The author of the article analyzes the key factors preventing social sciences from achieving the modern academic level and obtaining sources of infl uence on social processes. In particular, the author describes the three groups of problems: ideological paternalism in science; development of scientifi c technologies which distorts the practice of so-called ‘think tanks’; and absence of concrete applied researches which would base on the problem approach.

Keywords: Paternalistic and ideological traditionalism, double standard, sociological forecasting, sociological inquiry, social and scientifi c expertise, sociocultural research laboratory, think tank.

Abstract: The article talks about the role of A.n. Kosygin in public procurement tasks of engineering products in the Red Army during the great patriotic war. Focuses on his military-organisational work on production, expanding the range and volume of engineering products to the front.

Keywords: War, Engineering armament, modernization, business, orders, front, scientists.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.1.13766

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.1.54335

Abstract: The research subject of the present article is the coat of arms of the Republic of Armenia, its historical grounds, geopolitical challenges and importance for art history. Zagoruiko examines the description of the coat of arms (blazon) from the point of view of heraldic principles. Based on the historical experience of Armenia, the author of the article studies the reasonability of symbols used in the modern coat of arms of the Republic of Armenia. Zagoruiko analyzes the main errors, strong and weak points of the coat of arms as well as geopolitical pretensions demonstrated by the coat of arms. The history of the development of the coat of arms shows how the state and its external policy have been changing throughout centuries. Armenia is one of the most ancient states of the Transcaucasia. Their symbols were first created long before heraldry and then were transformed through centuries. These symbols appeared on the first coat of arms of the Kingdom of Greater Armenia and other Armenian states in the early XIII century. Having undergone serious transformations, the coat of arms of today’s Armenia has nothing in common with the previous coats of arms. In his research Zagoruiko has used the historical approach to describe geopolitical processes ongoing in the Republic of Armenia. To understand errors in the coat of arms, the author has used the system and anthropological methods. During the Soviet period heraldry was forgotten as a science. Therefore in many regions including Armenia the coats of arms were just signs but not symbols. After the Soviet Union fell apart, many CIS countries literally invented their coats of arms referring to false historical grounds. In this article the author describes the history of Armenian coat of arms and tells us what the creators of the coat of arms were based on. Zagoruiko also studies the last legislative acts concerning the modern coat of arms of the Republic. The main conclusion of the article is that the Armenian coat of arms proves to be inadequate. There were no experts in heraldry and heraldic historians at the moment when the coat of arms were created and approved and that fact caused many errors in the coat of arms. The coat of arms of the Republic of Armenia has never been studied from the scientific point of view or analyzed in terms of heraldry or history. According to the author, the modern coat of arms of Armenia is a great example of geopolitical ambitions towards other countries, it is based on false historical grounds and does not follow the heraldry principles.

Keywords: heraldry, coat of arms of the Republic of Armenia, Armenian kingdoms, history of the coat of arms, symbols, errors, numismatics, Armenian Highlands, Russian Empire, Turkey.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the worldwide ritual studies of last ten years. The most important monographs on the history and theory of ritual, published within the major thematic series, are considered in the article. The monographic series of ritual studies in Carolina Academic Press, of 13 books, have been published over 12 years. The series includes works on the ethnography of rituals in Indonesia, Melanesia, Africa, Bali, New Zealand, China, India, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, the Islamic world, and a wide range of topics. In the Oxford series of monographs ritual in modern times is accented, and its socio-psychological role is emphasized. Ritual studies in Oxford series reach a high theoretical level, the impact of ritual, ritual practice and narrative refl ection are discussed. The author describes every book and briefl y highlights the activities of research centers dealing with the problem of ritual in the past and present. In conclusion author states the following: ritual studies has overcome the stage of collecting the material and fi eld research; current ritual studies form a general theory of ritual as a socio-cultural phenomenon, very meaningful and functional, not only for the primitive and traditional cultures, but also for all of us.

Keywords: Ritual, tradition, ritual studies, anthropology, ethnography, publishing series, research centers

Abstract: The article proves that the beginning of eniological stage in culture reß ected by the system forming and managing factors. Based on the analysis of particular creators of certain features, the author also lists the fact s and events of growing cultural eniological features accompanied by the system logic and a new world perception paradigm as well as improvement of knowledge methods and complication of cultural studies due to the author’s development of the Fundamental cultural research as a science of survival and the System cultural research as a meta-science. Qualitative changes in contents of cultural reß ections require semantic and structural changes in socio- economic, law and innovation spheres of social life as well. They are shown as the consequences of a new cultural stage. The author also describes the weak points of this new stage of cultural reß ection and its incompliance with the requirements. The author also suggests to arrange for the goal-oriented discussion of methodological, semantic and practical issues of entering the new cultural stage through preparing and holding the Forth Russian cultural congress 2012 under the motto ‘From entertaining culture to creating and managing culture’.

Keywords: cultural studies, eniology, culture, fundamental nature, systematology, meta-science, energy, information, creation, management.

Abstract: This report features political, economical and social transformations in China in the framework of global economic crisis. Reforms of the fourth and the fi fth generation of Chinese management, especially administrative reform, the policy of minimization of bureaucratic expenses and adaptation of the system to these transformations are under particular emphasis. Furthermore, the report features anti-crisis policy of Chinese management.

Keywords: mainstream ideology, social and economic contradictions, political stability, anti-recessionary measures, legitimacy, global fi nancial crisis, administrative system, antirecessionary policy, bureaucratic expenses, social outburst, antiauthority action, political move.

Abstract: It is highly important to defi ne the values of conservatism because conservatism is actually a system of values but not only a political ideology. Being a multiple-aspect conception, conservatism includes many formations, some of them have being existing throughout the life of human civilization and the others have been created by certain events in history. The highest form of the phenomenon of conservatism is when all civilizations are based on a universal mechanism performing functions of accumulation of experience in the form of concrete information, transfer it to next generations, perception of new information and adaptation to it. All these functions are the ones which can be called ‘conservative’.

Keywords: political science, conservatism, ideology, traditionalism, practicism, sovereignty of power, legitimacy, civilization, hierarchical pattern of cogitation, evolution.

Abstract: Reflection is a unique phenomenon that explains not only Darwinism but also some philosophies such as Sufism. Within the framework of our world uniqueness is not absolute. Similarity creates the grounds for interactions when one turns into the other and the other is returned in the same proportion to the interacting party. Biosphere is built on reflection, too, when organisms give birth to other organisms and interact with one another. This is the cardinal problem of science.

Keywords: philosophy, reflection, ‘one’ and the ‘other’, general – existence, Kant, Avicenna, Sufism, dialectics, uniqueness, similarity.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the conception of European integration suggested by the French president Nicolas Sarkozy which he implements in the process of his presidency. The author of the article briefl y describes the history of development and adoption of the Treaty of Lisbon and analyzes Nicolas Sarkozy’s actions during French chairmanship in the European Union. Special attention is paid at the role and place o modern France in the EU.

Keywords: studies of law, European integration, EU, France, Sarkozy, European construction, constitutional crisis, ratifi cation, Treaty of Lisbon, chairmanship.

Abstract: The fi rst tourism organizations were created in Russia in the 80th of the 19th century and received much support from the Soviet government later. Tourism in Russia came en masse and was regarded not only as the way to ‘use free time in a rational way’ but also as a method of promotion of socialism achievements and a method of teaching population communistic values. During Soviet times the system of planning of tourism infrastructure was started in certain regions of the country. The basics of tourism and professional education in tourism were formed as well.

Keywords: tourism, organization, development, excursion, service, culture, transport, education, region, forecasting, research.

Abstract: The main theme of the article is the searches for the meaning of history in Francis Fukuyama’s works, in particular, his fundamental book ‘The End of History and the Last Man’. The fi rst part of the article analyzes the development of the idea of Universal History in the context of ideas developed by Kant, Hegel, Marx and then the theory of modernization developed by many Western European and American scientists. Further the author analyzes Francis Fukuyama’s ‘scientifi c method’ which allowed to create a fundamental non-cyclic division of history. The article also pays attention at the national and ethnic issues, the problem of sovereignty, political practices of the Soviet Union, USA and Asian

Keywords: political science, history, Fukuyama, progress, democracy, society, liberalism, method, scientifi c, time.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the transformations of social status of a university lecturer. The author shows the factors that make Russian university teachers feel worse with their social status. The author also uses the market criteria for evaluating the status of University teachers and underlines the connection between their social status and public opinion and stereotypes of behavior strategies of adaptation of teachers to modern socio-economic environment. The author also offers her own interpretation of tendencies and transformations of a teacher’s social status in mid-term perspective.

Keywords: social studies, status, education, consistency, lecturers, adaptation, market, society, stereotypes, strategies.

Abstract: Much workforce comes to Russia from abroad. The countries, where workers come from, include the CIS, Vietnam, China, India, Turkey and many other countries. The Moscow statistics showed that in 2004 workers from 109 countries in the world came to Russia. As the authors point out, the danger of illegal migration is that it ruins the balance of regulation of movement of people and takes place outside the legal field. These problems obviously influence the national security issues of Russia. That is why illegal migration causes much concerns among both scholars and practitioners…

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.1.54012

Abstract: The article investigates different approaches to the problem of civilization development from the standpoint of the national and western philosophy. The author descries the role of values in considering Russian-Eurasian and western mentality from the point of view of ever growing integration. There are still doubts whether the main ideas of the new European philosophy ruined Catholicism or reformed it. But it is for sure that these ideas created the basis for the global material civilization that was based on achievements of science and resulted from the process of unification of world cultures. As for our country, due to its vast territory the statehood was of decisive importance having undermined the church authority. Russia followed the same pattern as in Western Europe that included innovation in the spheres of economics, social and political administration and culture.

Keywords: approach to the problem of the civilization development, sociocultural synthesis of Russia, modernization of Russia, comparative approach.

Abstract: The article investigates the subject of the philosophical reflection from the close of the 19th century till the beginning of the 21st century. The possibilities of the reconsideration of the Eurasian civilization are revealed as a stabilizing constituent of the Eurasian socium. The continuity of the ethnic composition is established as a form of social organization in the post-Soviet society. The growing effect of globalization is characterized and it is focused on by social metaphysics as the dynamics of the consciousness of socium. It is indicated that under present-day conditions of growing radicalism the destruction of the integrative cultural basis and the emergence of a new socium in Eurasia is accompanied by crises, wars, disasters among millions of people. A new accent in interpreting the Eurasian – Russian civilization is pointed out taking into account the integration of sociocultural processes and the political development in perspective. Different approaches to interpreting the Eurasian idea are investigated. Its sociocultural aspect is exposed in the light of time concerning the formation of the Eurasian civilization as well as speeding up degradation and the illusion of the sociocultural domination of the West all over the World and from the aspect of globalization as a phenomenon.

Keywords: philosophikal reflection of the 19th – 21st centuries, reconsideration of the Eurasian civilization, sociocultural processes of the 21st century, the Eurasian sociointern.

Abstract: As the author of this article notes, the issue of capital punishment in Russia does not lose its topicality, and it should be evaluated taking into account the use of capital punishment in the history of Russian state. In Russia the crimes against the state were traditionally considered to be most dangerous and were punished by a death penalty, while a premediated murder was not punished with a dealth penalty since mid-XVIII century. Thus, the history of capital punishment in Russia shows that there has always been a political approach to its application. Thus, the object of protection (and capital punishment was used as means of such protection) has always been the state itself, its security, its unity, its property, and not a person or his life.

Abstract: The article contains the research of the main directions in foreign policy of Spain during XX-XXI centuries within the framework of global and intra-state transformations. The author of the article analyzes the country’s modern foreign policy as a part of consecutive legislative assemblies of the National Party (1996-2004), Spain Socialists’ Working Party (2004-2012) and return of the National Party in October 2011. The author also describes conceptual approaches lying in the basis of new foreign policy priorities and directions. The analysis of the main approaches to the leading political parties of the country in the sphere of foreign policy as well as their peculiarities allows to create the picture of modern foreign policy in Spain.

Keywords: history, Spain, foreign policy, priorities, state institution, party, legislative assembly, workers, socialists, features.

Abstract: The article analyzes the grounds of Soviet federalism that played an important role in formation of the Russian state institution from the point of constitutional paradigm. The study of the forms and models of federalism during the USSR and RSFSR period allows not only to create an adequate description of its dynamics in the past and preset, its experience and history of development, but also allows to develop the conception of modern federalism and help to perceive it as a specific political system that is based on the Russian history and rich traditions.

Keywords: law studies, federalism, federation, sovereignty, federative agreement, Constitution of Russia, centralization, decentralization, political conflict, consensus.

Abstract: Many issues related to the forms of statehood, which still retain their topicality and cause much discussion among the scholars, legal practitioners and state officials, were the subject of studies of the Russian legal scholars before the Russian Revolution. This article is aimed at analysis of the views of such prominent legal scholars, as N.M. Korkunov, S.A. Kotlyarevsky, F.F. Kokoshkin, N.I. Lazarevsky, N.I. Palienko, on this issue.

Abstract: The Soviet-Czechoslovak relations were an important part of foreign politic and economic strategy of the Soviet Union. The breakdown of the Eastern bloc marked the end of the active cooperation of two countries. This article is aimed at the analysis of the state of bilateral trade and scientifi c-technological cooperation, the reasons of signifi cant reduction of mutual economic relations in the period of 1990-1992 and its consequences for both sides. Besides, the authors’ goal was to inform Russian reader about the recent chapter in the history of the relations of the Soviet Union and CSFR, to evaluate the importance of bilateral cooperation for two countries and make generalization of contemporary Russian, Czech and English language material dedicated to study of the bilateral Soviet- Czechoslovak relations.

Keywords: USSR, Czechoslovakia, community, commerce system theme, industry, discredit, socialism, communism, community

Abstract: The article discusses conditions of identity formation of a modern person in the situation of expansion of new egoism. The author of the article thinks of how economic, confessional, cognitive and personal egoism was overcome during formation of capitalism and a liberal society. The crisis of liberalism and globalization processes led to appearance of new egoism and crisis of modern personality. In this regard, the author suggests his own interpretation of identity and egoism. Based on the author, identity should be better viewed as personal efforts aimed at construction and institutionalization of the self, during which he actually develops different attitudes to other personalities, groups or communities. This is not just the self-love or self-centeredness but particular behavior in different periods of our civilization when traditional stereotypes about reality and common social norms of behavior stop functioning and human have to set them all from the very beginning. In such a case human is usually relies on himself, i. e. he acts quite selfi shly which causes all kinds of social confl icts.

Keywords: political studies, identity, egoism, community, ethnicity, liberalism, rent construction, discourse, transfer, confl ict.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.2.17374

Abstract: The object of this article is the phenomenon of tradition, while the subject is the globalization as a risk factor for the development of the national tradition in its broad understanding. The author explores the specific peculiarities of the process of globalizations that affect the concept of tradition, as well as examines the tendencies of universalization, unification, diversification, and their contradictory influence upon the national tradition and the forms of its manifestation. The article analyzes the questions of evolution of the tradition, the correlation between tradition and innovation in the conditions of post-modernity, the interrelation of global and local, as well as the risks of globalization for the national-cultural identity. The scientific novelty consists in the grounds of the position of justification of tradition by the modern processes of globalization. The author substantiates the thesis on the necessity of the comprehensive analysis of the impact of the globalization risks upon the development of the national tradition, and claims that the research on correlation between the global and local becomes most demanded.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.2.54512

Keywords: globalizatsiya, glokalizatsiya, traditsiya, innovaniya, universalizatsiya, unifikatsiya, diversifikatsiya, risk

Abstract: The roundtable with the representatives of different state organizations, religious confessions and mass media, the verbatim record of which is presented here, is devoted to the forming practice of military clergy (mostly Russian Orthodox Church) clergy in the Russian army? Shall the clergy be able to save Privates Sychevs (the Private Sychev suffered serious physical injury from his fellow soldiers while being in the army) from harm? Are the interests of the soldiers of other religious confessions being adequately represented?

Abstract: This article is devoted to relations between Ukraine and the European Union, within the overall integration initiatives, such as the European Neighborhood Policy and Eastern Partnership. The author researches the development of bilateral relations during the Yushchenko rule (2004-2010), assesses the state of European integration initiatives in Ukraine. Analyzed the pros and cons the concepts of ENP and Eastern Partnership in terms of the former Soviet Union and Ukraine.

Keywords: Ukraine, foreign policy, European Union, The European Neighborhood Policy, Eastern Partnership

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.2.6377

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.2.54188

Abstract: The article is devoted to the Orthodox conception of state and law restored by A. Velichko and V. Sorokin in early XXIth. The author of the present article provides an insight into the Orthodox theory of state and law by appealing to such legal ideas as the power and service, legal responsibility, moral justifi cation of law, symphony of church and state and conscience grounds of law. The author of the article proves that the Orthodox interpretation of state and law is quite typical for Russian spiritual culture. The research shows the deep infl uence of Orthodoxy on Russian legal consciousness. The author of the article sees the possibility to restore a healthy legal consciousness by coming back to the spiritual grounds of the Russian civilization that allow the state and law to overcome the evil and disorder and lead to the unity and moral life of the Russian nation.

Keywords: legal studies, Orthodoxy, conservatism, tradition, faith, truth, custom, monarchy, succession, heritage.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.2.14486

Abstract: The research object of the present article is the educational sector in Russia in the context of the formation of a common space of higher education. The research subject is the process of reformation of the educational sector and the development of Russian higher education in the context of the Bologna process. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of promising directions in the development of the modern higher education sphere, the problems arising in the framework of the formation and development of a comprehensive education sector and the main priorities of state activities in the modern transformation of the education sector, the latter being the main indicator of the level of development of modern economy and competitive ability with respect to the international community. The research methodology is based on the analysis of the main sources that characterize the current situation of the educational sector and involves the analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization of the sources on key priorities of state development of the educational sector in the context of a common space of higher education. The main contribution of the author's research is the allocation of the main perspective directions for the development, reformation and analysis of a common space of higher education within the framework of the priorities of the educational sector considering the current state of labor market issues and priorities of the knowledge-based economy and socio-economic development of the country.

Keywords: priority directions, the education sector, education reform, innovations in education, knowledge economy, labor market, higher education, The Bologna process, modernization, socio-economic development

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.2.54343

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.2.54027

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of administrative law doctrine, how liberalism ideas influence the process of formation of this doctrine and description of peculiarities of a Russian state institution. Based on the constitutional provisions, administrative law provisions, practice in application of these provisions and achievements of administrative law science, the author defines the contents of administrative law doctrine and the role of civil society ideas in this doctrine. The author also takes into account particular circumstances contributing to or preventing from engaging a civil society into state management. The author also provides a general overview of historical events related to development of a state institution and civil society in our country. The author analyzes administrative law institutions which development requires them to be included in state management of civil society institutions as well.

Keywords: law studies, legal doctrine, administrative law doctrine, factors influencing the formation of administrative law doctrine, state management mechanism, civil society, institutions of civil society, state institution, liberalism ideas, development of a state institution.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.2.54028

Abstract: Subject is one of the main categories in any branch of law. Administrative law is not an exception, either. Administrative law science rarely addresses to the issue of changing the contents of social relations as the subject of administrative law. However, social changes and transformations require reconsideration of the current approaches to this issue. State institution cannot keep out of the process of economic regulation. Therefore, relations that are being created in this sphere cannot be regulated by civil law measures only. Influence of administrative law on economic relations is growing more and more important, in particular, economic relations in the sphere of securities. When the mechanism of administrative law influence on economic relations is formed, it is necessary to take into account the factor of globalization of modern economy. These are the particular issues this article is devoted to.

Keywords: law studies, subject of administrative law, securities market, economic globalization, issuance securities, state and municipal securities, state management in the sphere of securities, economic relations, shares, bonds.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.3.13759

Abstract: The goal of this article is the attempt to reconsider the historical framework and ideas about the ontological characteristic and historical consequences of the Great October Socialist Revolution of 1917. The author demonstrated and substantiates the reasoning that the entire period of the existence of Soviet Power in Russia and USSR represented a unified revolutionary process that was developing upwards approximately until the mid-1950’s, and since the beginning of 1960’s all the way until 1991 – downwards. In the author’s opinion namely this approach allows comprising an integral, logically connected picture, necessary for understanding the more important phenomena and processes which are characteristic to the entire history of the Soviet society. The author tries to define the place for both, positive, as well as negative manifestations of the Soviet structure; based on the analysis of the well-known historical facts, he tries to have a somewhat different look upon the historical-political development of the country in the XX century. The proposed in this article author’s interpretation of the revolutionary paradigm in the history of the country provides a better understanding of the specificity of the historical development of Russia in the XX century, as well as defines the more acceptable and corresponding with the historical logic ways and forms of paradigm remodeling of the entire complex of connections and relationships inside the modern Russian society.

Keywords: Revolution, Radicalistic stabilization, Revolutionary paradigm, Revolutionary radicalism, Post-revolutionary society, Red terror, Ascending development of revolution, Soviet project, Change of style, Descending development of revolution

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.3.54526

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.3.14513

Abstract: The paper shows the necessity for the securing of the development of the Russian Federation in the context of implementation of the industrial policy of the state. The subject of the research is the industrial policy in all its forms and methods of implementation. The aim of the article is to determine the necessary strategic ways of implementing regional economic policy for the successful implementation of industrial policy for the sustainable functioning of the state territory. The methodological basis of the study involves scientific methods of knowledge - synthesis as a tracing method to identify the cumulative effect of the industrial policy for the development of the region and the country as a whole, as well as analysis as an environmental parameter to identify the boundaries of permissible regulation between municipal, regional and federal authorities, and the extents of their responsibility. The study resulted in the fact that the article deals with the predominant form of implementation of cluster objects. The necessary level of management of development of industrial policy at regional levels of government is being defined. Managerial competences are distinguished between municipal and regional authorities. The results of the study can be applied for the formation of long-term and medium-term regional economic policy. The conclusions of the study demonstarte the prospects of integration of the implemented industrial policy into the regional economic space.

Keywords: manufacturing, development, strategy, management structure, regional economics, municipal structures, industrial policy, industry, economic sphere, population

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.3.54357

Keywords: manufacturing, development, strategy, management structure, regional economics, municipal structures, industrial policy, industry, economic sphere, population

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.3.54042

Abstract: The author of the article describes formation of the integrated model of political development in modern China. The author talks about mutual influence between continental China and Xianggang special administrative district. The article covers not only interaction processes between China and Xianggang but also influence of Xianggang reformations on continental China. Alternative system in Xianggang makes many citizens of the PRC think about alternative development paths that can become a very topical issue under conditions of regulated economy.

Keywords: political studies, Xianggang, China, integration, model, opposition, party, democracy, culture, protest.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.4.14846

Abstract: The article presents a brief outline of the history, stages, directions, analysis of the logic of development of the civil law of present China. After the establishment of PRC the new leadership of China has begun to develop a new system of civil law. Attempts for adoption of the Civil Code (CC) were made in 1954, in 1962, but were unsuccessful. A new stage in this work began with the proclamation of "the course of reform and opening" in 1978. Civil system developed in two directions - the adoption of some of the most actual laws urgently demanded by the country's development objectives, and at the same time, in parallel it was the development of a comprehensive Civil Code. Formation of a new system of civil law after 1978 went through three stages: the initial period of the construction of a market economy (1978-1992), the construction of a "socialist market economy" (1992 -1998 ). A new stage in China's broad modernization began at the turn of centuries.The work is based on a wide range of sources and literature in Chinese, English, Japanese, and offers a brief analytical overview of the historical, political and legal aspects of the modernization of the civil law of China today. Article for the first time offers a comprehensive systematic analysis of the logic of construction of civil system of China. Chinese lawmakers have achieved significant results in the construction of civil law. The most important achievement in this direction was the adoption of "General provisions of civil law" in 1986. But the task of forming a comprehensive Civil Code is not solved yet. The very deep root of difficulties in the preparation of CC is due to the dialectical nature of social development of the country - how to combine the purposes of market economy with the leading role of the national state, socialists values.

Keywords: Real rights law, Deng Xiaoping, Peng Zhen, Provisions Civil law, Civil Code, modernization of PRC, Civil law of PRC, Law of contracts, universalism, particularism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.4.54540

Keywords: Real rights law, Deng Xiaoping, Peng Zhen, Provisions Civil law, Civil Code, modernization of PRC, Civil law of PRC, Law of contracts, universalism, particularism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.4.15013

Abstract: In the article the author in detail analyses the economic aspect of Russian-Lithuanian cooperation during the period of formation of independent Lithuanian Republic in the beginning of the 20th century, as well as its secession from the USSR on the cusp of 1980-1990s. The research objective has been to determine some intrinsic economic interdependencies between Lithuania and Russia, which emerged both in the beginning and in the end of the 20th century under different political and historical conditions. A separate important objective was to ascertain the consequences that arise for Lithuania under the politically motivated re-orientation of the economic model of the Republic from East to West. In the basis of the present article lies the historical comparative method of examination of the two periods of relations between Lithuania and Russia. As a result of the reseach, the author draws a conclusion that, despite all the differences of the two studied periods of Lithuanian-Russian relations, they have something essential in common: during these historical periods in Lithuania political forces came to power, that did not regard Russia as a strategic economic partner, which condemned Lithuania to reorganisation of its economy accompanied by economic stagnation, either in the beginning and in the end of the 20th century.

Keywords: Joffe, Council of Lithuania, Russian-Lithuanian relations, USSR, Gorbachev, perestroika, economic reform, Lithuanian Soviet Republic, Tarazevich, Sajudis

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.4.54370

Keywords: Joffe, Council of Lithuania, Russian-Lithuanian relations, USSR, Gorbachev, perestroika, economic reform, Lithuanian Soviet Republic, Tarazevich, Sajudis

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.4.15075

Abstract: The article examines the peculiarities of the modern state and significance of Great Britain's oldest institution - monarchy. Reasons and directions of the critique of this form of government, which arises from time to time, are considered in detail; the points of its supporters and detractors are analysed. A concern regarding the necessity of consolidation and modernisation of the British monarchy is brought up, and the major problems and challenges it faces nowadays are observed. Balanced and pragmatic approach of the British politicians to the issues of reforming of such important state institution is noted. Preparation, specific content and significance of the reforms conducted in the last years to adapt the monarchy to the modern realia are analysed. Methodology of the present study is defined by its complex interdisciplinary nature, which implies the use of techniques and approaches commonly found in history, political science, law, economics and sociology. At that, the priority importance is attached to the principle of historicism, which means a scientific explanation of phenomena, objects and events in certain historical conditions and interdependences in order to reveal the trends of their development and the reasons for qualitative changes. Another basic principle of the present article is the principle of scientific objectiveness. It means renuncation of stereotyped attitude towards the object of research. Scientific novelty of the paper resides in the fact that this is the first Russian research on the issues of reforming the British monarchy in the beginning of the present century. Considerable attention paid in the United Kingdom to the institution of monarchy and the problems of its modernisation during the last decades indicates its important role in the system of central control. Nowadays, the Queen still maintains her significance as a national symbol, a guardian of traditions, a guarantor of the country's unity. The British monarchy demonstrates the obvious ability to correspond to the modern realia, to adapt to the changing conditions of economic, political and social development, to keep the prestige and popularity in the eyes of its subjects.

Keywords: Labourites, Conservatives, Great Britain, policy, modernisation, reforms, monarchy, Parliament, Crown, succession

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.4.54371

Keywords: Labourites, Conservatives, Great Britain, policy, modernisation, reforms, monarchy, Parliament, Crown, succession

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.5.11631

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.5.54228

Abstract: The article contains the analysis of the legislation of Canada, the United States of America and Mexico regulating the sector of coal mining industry and coal electric energy industry. It is quite an interesting fact that in Canada this sector is mostly regulated at the provincial level and there is only one law passed at the federal level while in the USA the third part of all legal acts regulating coal electric energy industry is adopted at the federal level. In Mexico the authorities to regulate the electric energy sector is fully assigned to the federal government. Despite the fact that the production of energy using coal has been regarded to be a faulty (environmentally unsafe) technology, a great share of the production is still run in this way. Geopolitical factors show that, for instance, coal will remain the main energy source of the USA in the future. In the light of these facts, recently legal regulation of all activities related to coal (coal mining, coal conversion and etc.) has been mostly oriented at achieving environmental targets and imperatives.

Keywords: North America, coal mining industry, electric energy law, electric energy industry, federal legislation, environmental studies, concessions, distribution of authorities, taxation, energy supply.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.5.13287

Abstract: This article examines and analyzes the role and place of the electric power industry organizations in formation of the gross regional product (GRP) of Vladimir Oblast. For the assessment of contribution made by the power energy plants into the GRP of the region, the authors conduct a structural analysis of GRP and revise its dynamics over the last 15 years. Considering that Vladimir Oblast is an energy deficient region (it is justified by the absence of large generating power stations), the electric power plants however, are regarded as a factor in sustainable development of the region. During the course of this research, the authors determined that electric energy is an important factor of the main socioeconomic processes in the modern world: life support of the population and household consumption, production of goods and services, environmental protection, and national security. In this regard, the role of this industry in Vladimir Oblast is not sizable, but nevertheless, the portion of this industry on the GRP is higher than an average index across Russian Federation. The authors also conclude that the stable functionality of electric power plants produces substantial impact upon the functionality of other industries in Vladimir Oblast, and acts as a factor in sustainable development of the region’s economy.

Keywords: Analysis, Assessment, Region, Security, Development, Sustainable, Industry, Regional product, Gross, Electric energy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.5.54555

Keywords: Analysis, Assessment, Region, Security, Development, Sustainable, Industry, Regional product, Gross, Electric energy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.5.15071

Abstract: The object of the study is the socio-cultural mission of the regional museums in its historical development: from the emergence of the local museums to modern times. The author emphasises the issue of the public significance of the museum institutions on periphery in the context of certain socio-cultural, economic, political environment. in which museums exist during a particular historical epoch. The researcher gradually examines the formation of the components of the studied concept, which contributed to the acquisition by the local museums of a special role that they first played in the life of the provinces, and then - of entire regions. The author of the article, having applied the historical-genetic method and having studied the works of domestic scientists and museologists, who had studied of the given problem during different time periods, identifies the aspects of the interpretation of the socio-cultural mission of the regional museums, relevant in a particular historical context. Conclusion of the article is the author's interpretation of modern components of the studied concept, based on the conditions of the development of personality, society and culture of the XXI century, which is proposed by the researcher together with the ideas, already established and identified due to the conducted analysis, about the directions of the mission of a regional museum as a multidisciplinary institution of the area where it is located.

Keywords: educational, cultural-educational, scientific, socio-cultural mission, regional museum, provincial museum, local history museum, local museum, ideological, culture-forming components

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.5.54382

Keywords: educational, cultural-educational, scientific, socio-cultural mission, regional museum, provincial museum, local history museum, local museum, ideological, culture-forming components

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.6.12283

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.6.54238

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of the brightest period in the pre-revolutionary development of the theatre arts in Perm. It has been proved that the frontier epoch conventionally called ‘the Silver Age’ was rather intense and fruitful even in the province. Due to a rich theatre life and outburst of creativity, the cultural life in Perm had the highest level of response to the demands of the times, generally growing interest towards theatre art and new esthetic searches typical for different kinds of art at the turn of centuries. The main research methods used by the author when writing the present research article were: historical, empiric and analytical methods. The author also used the methods of comparison and analogy. The scientifi c importance and novelty of the article are the following. The author has established that during the period studied there were qualitative changes not only in the sense of the self of people but also in their perception of the city. In fact, in those years Perm signifi cantly ‘advanced’ in acquiring the fame of a theatre city. According to the author of the article, here it is appropriate to refer to V. Dal’s dictionary and his defi nition of ‘fame’ as a ‘famous in a certain quality’. Therefore, the entire period of the pre-revolutionary development of the city was associated with the cultural life of the city reaching the highest level of response to the demands of the times, generally growing interest towards theatre art and new esthetic searches typical for different kinds of art at the turn of centuries due to a rich theatre life and outburst of creativity. These are the main results of the ‘seven years of theatre’ in Perm that had a good impact on the level of further development of the theatre life in the city.

Keywords: theatre, art, intelligentsia, cultural heritage, pre-revolutionary period, theatre life, theatre management, society, artist, Silver Age.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.6.15388

Abstract: The topic of the study are regulatory legal acts of the Russian Empire and the norms of common law in Karachay and Balkaria that comprised the basis that regulated property relations connected with the public assets, including those all-national and rural (aul), in mountain societies of Karachay and Balkaria in the post-reform period. The article investigates the relations in the field of land commerce and changes in its regulation that happened in the course of reforms in 1860-70s in mountain regions of the Northern Caucasus. Attention is paid to the issue of land ownership by village communities that first were granted the right to be the subject of property relations in the end of XIX century. It was the period of time when the traditions of common law (adat) were substituted by the legal tools of regulations in the form of regulatory documents. Methodologically the research is based on dialectic materialistic analysis of historical events and facts that allowed to examine the process of institutionalisation of village communities in Northern Caucasian mountain societies during the liberal reforms of 1860-1870s. The author notices that a certain part of the adat norms was included in the national legal framework, and the introduced regulatory innovations had positive results. Demesnial legal reforms conducted by the government in the Northern Caucasus were of evolutionary nature, which allowed to avoid social upheaval and provided the stability of the "Muslim outskirts" of the empire.

Keywords: rural (aul) society, pasture, forests, subsoil, rent, common law, redistributions, use, property, assets

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.6.54395

Keywords: rural (aul) society, pasture, forests, subsoil, rent, common law, redistributions, use, property, assets

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.6.54083

Abstract: Implementation of modern state policies is not efficient. One of the main reasons for that is the factual abandonment of agricultural planning by the state and excessive reliance on open market forms of regulation. Up to this day, the Russian government does not have a centralized system of planning, including planning for agriculture and agro-industrial complexes. Planning, however, could become a reliable tool for increasing the efficiency of government regulation in the agricultural sector. The characteristic traits of agricultural production objectively substantiate the necessity for reinforcing the state’s authority in the agricultural sector, which correlates with the concept of “strong state”. The article focuses on analyzing topical issues of increasing the efficiency of agricultural policies and its transition to plan-based implementation schemes. Agricultural policies should be included into the list of top priorities of the government. To solve this problem, the Federal Assembly needs to pass a “Government planning of the Economy”, which would include a chapter on agricultural industry.

Keywords: State, policy, agricultural, planning, influence, implementation, efficiency, Law, regulation, legislation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.6.19216

Abstract: This article analyzes the institution of mutual aid – waqf. The author examines the example of the Turkish waqfs. The subject of the research is the history of development of the waqf system in Turkey, while the object is the Turkish waqfs. The author thoroughly examines the types and functions of the waqfs, and gives special attention to the legal aspect of the question. He also describes the gradual evolution of the waqf system within time and under the influence of the changing political and socioeconomic conditions. A peculiar attention is also given to the types of social aid, which the waqfs historically provide to people in need. As the methodological base the author uses the comparative method for comparing the waqf system in the Ottoman Empire and in the modern Turkey, as well as the principle of historicism for tracking the emergence and development of the analyzing phenomena with consideration of a specific historical situation. If in the Ottoman Empire, the waqfs were primarily the religious institutions, then with the collapse of the Empire and with the arrival of nationalists to power led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, we can observe the processes of secularization of the waqf system. With the codification of the new legislation in 1967, the activity of waqfs takes on commercial character. And within time, the majority of waqfs have lost their religious nature. On the new stage of historical development, the waqfs in its own way become the triggers of the social mobilization and the means of realization of civil activity. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the topic of charity in the Muslim societies is very little-studied within the Russian historiography. This article can be interesting for the historians, sociologists, as well as specialists majoring Turkey and Near East.

Keywords: Turkey, social aid, philanthropy, charity, waqf system, waqf property, waqf sector, waqfs, Ottoman Empire, Islam

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.6.54569

Keywords: Turkey, social aid, philanthropy, charity, waqf system, waqf property, waqf sector, waqfs, Ottoman Empire, Islam

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.6.54084

Abstract: The article explores the sources, preconditions and the substance of political and legal concepts of Erich Fromm. According to him, evolution of legal and social characteristics of the individual result in thought reaching its pinnacle – revolution. Fromm states that a revolutionary is not a mere rebel, who is always displeased with authority, but rather an individuality, which, basing on radical and humanitarian legal values, is striving to reform society.

Keywords: Jurisprudence, political and legal concepts, Erich Fromm, freedom, Law, civil society, individual, globalization

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.7.12740

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.7.54253

Abstract: The article contains an attempt of philosophical analysis of heraldic symbols of Russia at the Time of Troubles. The main method of philosophical interpretation of heraldic symbols of the above-mentioned period in the history of our state is a semiotic approach, since it allows for discovery and analysis of the balance between signs and symbols of social reality involving various forms of joint activities of individuals. It is noted in the article that the Time of Troubles is a special period in the development of the Russian society, and it is characterized with the loss of social solidarity, disintegration, destabilization of the social system. In the article the authors state that being a sign and symbolic aspect of social life at the verge of XVI-XVII centuries, the heraldic images refl ect both the experience of historical development of Russia and the urge of the rulers of the Time of Troubles to hold on to the power and to form the feeling of national closeness and unity. The article includes semiotic analysis of the symbols of eagle, horse and rider. Having performed a standard semiotic analysis based upon the position of a number of authoritative philosophers, the authors point out the importance of social solidarity as a principle of social life and a condition for the normal development of the society, making a conclusion on the crisis character of the Time of Troubles, which is refl ected in the heraldic symbols of this period of time, defi ning the passive and active meaning and the referent element based upon the methodological scheme of Umberto Eco) and this method is complemented with the use of archetypal theory of Jung, as well as dialectics, being an universal method of philosophical cognition.

Keywords: Signs and symbols, troubles, social solidarity, semiotics, eagle, horse, rider, the Time of Troubles, the Russian state, heraldic images.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.7.14856

Abstract: The object of the research is the history of consumption as an economic and social process. The subject of the research is the behaviour of various social classes and groups in the consumption of both material and non-material goods and values. The author examines different aspects of consumption and how they are influenced by different aspects of economics and production. The article studies the works of famous foreign economists and sociologists. The research used institutional, sociological, cultural and systems approaches to the analysis of consumption as a socioeconomic phenomenon. The methodological systems principle allowed the author to conduct an all-embracing analysis of this complex and comprehensive realia. Scientific novelty of the research lies in the study of peculiarities of consumption as a socioeconomic phenomenon. Thus, in postindustrial society the consumption of various non-standartised goods becomes a solution of the problem of middle class that faces the impossibility of fulfilling the need in creativity (self-fulfilment) in their job. Consumption is becoming a mass creativity of modern people. Within this process they can satisfy even their biggest needs. At the same time, people cannot spend as much time and efforts on consumption as in the case of the elites of pre-industrial society.

Keywords: post-industrial society, industrial society, globalisation, Fordism, middle class, proletariat, creativity, consumption, management, social processes

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.7.54405

Keywords: post-industrial society, industrial society, globalisation, Fordism, middle class, proletariat, creativity, consumption, management, social processes

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.7.15939

Abstract: The object of the research are the issues of national and sub-cultural identity of students in a global and pluralistic space of the Russian society. The author focus their attention on the necessity to examine the inconsistencies regarding the intergenerational continuity, preservation of historically traditional social basis and national identity under the conditions of global changes. The authors also mention the relevance of the issue of self-identification during the periods of social transformations. The subject of the research in this context is the phenomenon of a student ball as an indicator of a student sub-culture. The authors study leisure preferences of the students, considering leisure activities as a form of personal self-fulfilment and sociocultural integration. In this connection, the question regarding the correlation between the intended process of socialisation and quantitatively superior spontaneous effect on a person is of special relevance. Solving this inconsistency lies in the purposeful activity of social institutions oriented at the formation of correspondence between personally meaningful and socially meaningful, at the formation of universal human values of the young generation. The research is based on the theoretical assumptions of O. Zakharova, G. Zborovsky, M. Lotman, K. Olkhovikov about the role of culture in the formation of values and orientations of the Russian intellectual strata, where students also belong, as well as on the leisure traditions and materials of regional and local sociological researches. Based on the received empirical data, the authors prove that spontaneous formation of the students' values under the conditions of polystylistic culture, without any preservation of basics of the national culture is a threat regarding the loss of not only sub-cultural, but also national identity. At the same time, the analysis of the national basis of the Russian upbringing is necessary to keep the required national traditions in the global polycultural space. It is justified that a ball is a form of resurrection of the Russian cultural traditions demanded by the youth, and the contemporary ball culture has a strong impact on the personal development and spiritual perception of the world. The ball as a cultural phenomenon allows to solve the tasks of education and upbringing, and promotes the preservation of national and sub-cultural identity.

Keywords: university, students, ball, leisure, identity, subculture, education, national traditions, socialisation, upbringing

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.7.54406

Keywords: university, students, ball, leisure, identity, subculture, education, national traditions, socialisation, upbringing

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.8.12583

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.8.54266

Abstract: The health status of the population has been declining in our country over recent years. This inevitably leads to loss of life quality. The main reason of such a situation is a poor state management of health care institution activity. Health care management issues decrease the effi ciency of the life quality management which is the main potential resource of the country. In order to develop solution of the aforesaid problem and increase the effi ciency of the life quality management, it is necessary to carry out the analysis and systematization of the issues with the life quality management arising in the Russian Federation health care system which is the subject under research of the present article. As the main research methods, the authors use analysis, comparison, ascension from the abstract to the specifi c, documentary method, content analysis and analytical method. The results of the research demonstrate that the low effi ciency of the management in health care shows itself, fi rst of all, in the lack of funding of the health care sector while available fi nancial and material resources are used ineffi cient. The disparity in provision of health care is also growing and human resources are not used well. The social tension is increasing. This, in its turn, makes the health care crisis approaching the line after which the whole system of health care will break. The results of the research will allow to develop requirements fo the information systems and increase the effi ciency of the life quality management in the sphere of health care.

Keywords: Administration, state, management, public health service, life quality, life quality management, principles of management, social effi ciency of public health, socially important benefi t, health.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.8.54267

Abstract: Political transformations that took place in the Russian Empire after revolutionary events of 1905 – 1907 were followed by the differentiation of public moods. Various social groups experienced the process in different ways. The most interesting and understudied question still remains the question about the attitude of peasants to democratic changes happening in Russia back in those times. The present article presents the attempt of the author to clarify the moods of peasants that were refl ected in letters addressed to the Russian People’s Union and stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The article deals with the questions about to what extent peasants followed the monarchical views, how they conveyed their ideas and what infl uence the Russian People’s Union had on the evolution of peasant mentality. In her research O. Kaptelina studies archives and focuses on methods of information analysis adopted from source studies including attribution and classifi cation of letters as well as the frequency analysis. Source analysis of materials was performed with reference to the authentic interpretation of letters written by peasants and analysis of their informative value for the purpose of studying the perception of the policy of the Russian People’s Union by peasants as well as to what degree peasants shared the monarchical moods and basic ideas of the party. The results of the analysis of peasants’ letters do not only show that after the revolution of 1905 – 1907 peasants kept to the monarchical policy and shared the ideas of the extreme right-wing political movement but also allow to see all the shades of those moods. The scientifi c novelty of the research is in introduction of archives and their integrated study into scientifi c use.

Keywords: Russian Empire, revolution, Russian People’s Union, monarchical views, peasant mentality, source studies, reforms, public moods, social groups.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.8.7754

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.8.54113

Abstract: The control system and ideologies are the two key levers for administration of the society in the conditions of mobilization type of development. The efficiency peak of this model took place during the post-war period. However, the overly hard pressures required support of coercion and convincing of the people by the personal interests, and economy and social administration should be reorganized by taking some functions away from the party apparatus to the specialists in economics. Therefore, the Soviet elite were functionally differentiated, and the groups holding special interests appeared. After the death of I.V. Stalin the key issue was which of these group shall lead the state. The Council of Ministers lost the grip, and its position was overtaken by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the republican bodies, which led to the formation of another influential interest group – national “elite”. At the same time ideology became more chaotic. At the XX Party Congress the entire existing state strategy was challenged, and the new utopian communism constructions were included into the party program. The strife among the “elites” brought new political administration methods, which were based on informal ties and relations. Each new Soviet leader was to a greater degree dependent on the relations among the clans. The same was true for M.S. Gorbachev. Group interests found connections outside bureaucracy sphere and ended up in direct contacts with the criminal spheres. The government lost legitimacy and the hopes of people at the start of Perestroika were thwarted and lead to the great deep disdain towards Gorbachev himself and everything that he personified, including the Socialist state order and the Union state.

Keywords: history, history of the USSR, post-war history, break-up of the Soviet Union, politics and ideology, power, political leadership, model of development, mobilization model.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.9.13101

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.9.54279

Abstract: The subject under research is the system of morals as a base characteristic of the society infl uencing the spiritual safety of the county and demographic processes. This characteristic is closely connected with the choice between values and anti-values. Attitudes to such values as labor, soul (spirituality), collectivism, non-material values, love (family and children), innovations, altruism, tolerance, human life, compassion, creativity and commitment to excellence defi ne the spirits of the Russian society. Morals, mental and psychological health are sociologically measured and analyzed based on the results of both surveys and the analysis of the infl uence of the Internet and TV on the system of morals of the Russian society. The research is based on sociological research methods such as surveys offered to the population, questionnaires fi lled in by the academic expert community and statistical methods, content and event analysis of the infl uence of TV and the Internet on the morals of the Russian society. The researcher measures the level of morality of the Russian society. The results of the research allow to describe the dynamics and directions of the system of morals in Russia as well as evolution of the level of commitment to the basic values. The article also contains the results of analyzing the infl uence of the Internet and TV on population that are, being beyond the control of the state government, forms anti-values of the Russian society.

Keywords: Morals, TV broadcast, Internet, values, state institution, labor, family, culture, value navigators, mass media.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.9.9456

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.9.54127

Abstract: The article is devoted to historical and legal grounds for restoration of the Russian Federation right of ownership to lost state-owned assets. The author of the article analyzes legal grounds for acquisition of right of ownership, international regulation of succession, activities of competence authorities to seek for and registration of right of ownership to lost properties as well as assesses the efficiency of measures undertaken to seek for and register right of ownership to lost state assets (property). Special focus is made on the analysis of the Report of the Russian Federation Accounts Chamber about the results of financing searches for properties and assets that are outside of the Russian Federation now but used to belong to the Russian Empire or former Soviet Union, abolished authorities and organizations of the Russian Federation, in order to restore rights of the Russian Federation and to protect rights of ownership of the Russian Federation in foreign states. At the end of the article the author concludes that it is necessary to make improvements in the effective laws with reference to this issue.

Keywords: succession, property, convention, state institution, pieces of property (assets), real estate, State Archive, lost property, foreign property, international agreements.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.9.19844

Abstract: The subject of this research is the phenomenon of rehabilitation of the Confucian tradition in the modern Chinese society, as well as the attempts to revive the school of political Confucianism based on the example of Jiang Qing’s theory. Attention is given to the analysis of the traditional sociocultural and political codes of the Chinese civilization. The author performs the review of Jiang Qing’s theory, its strong and weak aspects, including a brief historical-philosophical insight into the differences between Confucianism “heart” from the political Confucianism, structural and superficial levels of Confucianism. The analysis of the three sources of the legitimacy of political power (heavenly, earthly, and human) is also given in the article. The scientific novelty of this work is defined by its theoretical-methodological basis. The author makes the following conclusions: 1) Confucianism should be understood as the “acknowledging” latent matrix of Chinese civilization, which cannot be overcome by nothing that is assumed or informative, but allows it in form of simulative discourse; 2) The popularity Jiang Qing’s theory substantiates the thesis about the only possible for hieroglyphic way of thinking model of political modernization – reincarnation of the traditional political Confucianism in the relevant to modernity form. Such form represent the form of vertical democracy, in which public support is achieved by means of ritual and “symbolic” cycles rather than electoral, as well as functioning of the authentic mechanism of reproduction and rotations of the patriotic elites.

Keywords: Hieroglyph, Post-structuralism, Concrete-symbolic thinking, Simulacrum, Linguistic politics, China, Jiang Qing, Political institutions, Legitimacy of power, Political Confucianism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.9.54615

Keywords: Hieroglyph, Post-structuralism, Concrete-symbolic thinking, Simulacrum, Linguistic politics, China, Jiang Qing, Political institutions, Legitimacy of power, Political Confucianism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.10.5659

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.10.54141

Abstract: Existence and non-existence are correlative and defi nite. There are different worlds which cannot be distinguished from one another. But if we create a mathematical model of the other world’s ‘nothing’ transferring into our world’s ‘existence’, we can discover incredible energies. Scientists who study dark matter and energy seek for a word to name this matter. The idea is somewhere out there and it is very important for space safety of human.

Keywords: philosophy, existence, non-existence, Aristotle, dark matter and energy, weapon, energy, safety, asteroid, Dirac fi eld, defi nability.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.11.10067

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.11.54153

Abstract: History of the symbols of the Old Russia, Russian Empire and Russian Federation has common roots and continuity. However, transformations of the main symbol, two-headed eagle, which had been made since Ivan III till Nicholas II were forgotten in the Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation. Therefore the modern Coat of Arms of Russia has many mistakes and inaccuracies. Research of such transformations has allowed to discover these mistakes. Now it is necessary to maintain a system approach to solving this issue because not only the main state symbol has mistakes but so o the symbols of regions, municipal units, monetary symbols and etc. The Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation and heraldry of Russia need to be reformed and legally fi xed. National heraldic traditions must be restored. The author of the present article makes an attempt to analyze important tendencies in this sphere and shares his own opinion on the actual status of the present issue.

Keywords: Heraldry, the symbol of nation, symbols, numismatics, mistakes, Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation, Coat of Arms of the Russian Empire, History of the Coat of Arms, two-headed eagle, symbolism.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.11.13361

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.11.54303

Abstract: Scientific achievements of Evgeny Nikitich Tarnovsky (1859–1936), a distinguished Russian scientist in the sphere of criminal statistics, were duly appreciated not only by the next generations but also by the contemporaries of the scientist. The latter focused on Tarnovsky’s achievements in the sphere of dynamics and structure of criminal rates in pre-revolutionary Russia, socio-economic and demographic factors of cime s well as classification of criminal personality data. Nevertheless, a whole number of Tarnovsky’s researches were devoted to the analysis of regular patterns of formation of territorial differences of crime which is left practically unknown for the modern reader. The author of the present research tries to cast more light on the matter. The author analyzes selected works written by Tarnovsky from the point of view of historical analysis. In addition, the author defines promising moments in the scientist’s researches which allow to extend the scope of criminological knowledge in the sphere of studying regular patterns of establishing territorial differences of crime and the mechanism of determination of crime in general. The author of the article focuses on a number of concepts discovered by Tarnovsky which still remain important for the contemporary science. These concepts include the following: a) the thesis that a drastic change in the level of crime is usually caused by the decrease or increase of the level of theft while other types of crime are not influenced by it that much, b) the well-founded conclusion about a difficult and controversial relation between the nature of migration processes and happening changes in the dynamics and structure of crime, c) the conclusion that if we study only economic conditions of the household and the nature of occupation of population on a particular territory, it will not allow us to fully predict the future development of crime in the given region, d) the statement that there is a certain connection between stages of the economic development of a state and changes in the level of crime; for example, the highest level of crime, according to Tarnovsky, can be noted during the periods of the intensive industrial development; e) very important conclusion saying that a very serious influence on changes of the level of crime in this or that country is made by the national structure of population and the degree to which the population keeps to the moral, ethic, religious and corporative (like in case of Japan) and other social standards considerably weakening the negative consequences of intensive social and economic processes.

Keywords: Evgeny Nikitich Tarnovsky, criminal statistics, crime rate, territorial differences of crime, England, France, Japan, Russia, migration processes, population.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.11.13533

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.11.54304

Abstract: The topic under research is the entrepreneurial activity of Moscow business men and manufacturers, the Krestovnikov brothers, at the first stage of their establishing the Kazan stearic soap factory. The author of the article analyzes particular management decisions of manufactures including their connection with the governorate’s powers and administrative resource, delivery of equipment, manufacturing, in particular, search for raw material and sales of the final products. According to the author, the experience of pre-revolutionary manufacturers (even if it was the negative experience) can be used today when the market economy is being developed in modern Russia. The author of the article applied general scientific principles including the principles of historicism and objectivism which allowed him to study different kinds of historical sources and trace back the development of the processes and phenomena under research. The author also used an integrated approach to studying sources which involved generalization, comparison and critical analysis of researches. Fan-Yung also used special methods of historical researches including the synchronistic method allowing to define general features of homogenous processes, etc. The author studies the experience of manufactures Krestovnikovs in establishing the first major innovation enterprise of the capitalist type. The author clarified data about the capacities of the enterprise and innovations of those times used at the enterprise. Fan-Yung also argues against a common stereotype that Alafuzovsky tannery was the first major capitalist enterprise in Kazan. According to the author, this statement contradicts to archive materials and other historical sources.

Keywords: the Krestovnikovs, manufactures, Kazan, stearic factory, soap factory, capitalistic industry, innovation enterprise, Kazan governorate, machine production, Kazan governor.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.12.10351

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.12.54164

Abstract: The author of the article describes specific features of Eurasian mentality and provides insight into the crisis of the Western society. The author shows that in order to integrate into the global civilization process, the Russian society needs to complete a long period in history and go through transitional periods on its way to the self-determination of social system. The comparative method of research is widely used in modern civilization studies and allows to define and compare different variants and levels of social development as well as problems of international cooperation and interdependence. Nikolai Berdyaev who denied ‘religious ethics’ which is based on the idea of spiritual (religious) salvation, developed the teaching about ‘salvation’ as the reunion with the Universe through faith in God. He believed that national religion should be the very first matter a historian should pay attention to. If we viewed the European history without Christianity or Asian history without Buddhism, we would understand nothing, he said. However, the events in the XX century and at the beginning of the XXI century developed according to their own civilizational patterns and did not fulfi ll the expectations of the global community and so did the situation in Russia. Development of Russia throughout the XX century and up to the present was rather chaotic and discontinuous. Itonly proved the Eurasian distinctive character which allows today to reconsider the image of our country in terms of the civilization approach to political processes. The author describes the crisis of the Western society and defines the role of religion in the future development of our country. The author also shows that modernization of Russia should be viewed and established based on the approach considering specific features of the Eurasian society which would allow Russia to become the part of the global civilization process. All what is said in this article shows that there is a need in creating new approaches to understanding the Eurasian (Russian) civilization under the conditions of the crisis of the Western society. The author empathizes that the overall image of Russia is created based on the geopolitical and socio-cultural synthesis. The author defines the role of religion in social life and defines the historical processes ongoing in Russia at the end of the XX century.

Keywords: historical stages, society, Eurasian society, religious, Western society, transitional periods, modernization of Russia, phenomenon, culture and civilization, geopolitical union.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.12.13468

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.12.54317

Abstract: The article is devoted to library stocks, books, manuscripts and other paper media related to cultural values. This includes princeps edition, rare editions, manuscripts, diaries and etc. which are of special value for history, science, culture and distinctive character of nations. Just like paintings and sculptures, library stocks have become the center of complex relationships between countries. The author of the present article in detail analyzes the return of books belonging to the library of the Reformed College of Sarospatak from Russia to Hungary, in particular, the documents regulating the compensatory restitution procedure and their interpretation by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Ganyushkina studies also studies the issues related to the Schneerson Collection of books, manuscripts and diaries that are divided into the three groups — the collections at Russian State Military Archive, Russian State Library named after V. Lenin and the books ordered on the international interlibrary loan and never returned by the Library of Congress. The methodological basis of research involves the general scientific dialectic research method as well as systems analysis, comparative law, historical, logical analysis, the method of interpretation of international laws and others. The researcher assumes that the most valuable part of library stocks is an essential part of the cultural heritage of a sovereign state. Other than cooperation of states regarding deep sea-bed areas, the concept of the “common heritage of mankind” is implemented only in the sphere of providing access to the word treasures of different cultures. Transmission of exhibits constituting the cultural assets of state library stocks from one country to another shall be performed only if they are guaranteed to be returned to the place from where they’ve been taken. The best way to provide such guarantees is an international treaty like the Agreement for Creation of Interlibrary Loan between State Members of the CIS 1999 (effective taking into the Protocol of 2012) described by Ganyushkina in the given article.

Keywords: cultural values, cultural assets, common heritage of mankind, interlibrary loan, compensatory restitution, jurisdictional immunity, Sarospatak library, Schneerson Collection, “Chabad- Lubavitch” movement, Library of Congress of the USA.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.12.54318

Abstract: The present article has been written within the framework of a scientific project No. 14– 12–58003V supported by the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation. In recent years agriculture has become the national priority of state agricultural policy, however, there are still many issues that have been left without due attention. Along with the other unsolved issues of the agricultural sector, the cornerstone of agricultural policy is the provision of manufacturers with highly skilled professionals and work force. Developed countries solve this problem by transferring some functions to the external performer who provides outsourcing services. To achieve their goals, the authors have used the methods of monographic research, expert evaluation method, complex analysis method and calculation- constructive method. The authors view the basic definitions and types of outsourcing in the economic and legal environment, summarize obvious advantages of outsourcing, demonstrate the important role of outsourcing in the agricultural sector, especially in farm production, examine the main tax benefits and challenges that arise in the process of implementation of outsourcing schemes and offer the mechanism of state regulation by means of budgetary support of outsourcing services.

Keywords: agricultural sector, agriculture, highly skilled professionals, state support, agricultural policy, WTO, competition, industrial outsourcing, single agricultural tax, tax benefits.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.12.21177

Abstract: The object of this research is the Russian military-memorial heritage, while the subjects is the historiography of the history of emergence, construction, and preservation of the military-historical objects during Soviet and post-Soviet time in the regions of Southern Ural. This article is first to attempt to generalize the Southern Ural historiography of the problem of preservation of the Russian military-historical heritage during the Soviet and post-Soviet time. Comparing the determined scientific and other types of works of the two periods that differ in methodological approaches and topic of the study, the author makes a conclusion on the absence of the in-depth complex research of historical-culturological character on the regional level. The article underlines that the post-Soviet historiography of preservation of the Russian military-historical heritage differs from the Soviet by the involvement of the professional historians. The international obligations resulted in declassification of multiple archive documents, which allowed ascertaining the amount of military cemeteries and burial grounds. Methodology of the further research regarding the military-memorial environment carries an interdisciplinary character and should be based on development of the “systems” necessary for the scientific analysis.

Keywords: memorial, preservation, historiography, historical memory, military-historical heritage, cultural heritage, Southern Ural, monument, military history, cultural policy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2016.12.54662

Keywords: memorial, preservation, historiography, historical memory, military-historical heritage, cultural heritage, Southern Ural, monument, military history, cultural policy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.8.10916

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.12.12654

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2017.5.22969

Abstract: The object of this research is the area of relationship between Church and state; the subject is the interaction of Church and state in the sphere of international activity. The author examines the types of relationship between Church and state; directions of the cooperation between Church and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation; attitude of the Russian Orthodox Church and the state towards such cooperation. In the context of the problem at hand, the author analyzed a number of international documents, overview of foreign policy activity of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation for the recent 5 years; foreign events with participation of the Russian Orthodox Church; and information from the open sources of the Russian Orthodox Church. In conclusion, the author determined the forms of interaction between Church and state, the role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation in realization of such communication, as well as the key directions of their cooperation at present state and nearest future.