Politics and Society - rubric Conflict and consensus

Abstract: The Collective Security Treaty Organization went a long way as a military and political organization, and certain mistakes were made by it. However, its activities played a great role in avoiding the conflicts among the nations at the post-Soviet territory. This article is concerned with the historical background of creation of the Organization by the Republic of Armenia, Republic of Belarus, Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, the Russian Federation, the Republic of Tajikistan, and periods of its development. The author emphasizes that currently the activities of the Organization are of principal importance for ensuring peace and stability in the post-Soviet territory.

Abstract: Having analyzed the land legislation of the past and the present, the author came to the conclusion that the current Housing Code of the Russian Federation makes the tenants of the specialized housing vulnerable, since it broadens the list of grounds for eviction without provision of another housing unit. The imperfections of the existing legislation calls for urgent correction…

Abstract: Currently the internationalized judicial institution is being formed in order to provide criminal prosecution of persons, who have committed the terrorist acts in Lebanon. The Special Tribunal for Lebanon is quite unique, since it shall be the first institution of this type, which is formed for investigating the political murder. In this article by O.I. Rabtsevich one find the analysis of the specific features of this judicial institution.

Abstract: Crimea is a multinational and multi-confessional region. Throughout its existence the Slavic Orthodox and Muslim and Turk cultures interacted there. However, along with common interests there were contradictions, which were yet sharper at the time of social and political cataclysms. The author attempts to review the formation of local people before the Revolution, taking into account Tatars as native of this region. Keywords: political science, Crimean Tatars, Islam, relations among the nation, unique region, religious aspect, conflict potential, pre-Revolutionary period of time, history of the issue

Abstract: The article continues the topic of the previous article on Crimean Tatars, as published in Politics and Society N. 2, 2009. The author describes the formation of conflict potential of the Tatar population throughout the years of existence of the USSR. The author points out the causes of development of this process, describes the specific features of deportation of the Crimean Tatars and the prosess of their rehabilitation and return to the region. Keywords: political science, Crimean Tatars, formation of conflict potential, national issue, specific features of the region, national policy in USSR, policy towards religion, reasons for deportation, specific features of rehabilitation, formation of national government bodies

Abstract: The article is devoted to the development of the ethnic and confessional conflict in the Crimea in 1990s after the break-up of the USSR. The article continues two previous articles, as published in “Politics and Society” N. 2, 3, 2009. The author attempts to show the dangers of the situation, which arose due to carelessness of the political leaders of this period. Keywords: political science, Crimean Tatars, repatriation, conflict potential, ethnic and religious, conflict, lack of regulation, international terrorism, foreign policy of the Russian Federation, break-up of the USSR, internal policy of the Ukraine

Abstract: In theory, the problem of creation a modern empire raises the need in the conception of a post-classical empire. It is very difficult to analyze such an empire because the system of an empire has grown very complicated throughout centuries. It is quite uneasy to define the criteria of what a post-classical empire actually was or theoretically could be.

Keywords: political sciences, empire, policy, state institution, imperialism, modernization, power, globalization, capitalism, mondialization

Abstract: The article is devoted to formation and development of the institution of reconciliation in law at early stages of the social development. The author discusses the point of view that reconciliation procedures and agreements in regulation of debates prevailed over accusing and punishing procedures. Punishment was only one of various forms of regulating a conflict and very often was perceived as a failure. Regulation of conflicts by the means of negotiation and compensation constituted the so called ‘social’ model of early justice which is a more preferred alternative compared to the punishment one.

Keywords: studies of law, reconciliation, agreement, mediation, negotiations, conflict, procedures, regulation, justice, mechanism

Abstract: The author views the causes of conflict situations related to teaching ‘Basics of Religious Culture and Secular Ethics’. The author also analyzes the requirements for social experiments in education

Keywords: political sciences, conflict, moral, set of morals, religion, experiment, education, up-bringing, church, culture

Abstract: The article is devoted to the inter-ethnical confl ict in Kyrgyzstan, which took place in spring of 2010. The author attempts to view the process of growth of confl ict potential in the region. Much attention is paid to the personal qualities of the Presidents of the post-Soviet Kyrguzstan.

Keywords: political science, Central Asia, Kyrgyzstan, confl ict, nationalism, extremism, geopolitics, traditionalism, property, international relations.

Abstract: The article explores the phase of the PRC policy in the South China Sea. Because of the change in the international situation and China’s foreign policy, Beijing has changed its policy to solve the problems of South China Sea. Despite all the chords, which reached among many countries, the problems of South China Sea have not yet decided. Nonetheless, cooperation among these countries in this region will quickly develop.

Keywords: PRC policy, South China Sea, Regional cooperation

Abstract: The article briefly describes the process of formation of relationships between the western region of China mainly inhabited by the Uigurs and the country Center throughout all the time until formation of PRC in 1949. The author describes the main features of this process during different periods in history. The author also describes the role of Islam in this process.

Keywords: political science, China, Central Asia, Eastern Turkestan, the Uigurs, conflict, Islam, aggression, Sufism, historical features

Abstract: The article investigates the political and military events of Frederick I Barbarossa in his second Italian campaign, which main purpose was to suppress opposition to imperial authority from the side of the Northern Italian communes and the main target of which became Milan and its allies.

Keywords: Frederick Barbarossa, Milan, Crema, the papacy, the communes, Lombardy, war, Contades, surrender

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.6.5988

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.6.7729

Abstract: M.G. Smirnov’s article contains analysis of development of the norms of international humanitarian law since the time of F. Martens to our time. The author also studies the value of provisions of the Geneva Conventions and Protocols to them in the modern world, characterizes the modern law of international conflicts.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the conceptual analysis of the problems of globalization of innovation-based development. The author studies the innovation paradigm which has become the basic direction of the national and world development lately. The author underlines the complex nature of the infl uence of innovations on all sides of the social life. At the same time, the author points outs certain principal differences in the intensity of adoption of innovation policy by different countries. In this context, the author describes the so-called conception of innovation gap. The author draws our attention at essential parts of this phenomenon and its manifestation in the world. Much attention is paid at the criteria for comparison the level of innovation-based development in different countries and regions. Based on the global practice, the author describes the details of the confi guration of the global innovation-based gap and its negative consequences. The author of the article also formulates the idea about sustainable innovation-based development as the direction of transfer to a new stage of globalization. Based on the author, it would ensure a more even exploitation of innovations for solving global and national issues.

Keywords: political studies, globalization, innovation, development, competition, cooperation, world order, sustainability, challenges, confl ict.

Abstract: Comparison of the sheer amount of criticism aimed at the previous Criminal Procedural Code of the Russian Federation (CPC RF) and the current CPC RF may assure one that the new law is worse than the old one. Is it really so? In order to answer this question, one must study the basis of the criticism. Is it the objective catastrophical situation in the sphere of criminal judicial procedure? Or is it a subjective sence of “dead end” among some law-enforcement authorities, facing the new conceptual approaches to the judicial proceedings within the current CPC RF.

Abstract: From the moment, when migration was singled out as a scientific category, it has always been viewed against some background, such as economical, social, cultural, demographic, ethnical, and this is no accident. On one hand, migration processes are much determined by the changes in the life of one (or several) societies, so they indicate the level of development of social, ethnical, political spheres of such societies. On the other hand, being varied, different migration groups can have many specific features, which also influence the conditions at both the society, which receives the migrants, and the society, where they come from…

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2017.3.22602

Abstract: The subject of this research is the main theoretical approaches to the settlement of modern conflicts. The article reveals the methodological principles of the termination, resolution and transformation of conflicts. Particular attention is paid to the basic characteristics of contemporary social conflicts, conflict behavior and to the creation of new social norms and institutions with high level of conflict management. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the following: it is proven that conflict transformation is a central process in the contemporary conflict resolution field. There is the core idea that constructive conflict approach is the most effective way for studying the dynamics of modern social conflicts within conflict transformation field. A special role in the conflict resolution process is assigned to the conceptual capabilities of existing intermediary technologies.

Keywords: conflict interaction, resolution, transformation, settling, theory, modern conflict, actors, peacemaking, mediation technologies, mediation

Abstract: Up to now, the violated constitutional rights of victims of Bashkir Blagoveschensk are not provided with adequate judicial protection. In other words, in Russia words and deeds do not go together. One of the means to bring these back together might be small-budget protection of these rights by the victims within the civil judicial process framework May it be that it turns out more efficient than existing criminal case, especially, after the final judicial decision in a criminal Blagoveschensk case, many violated rights of people can never be restored?

Abstract: Morals are much inluenced by the outside conditions, and such outer influence is not always positive. Indeed, within the context of the “conflict of civilizations” it may gain quite a negative aspect to it, such as the cult of power, deprecating attitude to human life an values, etc… The problem of legislative protection of the public morals, thus, becomes topical, and the author of this article expresses his views on modern tendencies and possible solutions…

Abstract: The article is devoted to the requirements set for creation of a new social discipline – management philosophy which is viewed by the author as a wide refl ection over social process and a new type of practice. In this connection, the author discusses the following issues: modern challenges of management philosophy, general tasks of philosophy in general and management philosophy in particular (which tasks include the critics of unsatisfi ed methods of management, constitution enforcement of management, analysis of the other reality which causes different types of management and their evolution). The main challenges of management philosophy are provided by the modern society but they are not so easy to be discovered. Nevertheless, the author discusses such challenges and provides the following two examples of – determination of the social and general mission of management and direction of management at the leading type of sociality. In particular, the author shows that modern problems and contradictions are solved through the balance and contrariety of different forces. A considerable role is played by selfi sh desires of social individuals, evaluation of the ‘reasonable selfi shness’, cultural factors, discussions and attitudes in the society, activity and passionarity of certain societies, individual preferences and behavior and, fi nally, invention of new social technologies (unions, compromises, negotiations, reforms and etc.) As a result, the leading type of sociality is also being established. Since management threads all layers and elements of the society and deals with both rational organization of activity and relations between people, practically every person is involved in management (at least through his family or work). So consequently, he has to form certain attitude to this phenomenon, too. And this is where the management philosophy can help.

Keywords: management, philosophy, society, modern age, sociality, selfi shness, justice, reality, practice, dispositive.

Abstract: There are many studies devoted to the reign of Russian tsar Paul the 1st, however, this one concerns the particulars of his tax policy and the influence of this policy at later periods. This is a dynamic study of Russian tax policy up to the early XXth century.

Abstract: Regulation of the North Caucuses crisis have always been one of the key problems in the post – Soviet Russia. The tragic crisis includes the commercial element and many other aspects in addition to the military issues… One of the most important issues relates to the religious aspect…

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2018.3.25711

Abstract: The subject of this research is the origins of the current conflict in the South-Eastern Ukraine. The author examines the theoretical aspects of the conflict, as well as the main points of view upon the genesis and regulation of the conflict in general. From the general theoretical background, the author shifts towards the consideration of the special– conflict in the South-Eastern Ukraine. The article draws analogies between the psychology of the conflict and general psychology, views the theory of “ruins” in history of the Ukrainian statehood. For comprehensive examination of the situation, the author uses the structural-functional and socio-psychological methods of research. The main contribution of the author lies in the scientific review of the course of events of the current Ukrainian conflict, as well as the advancement of forecasts of future development of the events in the indicated territories, considering the enacted law “on Reintegration of Donbass”. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the origins of this conflict are examined from not only the historical perspective, but the standpoint of the psychology of conflict as well.

Keywords: post-Soviet area, unrecognized states, reintegration of Donbass, theory of ruins, origins of the Ukranian conflict, Novorossiya, Ukranian conflict, history of Ukraine, geopolitics, political conflict

Abstract: The election commissions are the bodies, which hold the greatest share of responsibility for the organization and holding of elections. In the process of these activities the election commissions may uncover the administrative and criminal violations in the sphere of elections…

Abstract: Evolution of the Russian system ‘business-system- society’ is viewed through describing the dominant delimitation caused by the structural changes in a society and cultural dynamics or base socio-cultural cultural differences. Conß ict is described as a negative form of interaction which actors are aimed at Þ ghting, keeping or changing their position in a society or community. The author describes the two main analysis levels – ontological analysis which classiÞ es conß ict situations, their structures, features and peculiarities and operational analysis which consists of a number of methods of conß ict solution developed and used by the society and a number of stereotypical scenarios of conß ict behavior. Based on Albert Hirschman’s researches the author describes strategies of conß ict relations between business and state institutions as well as their ‘genetic’ connection with the previous states of the Russian institutional system. The author also deÞ nes the main features of the Russian model of conß icts ad the operational level of methods and scenarios of the conß ict solution process. Analyzing compositional grounds for conß ict contingency between business and state institution, the author describes the following operating modes – directive, functional and communicative modes – as well as the main features, attributes and identiÞ cation peculiarities of Russian business.

Keywords: political studies, business, power, conß ict, Russia, transformations, society, communication, strategy.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.1.13837

Abstract: Not in the suppression of the exaggerated “innate aggression”, but in elimination of the social sources of war and other confl icts and the wise policy which takes into account mutual interests lies the key to peace and good neighborly relations between nations and people. And the best form of prevention of aggression is education, tolerance and goodwill, as well as the ability to overcome any disunity: national, political, clan, group, religious, philosophical, ideological. On the level of social groups the strategic perspective is to focus on unifying goals (and in the highest manifestation – on the universal values ), and cooperation in achieving them.

Keywords: philosophy, aggression, violence, confl ict, banditry, terrorism, extremism, tolerance, values, altruism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.1.54334

Abstract: The research subject of the present article is the conflictogenic factors of the growth of international (ethnic) tension. Based on the integrated systems analysis of the results of different methodological approaches to the genesis of international (ethnic) conflicts, Zelenkov defines and analyzes universal conflictogenic factors. The author pays special attention to peculiarities of creation and development of international (ethnic) conflicts, definitions and classifications of conflictogenic factors of modern international (ethnic) conflicts based on these universal factors. In his research Zelenkov applies the integrated systems analysis of modern international conflicts and defines and classifies conflictogenic factors. The results of the research allow to conclude that a modern international conflict is caused by the two groups of conflictogenic factors. The first group consists of universal factors which, as a rule, may lead to escalation of tensed international relations and, as a result, to an international conflict. The second group involves specific factors that are attributive for each particular international conflict.

Keywords: international conflict, international relations, ethnic tension, conflictogenic factor, ethnos, nation, nature, conflict, cause of conflict, classification, universal factor.

Abstract: After reform and opening up of the 1978th year, China is increasingly emphasizing its naval and maritime interests: economic development, territorial management, energy and food security, as well as trade. The article explores China’s Sea Power and maritime politics. The Chinese maritime issues are studied through the analysis of the scientific basis of marine policy and Chinese resources, which discuss these problems.

Keywords: China’s maritime policy, Chinese naval challenge, maritime disputes, «string of pearls».

Abstract: The article presents results of the study of the group identities of the Russian population. The empirical basis for the project is built on representative researches in the Russian regions. Using statistical procedures of factor and cluster analysis author identifi es fi ve typological groups whose ideas of group identity (that is, groups with whom they feel a community), are different. The key differentiators for the various typological groups are the factors of education and profession, income, territory (identifi cation with the inhabitants of the city, region), religion and nationality. However, noteworthy that in the structure of the population there is a very large typological group (more than a third of the respondents) who does not have clearly defi ned identity orientations. The most common identity (the possibility of identifi cation with people of similar age or similar way of life) is inherent more or less equally to all members of the above clusters. With regard to the territorial aspect of identities for more than two-thirds of respondents such self-identifi cation as “Russian citizen”, “a resident of the city or area” are leading. The author also considers the focus on participation in the confl icting interests of their national groups among respondents with different group identities. It is concluded that the plant on the confl icting part is most prevalent among the members of groups, where the key identifi cation features are the territory or religion and nationality.

Keywords: sociology, identity, nationalism, ethnicity, confl ict, tension, community, protest, ideology, regionalism

Abstract: The article analyzes the destiny of the peasants’ community in the context of agricultural policy of the Soviet Union back in 1920. The authors of the article clearly describe how the functions of the land community and powers of the Selsoviet correlated. The authors also define the objective reasons of transfer of community functions to the structures of state executive authority.

Keywords: political science, Bolshevism, community, gathering, Selsoviet (local council), office, farm unit, plot, representatives, democracy.

Abstract: The article reveals the problems of geo-political infl uence on the process of regional development. The author of the article summarizes the problems and their solutions in the sphere of gas policy in the Caspian Region and describes regional peculiarities of creation of geo-political alliances and infl uence of international actors on the safety of the region.

Keywords: studies of politics, geopolitics, geo-economics, national interests, gas policy, international actors, globalization, regional development, trans-national corporations, regional confl icts.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.1.54011

Abstract: The artile contains the results of the author’s analysis of external policy of Turkey in the South Caucasia from 1991 till 2008 – towards Armenia, Azerbadjan and Gerogia, the states that were formed as a result of the USSR collapse but are still under the political influene of Russia. It is noted that after the USSR collapse Turkey began an ative external policy in the South Caucasia and tried to involve young states under its influence and weaken Russia’s positions. Today Turkey views South Caucasia as the sphere of its national interests which contradicts to Russia’s interests.

Keywords: political studies, policies, South Cacuasia, Turkey, external (foreign) policy, internatinal relations, conflict, Russia, regional security, geopolitics.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2017.10.24501

Abstract: The object of this research is the culture of Kurdish migrants that currently comprise over 13% of the population of Krasnogvardeysky District in the Republic of Adygea. The subject of this research is the prevention and overcoming of conflicts exercised within the ethnic group as one of the adaptive forms of the “nomadic nation” and simultaneously as a method of self-defense, acquisition of relative social stability in the accepting community. Based on “cultural portrait” of the Adygea Kurds, the author examines the forms of prevention, overcoming or solution of the ethnic conflicts that are defined by the traditional culture. The adherence to it, preservation of canons make the life of an ethnic group well-ordered and predictable. The scientific novelty of this work consists in the scientifically authentic description of the modern status of the ethnic group of Adygea Kurds, comparative analysis of the archetypical and contemporary sociocultural images that bring new colors to the ethnic picture of the world. The author determines the two forecasting scenarios of the development of ethnic group. The first claims the increase of Kurds who attend high school, obtain higher education, demonstrate reasonable Russian language skills, as well as oriented towards the intercommunal and interethnic resolution of conflicts. The second possible scenario is defined by the diasporic status of the ethnic group, readiness to move to Kurdistan in case of the official proclamation of such state. The author believes that the responsible explanation of the cultural values, symbols, and behavioral codes of all national cultures that are the part of the Republic of Adygea will result in fewer conflicts.

Keywords: traditional culture, Hofstede, overcoming conflicts, prevention of conflicts, ethnic group, Adygheya, Kurds, adaptation, archetypal images, diaspora

Abstract: The article is devoted to various classifications of political oppositions created by both Western and Russian researches. Due to the fact that Russian opposition did not have an actual institutional enforcement and was beyond the political system or were considerably dependent on he ruling group for a pretty long period of time, one of the main criteria for classification of Russian opposition parties became the degree of loyalty towards the ruling authority (Linz’ typology) and its involvement into the political party. Based on Linz’ characteristics, the author of the article analyzes the party system of modern Russia and relations between various political parties and dominating party before 2000 and after 2000. The article proves that in 2000, when the country got a new leader and policy, party strategies considerably changed, too, and became more loyal towards the ruling authority, losing the support of their traditional votes at the same time. The article also describes the beginning of election campaign for candidates to the State Duma in 2011 and predicts the results of the future elections.

Keywords: politics, opposition, party system, political parties, classification criteria, competition, degree of loyalty, semi-opposition, ruling group.

Abstract: This article presents the results of the study the use of technologies of management of international confl ict in peacekeeping and antiterrorist operations of U.S. and NATO. The basic features of the practices that distinguish the individual style of peacemaking of U.S. and NATO representatives of other civilizations and cultures.

Keywords: political studies, politics and society, international relations, external policy, national security, peace-making, peace enforcement, technologies of management of confl icts, international confl ict, USA.

Abstract: Relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan in the fi rst decade of decolonization and the partition of British India were characterized by a fervor, then a temporary easing of tensions, caused by the desire of the ruling circles of Afghanistan, especially after coming to power, Daoud Khan in 1953, to use a so-called “Pashtunistan issue” for the restoration of historical justice.

Keywords: Afghanistan, Pakistan, the Loya Jirga, Mohammad Daoud Khan, the “Durand Line”.

Abstract: The article contains the results of the research of modern conceptions of trans-national confl ict management which are used in Russia, USA and leading countries of the European Union. The author gives the defi nition of ‘confl ict management’ and describes its meaning for the Russian, USA and EC policy.

Keywords: peace-making operations, trans-national confl icts, external policy, internal relations, confl ict management, national security.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the role of English military ministry in Ireland at the XVI century. The author of the article describes the problems of forming and allocating military forces throughout the island, weapon and food supply and paying salaries to soldiers. The author also pays attention at the military role of the chiefs of Ireland clans and provides examples of conflicts as well as the strategies used by both parties.

Keywords: Ireland, Tudors dynasty, military officers, financing, Elizabeth the 1st, Count Tyrone, English army, clan chiefs.

Abstract: Political consciousness is divided into the two opposites. One of them demonstrates deliberate commitment to existing political institutions, the other refl ects one’s critical attitude to political institutions. Demonstrating negative attitude to the current politics, the other consciousness which demonstrates a positive beginning refl ects the state of orientation of peace with the statehood, is protection from critics and mean words.

Keywords: political studies, politics, conditions, provision, consciousness, action, struggle, confl ict, elites and order

Abstract: This article is devoted to the harmonization of relations between Germany and France during 1949 – 1969 when there was a transit from confrontation policy to cooperation policy. It was caused both by European integration and a stable and secure situation in Western Europe. The article discusses the goals and tasks of approximation of both Germany and France.

Keywords: Confrontation, cooperation, German-French relations, statehood of Germany, the European integration, stability, safety guarantees.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.6.54081

Abstract: This research is based on the analysis of the works of English-speaking authors and explores the ideological foundations of American foreign policy regarding Iraq and the practical steps of its realization in 2000-s. The multivectoral nature and the multi-variant approach to U’S influence on the Near East situation is demonstrated on the example of Iraq. Attention is drawn to the main landmarks of U.S foreign policy, which are being pushed forward at every available opportunity and are directed at enforcing the values of democracy and human rights. The exact interpretation of these values, however, varies, depending on the goals that are set before the U.S, as well as the exact situation in the target region. The author demonstrates that excessive force in matters of peacekeeping becomes prevailing and most effective approach in the process of realization of U.S. foreign policy doctrine.

Keywords: Political science, war, humanitarism, democracy, Iraq, USA, cold, identity, ideology, conflict

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.6.54082

Abstract: The article identifies and analyzes the systemic characteristics and main components which constitute the cases of structural conflicts, the drivers and triggers for potential disintegration of the Russian social system. The author demonstrates that the “institutionalized standards” of Russian society’s normative and conflictological culture emerge from the background of a deeply rooted “conflictological consciousness” of Russian people, which determines the “toxic and conflictological” form of Russia’s development. The author draws attention to the analysis of the configuration of Russian conflict containment system and its characteristics.

Keywords: Political science, Russia, conflict, conflictuality, transformation, modernization, consensus, society, politics, authority

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.7.12508

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.7.54252

Abstract: The analytical article concerns economic and legal aspects of improving the procedures for the resolution of collective labor disputes. The article formulates and fi nds solutions for the problems in the sphere of application of modern legislation to resolution of labor disputes. The author studies the practice of activities of the Labor Arbitration Court (Moscow) in the sphere of resolution of collective labor disputes. In the process of writing the article the author used international normative legal acts and documents of the International Labor Organization (ILO), and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The results of the work involved development of recommendations for the improvement of mechanisms for the prevention of labor confl icts. The author also revealed insignifi cant differences between the Recommendation of the ILO N. 92 (1951) and the Labor Code of the Russian Federation in the sphere of procedure for the resolution of collective labor disputes. The ILO Recommendation provides for an obligation of the parties to avoid lock-outs and strikes in case when a dispute is transferred to an arbitration body, while the Labor Code of the Russian Federation directly prohibits lock-outs at all of the stages of confl ict regulation. There is almost no examples of labor dispute resolution in labor arbitration in the Russian Federation. In spite of the formation of the Labor Arbitration Court in 2001 for the purpose of resolving collective labor disputes, its activities remain purely consultative. The materials of the article may be refl ected in the activities of federal government bodies implementing state policy in the sphere of labor and employment, it also could be of use for practicing lawyers, lecturers and students. The theoretical, methodological and empiric basis for the studies involved fundamental theories and concepts, revealing the theoretical and methodological bases for the labor dispute resolution, which were developed by Russian and foreign scholars. It seems viable to minimize the possibilities for the disputes on implementation of the collective contract at the very time of its conclusion. As one of the options for achieving this goal, it could be possible to provide for the possibility for consultations for the representatives of workers taking part in collective negotiations on drafting, conclusion and amendments to a collective contract on a part of trade unions and their associations both in the presence and in the absence of primary trade union organization. Additionally, it seams reasonable to provide in the collective contracts for a procedure of labor dispute resolution in a specifi c enterprise, and it should not contradict to the current legislation. It may be based upon the existing Recommendations of the Ministry of Labor on resolving a collective labor dispute with participation of an intermediary, peaceful reconciliation commission, labor arbitration or any other way approved by the parties and compliant with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. The possibility for the qualifi ed consultation on the part of professional unions and their associations should also be considered.

Keywords: Confl ict, labor confl ict, collective labor disputes, individual labor disputes, labor arbitration court, resolution of labor disputes, professional unions, peaceful reconciliation commission, voluntary reconciliation, arbitration.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.7.2591

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.7.54097

Abstract: The author of the article makes an attempt to describe the process of regulation of international relations in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author describes some special features of formation of the Kazakh society. Special attention is paid at the role of social institutions like the Assembly of the Nations of Kazakhstan in this process.

Keywords: political studies, Kazakhstan, national security, cultural dialogue, nationalism, religion, Islam, social contract, traditionalism, historical features.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.8.12698

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.8.54265

Abstract: The present article is devoted to modern views on the nature and reasons of ethnic confl icts, their classifi - cation and typology as well as means, methods and technologies of their peaceful regulation and solution. The main purpose is to show that ethnic confl icts in social relations are one of the natural forms of socio-political interaction. Without them the evolution of the social system would be impossible. Ethnic confl icts and their causes are viewed by the researcher not only from the point of view of the opposition between different opinions of experts in ethnology but also from the point of view of the leading political trends: primordialism, instrumentalism and constructivism. The methodological basis of the research includes systems, structural-functional, comparative-historical, comparative- political, geopolitical and cultural-civilizational approaches, methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, modeling and observance. Modern ethnic confl icts do not only allow to discover and solve contradictions that arise as a result of the evolution of ethnic communities and development of international and multi-cultural interaction but also to develop new forms of social and political behavior in extreme situations (confl icts and crises) that increase the stability of the entire system of social relations in general.

Keywords: Contradictions, constructivism, primordialism, instrumentalism, ethnicity, ethnos, society, confl ict, politics, identifi cation.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.9.13049

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.9.54278

Abstract: The article is devoted to the confl ictogenity of the systems transformation of Russia. This requires to develop and specify a new conceptual framework of modern confl ict resolution studies which would take into account specifi cs of Russian confl icts because usually the conceptual framework of confl ict resolution studies serve to describe and analyze a differently organized society. The author of the article tries to defi ne and analyze systems characteristics and the main elements of the confl ict dynamics, the basic models of the modern architecture of confl icts and peculiarities of applying the method of the ‘confl ictological key’ to the analysis of institutional schemes of description of modern interstate, socio-political and ideological situations in modern Russia. When analyzing the structure of the confl ict model of the Russian society, the researcher as used applicable socio-philosophical methodological approaches for the purpose of defi ning peculiarities of confl icts and actual behavioral practices of confl ict resolution in the modern Russian society. The researcher offers a classifi cation of invariant confl ict situations of a certain type, their structure, features and peculiarities as well as a combination of established and effective methods of confl ict resolution, stereotype scenarios of confl ict behavior and strategies of political design of reality creating the ‘confl ict-free world and stable life’ for citizens by using social constructs and the system of ideas and symbols.

Keywords: Russia, confl ict, confl ictogenity, confl ict model, stability, society, politics, government, confl ict dynamics, communication.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.10.12936

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.10.54291

Abstract: The article is devoted to the role and place of a civilizational factor in modern international conflicts. With some minor exceptions, these conflicts have a global nature and are a result of the conflict of national interests of the world civilization leaders. Modern international conflicts have a bright inter-civilization nature and their participants — individual nations — express not only their own interests but also interests of their civilizational community in general. For the foregoing interests, the topic of the research is the civilizational factor and its role in modern international conflicts. Research methodology includes system, structural-functional and culturalcivilizational approaches as well as methods of the comparative-historical, comparative-political and retrospective analysis. Mechanisms of conflict mobilization in modern global conflicts also have a civilizational nature because consolidation of powers, funds and sources of participants in conflict is performed not by the means of national state ideology but through the feeling of commitment to the civilizational community which interests and values are to be protected. This explains why modern conflicts often happen between international participants and why there are so many international unions and coalitions which consist of many ethnic groups and were created for the purpose of inter-civilizational opposition.

Keywords: politics, society, international relations, conflict, civilization, culture, conflict management, conflict resolution, conflict mobilization, security.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.11.12959

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.11.54302

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the ideological basis of separatism in terms of contemporary global policy. Fundamental grounds of understanding the phenomenon of separatism is closely related to such terms and concepts as nationalism, state and national construction, international and intrastate relations and conflicts, ethnic and religious identification. At the present time there are several groups of researchers who in this way or another touch upon the problems of separatism when discussing territorial conflicts, ethnic identification, nationalism, inter-confessional opposition and conflicts of civilizations. The methodological basis for the study involves systems, structural-functional, comparative-historical, comparative-political and ethnopolitical approaches, methods of analysis, synthesis, observation and expert evaluation. Today separatist movements are growing stronger all over the world. At the present time they are a global ethnopolitical threat. The main milestones in the development of separatism fall on the second half of the 20th century — at the same time when anticolonial and national liberation movements gained in strength. Noteworthy that separatist moods were typical not only for the Third World countries where the borders between states and tribes were rather questionable but also for the developed counties like England, France, the USA and a number of other countries. Separatism has a task to separate a particular territory from a multinational state and create an independent national state entity there.

Keywords: politics, society, separatism, ideology, conflict, political regime, state, interests, values, security.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.11.16548

Abstract: The subject of this research is the conditions for the practices of the search for public consensus. The practices themselves are defined by the Aristotle’s concept of golden mean, which proposes moving away from extremes. As extreme types of public consensus we introduce terror or totalitarian society (where appearance of a consensus is achieved by elimination of those who disagree) on one hand, and “contention” as the state of socio-political and cultural practices (for which it is characteristic to have heterogeneity of participants) on the other. The conditions defined in the article carry an empirical, transcendental, existential and epistemological character. The methodological course substantiates these clear practices of the search for consensus. This substantiation includes description of the extremes, demonstration of the need to avoid them, as well as definition of the conditions of this avoidance. The author’s idea of defining the practices of search for consensus, not through the positive movement towards some form of a clear consensus, but as a negative movement from extremes, can contribute to avoidance of problems of relativism of the multiculturalism, as well as the dictation of universalism.

Keywords: Public consensus, terror, differend, power of judgment, philosophy of management, I. Kant, H. Arend, J.F. Lyotard, J. Rancière, B. Latour.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.11.54476