Politics and Society - rubric Morality and politics

Abstract: In spite of the fact that the Catholic understanding of the rights and freedoms of an individual is rather modern and meets the requirements of the liberal doctrines of the civilized Western states, there are some specific features in the attitude to the freedom of conscience. One should note that relatively “peaceful” co-existence of the Catholic religion and the liberal concept of human rights and freedoms is due to the some yieldings of the Catholic church in late decades… This article contains brief analysis of freedom of conscience as understood by the Catholic church and its evolution in the late years.

Abstract: As the author of this article points out, the existing system of charitable activity does not fit the current state of the Russian society, the relations between the business and the social sector. Currently, the Russian legislation on charity does not include the issue of economical preferences of the subjects of charity.

Abstract: The interest of organized criminal groups in the growth of their income, correlation of official and “shadow” economic activity, and political situation in Russia, wish to provide for their personal immunity are just some reasons, why the leaders of the Russian criminal world wish to legalize their status and to take part in making of political decisions. Participation in election campaigns is one of the most convenient means for the criminal leaders to achieve their goals. The article by V.V. Krasinsky is devoted to this problem.

Abstract: Sovereignty of the state is one of key elements of its independence, which allows to differ it from other political entities and dependent territories. After the war was eliminated as a mean for conflict resolution, the states of the XXI century have guarantees of their sovereignty from aggression and encroachments of other states. However, currently there’s a practice of transfer from the territorial expansion to economical pressure and coercion, economic sanctions from stronger developed states towards the weaker states. This article includes analysis of economic sanctions of the USA towards Cuba, and some legal acts of the USA, which provide for such sanctions. Keywords: jurisprudence, sovereignty, jurisdiction, expansion, UN, embargo, sanctions, GATT, NAFTA, discrimination

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of various points of view of mostly Russian philosophers and lawyers on such important definitions as ‘general methodology’ and ‘methodology of law’. Based on the analysis carried out, the authors suggested their own idea of what the mentioned above terms actually meant.

Keywords: methodology, methodology of law, general scientific methods, particular scientific methods, dialectics, perception of the world, philosophy, learning, theory of knowledge, logics

Abstract: The article represents the authors’ procedures of realization of the system approach to studying political developments, The authors described the order of construction of a conceptual model of integrated system of political developments. This system is a mean towards reaching a desired goal. Herein, political developments are viewed as a subsystem of the bigger political system. The authors also described the ‘target program’ approach to implementing (improving and developing) political developments.

Keywords: political sciences, political developments, system approach, system, model system, target programs, influencing factors, support subsystems, system of administration, technological aspect

Abstract: Having analyzed the normative documents of state, party and Komsomol bodies as well as archive records of the State Archive of Social and Political History of Tombov region, the authors concluded there was a religious spirit rising among youth during the Great Patriotic War and the first two decades after the War. Komsomol officially fought it but was more tolerant to such spirits than in 1920-1930. Factually, Komsomol faced the two options: be with God or against God. Numerous objective and subjective factors predetermined contradiction nature of its following actions. However, all those actions were only certain stages of atheistic activity of different intensity. Under new historical conditions, Komsomol didn’t even try to come back to bellicose atheism.

Keywords: political sciences, sciences of law, war, post-war, state, church, Komsomol, youth, religion, Communist Party

Abstract: The article is devoted to the definition of ideology and some problems of interpreting the term. The author also considered the issues of interaction between ideology and art and described the features and essence of ideology.

Keywords: political sciences, ideology, art, features, liberal, totalitarianism, ideas, rise, elite, mass

Abstract: The author of the article describes grounds for recognition of independence of Abkhazia by other states. Based on the main criteria, Abkhazia is the sovereign entity of the international law

Keywords: globalization, self-determination, self-proclamation, self-sufficiency, international organizations, ethnic and national identity

Abstract: The author of the article studies the main trends of the state policy on minimization of social inequality in the Russian Federation. The author analyzes the statistics related to inequality of population in Russia in comparison with the other countries. The author also gives a critical review of existing target programs in the country

Keywords: political sciences, inequality, project, minimization, capital, poverty, protection, low income, society

Abstract: The article contains an analysis of domestic political processes in the new history of Abkhazia which includes: description of peculiarities and essence of the political elite in Abkhazia; analysis of performance of different political parties and social movements and evaluation of their activities by the population. Conclusions made in this study are based on the two surveys carried out by the author in 2003 and 2008-2009

Keywords: power, political elite, political class, opposition, political institution, political capital, political party, political culture, mobility, excorporation, electorate

Abstract: The article studies the main peculiarities of the modern energy production discourse including mythologization, hyperbolization and usage of binary oppositions. The author analyzed the phenomenon of the modern international policy consciousness and a corresponding phenomenon of a diffused ‘WE’ core concept in the modern international policy discourse and defined the causes of these phenomena.

Keywords: political sciences, extravagance, political myth, discourse, identity, terrorism, security, energy production, diffuseness

Abstract: The article describes various approaches to defi ning energy diplomacy from the point of view of the ‘diplomacy’ concept. The article also defi nes the main features of energy diplomacy and how it represents itself in policy. Recently the scientifi c community has shown much interest in the problems of development of the conceptual framework and implementation mechanisms of energy diplomacy. It is shown that energy diplomacy is a tool of external policy and a way to regulate international relations in the sphere of energy. The author of the article also underlines an active role of transnational companies as independent ‘players’ in the world arena.

Keywords: political science, diplomacy, external policy, energy commodities, raw materials, transnational corporations, energy resources, oil, concept, interaction.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.1.8968

Abstract: V.V. Krasinsky’s article concerns the study of current Russian legislation and international provisions on the issues of citizenship within the framework of national security of the Russian Federation, as well as topical modern tendencies. In particular, the author reviews the issues of citizenship related to the union between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Byelorus, offers possible solutions.

Abstract: While we are all accustomed to the term “rights of an individual”, the precise meaning of the term remains unclear, and its political and constitutional legal meaning changes depending on the context of its use. As G.M. Badaryan points out, current discussion of human rights is based on the rich and varied experience of the previous generations as well as of social and political entities, which enshrined legal regulation of personal communications and social behaviour (both individual and group behaviour). This article contains the study of the formation of rights of an individual from social anthropology to modern phylosophy of law.

Abstract: This is a verbatim report of the roundtable, devoted to the issues of religious policy of the Russian Federation prior and after the incident at the synagogue at the Bolshaya Bronnaya in Moscow (when A. Koptsev attacked several people at the synagogue with a knife). The roundtable was held by the independent informational and analytical Internet media on religion “Portal-Credo.Ru” together with the Freedom of Conscience Institute, Moscow Bureau on Human Rights and the “Glastnost” Fund on February 10, 2006. Additionally, the roundtable included discussion of xenophobia in Russia and its expressions based on religious parameters.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the relation between the principle of determinism and anthropological interpretation of freedom; the author provides explanation of social phenomena from the point of view of the causal and functional relations penetrating the society and defi ning social dynamics. The author of the article also considers the relation between economic basis and legal forms of autonomy of consciousness, internal contradictions of law and internal dialectical contradictions of legal consciousness.

Keywords: political science, morals, consciousness, democracy, dialectics of slavery and mastery, relations of power, personality, totalitarianism, equality, principle of determinism.

Abstract: The article is devoted to transformation of social responsibility according to development of the society. On one hand, it led to establishment of the mechanisms helping to avoid diffusion of collective responsibility and on the other hand, it resulted in differentiation of forms of responsibility and creation of the mechanisms of institutional support.

Keywords: philosophy, law, system of values, deed, moral responsibility, social responsibility, corporate responsibility, civil responsibility, legal responsibility, consciousness.

Abstract: The article is devoted to Pyotr Chaadayev’s political ideas about political violence, political leadership, patriotism as well as political regional studies. The author very well shows how important these issues are for the modern political space and underlines the role of Russia as a strategic partner of the West.

Keywords: relationship between politics and other spheres of social life, the ‘Russia and the West’ issue, political leadership, patriotism, socialism, political violence.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the role of societal symbols threading through the entire society and uniting it as one symbolic structure. Social values play a special role in societal space of the country. The article contains an analysis of the research of focus groups. The results of this research illustrate transformation of values lying at the root of the Russian society. Transformation of symbolic images of heroes and average men in Russian social conscience is studied as an example (based on fairy tale and real images in history and literature). Images of heroes and anti-heroes are analyzed from the point of view of affective (emotional), cognitive (perceptive) and motivational elements of the Russian social conscience. The author also compares and analyzes societal images of heroes and anti-heroes in different generations and evidently shows how changes in socio-political, cultural and economic environment inß uenced the transformation of the images of hero and average man. The results of this research can be used by the state authorities, social services, scientific and educational establishments in our country.

Keywords: philosophy, heroes, anti-heroes, values, politics, society, symbols, transformation, generations.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to study music as one of the forms of political ideology. The article is aimed at solving the problems related to the role of music and musical art in the society and political process. It is well know that music has always played an important ideological role in the society and that role has been defined by the supreme power. For a long time music has been used as a method of influencing human emotions and feelings. This is why the most important goal of any political elite has always been to include music into relevant ideological discourses and therefore, to form a social order or, in some authoritarian state, a state social order to create new music.

Keywords: political studies, political ideology, form of ideology, music, political put-up job, social order, music and power, musical art, social realism, repression.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.1.54173

Abstract: The article is devoted to the social and legal phenomena in the system of values and regulations of the Russian society. The authors of the article defi ne the degree of impact of the phenomena under consideration on different social processes. The authors also give the general description of these phenomena in legal researches. The authors show that the social development is possible only in close connection with such dynamic elements of the social and political spheres as the government and the law, civil society, personality and the Constitution. They emphasize the axiological nature of these phenomena and view their role in the process of formation of the system of values and regulations of the Russian culture. Moreover, special attention is paid to the important term ‘philosophy of state’. Defi nition of this term allows to take a look at social and legal phenomena of modern times from the philosophical and political points of view. The authors analyze the results of interaction between the social and legal phenomena under consideration within the system of values and regulations and offer possible variants of interdependence of social and legal interpretations of the phenomena under consideration. The results of research can be used in modern social studies and humanities.

Keywords: Constitution, society, human, culture, law, values, guidelines, state institution, civil society, philosophy of state.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.1.4981

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.1.54328

Abstract: The article is devoted to the reasons of indifference towards politics demonstrated by the young people living in the South of Russia. Empirically the research is based on the survey carried out in Krasnodar Territory in September and October of 2010 prior to the National Election Day on October 10, 2010. The purpose of the author’s research is to study the internal drivers of political activity of young people.

Keywords: social studies, activity, political, youth, indifference towards politics, youth (young people), motives, needs, participation, encouragement, factors.

Abstract: Based on the analysis of original publications, the author of the article describes the experience of anticorruption activities by the means of advancement of ethics of Canadian police officers. Special attention is paid at the ethical deontological approach that is aimed at the advance of fidelity, responsibility, honesty, respect towards the citizens’ rights and freedoms and qualification of police officers. The article describes how to ensure high quality of public services through ethics, dynamic administration, rise of ethical education and establishment of partnership with the communities served by the Canadian police. Since there is a reform of the state police service ongoing in Russia now, this article will be of interest to researches and experts of law enforcement authorities.

Keywords: social studies, police, Canada, corruption, ethical deontological approach, ethics, probity, values, service, fidelity.

Abstract: Problems of interbudgetary relations from the very start of the market reforms have became quite acute for the young Russian federalism. The conflicts in this sphere lasts since 1990s. At the current stage it can be said that the interbudgetary system is not so much transformed, rather it’s being modernized with due account taken of peculiarities and traditions of the Russian regional policy…

Abstract: The article analyzes the processes of formation of the global technological order as an important focus of the world politics. Much attention is paid at conceptualization of the contents of the global technological order. The author concludes that there is a certain correlation between a just world order and equal relations in the sphere of creation and distribution of technologies over the world.

Keywords: political science, technologies, world order, globalization, innovations, cooperation, development, management, competitive ability, justice.

Abstract: Many people have painful memoirs about the bitterness of Civil war of 1917-1921 years. Participants of the White movement created memoirs about Civil war terror. R.B. Gul, A.I. Denikin, P.N. Vrangel, A.S. Lukomskiy, V.M. Krasnov, V.V. Shulgin and other authors wrote about terror of 1917-1921 in their memoirs. All the authors demonstrated the exterior side of Civil war terror. They represented forms and methods of terror vividly. And they told about terror victims too. But all the foreign authors from Russian origin gave evidences of cruelty of only one side – the Red side. But the didn’t much wrote about the White movement terror. The book by R.B. Gul “Dzerzhinskiy. Beginning of terror” exaggerated the Red terror especially. So the myth of terror of 1917-1921 was born, but it is not the real picture of the Civil war.

Keywords: terror, terror victims, Civil war, exterior side, memoirs, White movement.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the topical issue of EU energy law, in particular, legal enforcement of continuous supply of energy sources. The author views the matter from the two points of view: Þ rst the author views different aspects of the EU law related to continuous supply of energy sources and EU foreign political activities with reference to this matter. Thus, the article is devoted to both legal and political aspects of ensuring continuous supply of energy resources to EU.

Keywords: EU law, EU energy law, energy market, EU directives, continuous supply, EU international cooperation in the sphere of energy, EU energy chart, European energy society, regional cooperation in the sphere of energy.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the civilization-based cultural approach to modern models, methods and technologies of psychological management of international and domestic confl icts. In a modern world there is a great variety of methods and technologies of psychological infl uence on confl icts, however, if we study them in detail, all of them have distinct cultural and civilization differences, and can be conventionally combined into the four world-view approaches: Anglo-Saxon, East Asian, Middle Eastern (Islamic) and West European (Romano-Germanic).

Keywords: political science, politics and society, international relations, external policy, national security, peacekeeping operations, peace enforcement, confl ict management technologies, international confl ict, USA.

Abstract: Genesis and trends of privatization process under conditions of the Russian social and political transformation fully confi rm that such privatization has a strongly marked political orientation which is typical for transition systems. Political events which have happened recently clearly show that privatization hasn’t been completed yet as a political mechanism and there are still contradictory perceptions on the need, purposes and methods of privatization in the Russian society.

Keywords: studies of politics, state institution, economy, law, transition period, privatization, political and economic strategy, political and economic mechanisms, political and legal mechanisms, mechanisms of political organization.

Abstract: Color revolutions on the post-Soviet territory were successful due to the fact that the revolutionary opposition used masses to cast down the government. The purpose of this particular article is to show how public masses can become a weapon in revolutionists’ hands. So called ‘non-violent’ revolutions that happened in the republics of the former USSR resemble the Velvet revolutions in 1989. In particular, the communistic regime in some countries of the Eastern Europe was casted down with the help of numerous political meetings and demonstrations held by the opposition. There were mostly university and school students who participated in meetings and demonstrations. Due to their young age and absence of their own life experience, they could be easily manipulated. Moreover, so called youth political organizations also played a huge rule in revolutions. Leaders of Color Revolutions used the experience of their Velvet colleagues. Revolutionists used masses not only to cast down the government but also to legitimize the new government. Usual ‘palace revolution’ turned into people’s revolution. Mass media also played in important role in Color Revolution by deliberately falsifying information or spreading false but ‘sensational’ rumors for the purpose of manipulation of public opinions and attitudes. Therefore it can be concluded that people’s masses have also been one of the key instruments causing revolutions in Georgia, Ukraine and Kirgizia.

Keywords: political studies, crowd, people, revolution, breakthrough, color, orange, non-violent, manipulation, political meeting.

Abstract: Currently the scientific literature cannot provide us with the unified opinion on the legal nature of the war in Iraq. Neither can the states and their governing bodies. For example, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation characterized the activities of the USA and the UK in Iraq as an “unlawful use of force against the territorial inviolability and political independence of the state. However, at the same time the Ministry referred to the UN Charter and noted that the only body capable to provide a final evaluation on the issue is the Security Council of the UN…

Abstract: The article describes the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America (IIRSA): it’s aims, issues, institutional structure and working plan. The author makes an attempt to identify and describe main political, structural and normative factors, determining the development of the initiative.

Keywords: integration of regional infrastructure, regional integration, international institutes, Unasur, Latin America, South America, IIRSA.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of formation of a political myth in a modern society. The author of the article describes the main technologies used in myth-making process and the main forms and types of political myths.

Keywords: political science, myth, myth-making, technologies, rituals, traditions, idea, stereotypes, functions, types.

Abstract: The article is devoted to methodological issues of interaction between government and people. The author describes peculiarities of interaction between a law-governed state and civil society. Relations of authority occur between a holder of power and an object the authority is aimed at. Governmental authorities are a mean of social management. Being an object of management, society, in its turn, influences a state institution through democratic institutions. So the goal is to achieve a proper balance between state power and people power.

Keywords: power, state institution, legal state, people, society, civil society, social management, politics, democracy, interaction between government and people.

Abstract: This is a verbatim report of the roundtable on the problems of islamophobia, as held by the “Portal – Credo.Ru”, the Institute of the Freedom of Conscience, the Museum and the Social Center named after A. Sakharov, the Workgroup of the Committee of Action of the All-Russian Civil Congress on the Freedom of Conscience. The roundtable included 15 representatives of various religions and social structures.

Abstract: In this article by A.A. and M.A. Yunusovs one may find review and analysis of the key legal provisions, ensuring human rights, in the Russian legislation of the period since the early 1990 to the present time. The authors also evaluate the conceptual provisions of formation of the modern Russian state, including formation of the free market, and then come to a conclusion that intereference of the state into the market economy in Russia is necessary due to a number of causes. One of these causes is the accelerated tempo of formation of the market economy in the Russian Federation, in comparison with the Western states.

Abstract: Program evaluation as many other professional disciplines is a fi eld of constant discussions of the need for articulating the ethical basis of practice. External and internal evaluators reported on ethical dilemmas and confl icts that they met in their work. At the same time scientists propose to separate the ethical dilemmas and mixed dilemmas. Evaluation associations in different countries created their own principles and standards of evaluation based on the different ethical theories. This article regards the example of formation of Code of Ethics for evaluators of Canada Government. Internal character of evaluators of Canada Government infl uenced the nature of recommendations for creating a code of ethics.

Keywords: program evaluation, ethics, code of ethics, ethical dilemma.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the nature and purpose of external policy. The author describes peculiarities of implementation of foreign policy processes and proves the supposition about external (foreign) policy being a factor of development of international policy. The author reveals features and purpose of international policy as well.

Keywords: politics, political influence, foreign policy, foreign policy process, integrity of the state policy, international policy, international political relations, international political processes, international decision making.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2021.3.36712

Abstract: The object of this research is the punk subcultures, while the subject is the genesis of punk subcultures. The goal lies in retrospective analysis of punk subcultures for compiling an objective image of subcultural space and advancing the hypotheses for further development of the spiritual and material elements of subcultures. Methodological framework consists of the genesis of punk culture, taking into account the currently observed changes observed today over time to the period of its emergence in the cultural space. Retrospective analysis allows determining all changes in the qualitative and quantitative state for certain time periods, particularly since the origin of subcultures in the second half of the XX century until the preset for tracing the dynamics of the development of subcultures. The article carries out a retrospective examination of the genesis of punk subcultures in Russia; compares the ideas advanced by the subcultures with the achieved results. The use of reliable sociological methods in the modern conditions when subcultures mostly exists in the Internet streams, and restrictive measures due to the outbreak of coronavirus pandemic, seems extremely difficult and even impossible. The article describes the gradual commercialization of the counter- and sub- cultures in the early XX century, their partial integration into popular culture by the producers and managers, departure from the anarchic philosophical tradition, and withering away of nihilistic tends. The consideration of experience allows optimizing the sociocultural processes and managing the risks of sociocultural development in the future.

Keywords: popular culture, emo-punk, ska-punk, punk, culture elements, counterculture, subculture, dominant culture, goths, hip-hop

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2023.3.43805

Abstract: The research subject in this article is the international and national practice of regulation and implementation of activities in the field of tourism in the Central Ecological zone of the Baikal Natural Territory. Based on the materials from the authorities as part of the analysis of the impact of tourism activities on the ecosystem of the "Lake Baikal" World Heritage site, conclusions are formulated about the possibility of deterioration of its ecological state and the emergence of social tension in the event of an increase in the number of tourists on its shores. The content of guidelines on the organization of tourism at UNESCO World Heritage sites is disclosed, and the most successful international practices of tourism management are correlated with the implementation of regional programs for the development and organization of sustainable tourism. The conclusion is formulated about the importance of collecting information about the tourist infrastructure and statistical data. The program documents defining the policy in the field of tourism in the Central ecological zone of the Baikal Natural Territory are analyzed, and the conclusion is made that there is no unified strategy for the development of Baikal as a World Heritage site. The factor of significant influence and participation of the local population in the implementation of tourist activities is noted, and the need for the involvement of the local population in the planning of tourist activities is indicated. The main content of the Global Initiative to Reduce Plastic Consumption in Tourism and recommendations for improving procurement activities in the tourism sector are revealed. The problem of compliance with moral and ethical requirements by stakeholders in tourism is noted as an underestimated problem. The study resulted in recommendations both on the modernization of the existing domestic regulatory framework and the development of new documents in the field of sustainable tourism.

Keywords: rules of tourism, environmental law, tourism management, Baikal Natural Territory, legal protection, organization of tourism, international law, world heritage site, Lake Baikal, tourism activities

Abstract: What is the place of human rights in the sphere of public health within the framework of basic rights and freedoms? Is the right to health a basic right or an optional right? What mechanisms of realization of this right exist in practice, and what should be done to make these mechanisms more effective? V.G. Borisova-Zharova’s article provides answers to these and other questions.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.2.54015

Abstract: The term ‘ideology’ plays one of the key roles in modern conceptions and doctrines of global management. It is especially true for so called ‘environmental ’ conceptions of globalism and global management. These conceptions view ideology as the strategic purpose and main factor forming strategies of globalism and global management. Today there are the two main ideological trends – liberal and reformist approaches. They are opposed to each other and at the same time they have much in common. Both of them are based on the belief that there are certain universal ideological and political systems. Liberals believe these systems include such values as individual freedoms, observation of the private property right and political democracy. Reformists believe hey include social justice, equal opportunities, democracy as the management strategy and collective participation in the decision making process.

Keywords: global issues, globalism, ideology, liberal approach, global management strategies, international relations, global policy, interests, values, actors.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.3.54035

Abstract: Being based on the materials from the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, the given article is devoted to studying peculiarities of antireligious work of Komsomol among so called ‘Eastern national minorities’ in mid 1920’s. The authors of the article show that even in this activity, Komsomol showed its creative potentials. Even though adoption of new forms of behavior in Eastern society was often performed by the means of administrative procedures, anti-religious propaganda among ‘Eastern minorities’ was mostly based on a moderate approach.

Keywords: history, politics, nation, Bolsheviks, youth, Komsomol, religion, Islam, NEP (New Economic Policy).

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.4.12014

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2014.4.54212

Abstract: The author of the present research article studies the main ideas introduced by Niccolo Machiavelli, the brightest representative of the Renaissance political philosophy, in his theory of justice. The author also studies the relation between politics and morals in terms of the theory of justice. Niccolo Machiavelli’s concept is studied in the light of enrichment of the aforesaid range of problems. The author considers Niccolo Machiavelli’s views to refl ect the reality of the social life in that epoch. He also tries to defi ne Machiavelli’s ideas that could be used when implementing the principle of justice in modern society. The author studies Niccolo Machiavelli’s theory of justice from the point of view of the unity of all spheres of social life as well as interdependence and interrelation of social needs, interests and moral values. In terms of the theory of justice, Niccolo Machiaveilli’s political philosophy appears to be quite interesting and original. Niccolo Machiavelli’s theory has its own advantages, for instance, Niccolo Machiavelli’s idea of the need to preserve the integrity and unity of a state institution, grounds for the materialist concept of history and his research of the relation between politics and morals. Niccolo Machiavelli’s ideas require further research from the point of view of their application to modern social realities.

Keywords: justice, freedom, responsibility, equality, politics, violence, morals, good, needs, interests.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.8.4780

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.8.54108

Abstract: The article includes an attempt of an abstract-theoretical analysis of the problems regarding implementation of the idea of freedom in tax law, as based upon the syncretical character of legal principles of general formal equality and justice, since from the practical point of view their implementation is currently undergoing a crisis. Due to the above-mentioned issues, the author provides critical analysis of the situation in the modern Russian tax policy and practice, where ethical norms are used to substitute for the legal forms for achieving fiscal goals. The author stresses out the roles of legal science and philosophical knowledge in searching for the optimum correlation of public and private proprietary interests, which should consequently allow to eliminate vagueness of the limits to the freedom of subjects of tax relations.

Keywords: jurisprudence, tax, law, freedom, will, good-faith, reasonability, abuse, morals, reception.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.8.16040

Abstract: The historical reconstruction approach allowed the author to solve the task of explaining the role of France in the organisation of the assassination of the first President of the Republic of Togo Sylvanus Olympio in 1963. The article shows the reasons for the Élysée Palace to physically eliminate the legally elected president of a sovereign country: aspiration for the real sovereignty of the country, control over environmental resources and the use of natural resource rents to serve the interests of the Togolese people, the desire to get out of the franc zone, as well as reorientation of foreign policy of Togo towards the United States and Germany in the prejudice of the former metropole. The methodological basis of the research are systemic, structural and functional, comparative political approaches, methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, observation. The author makes French security services (Françafrique agent nets) responsible for the assassination, acting according to the instructions of the Presidential Secretary for African Affairs Jacques Foccart and under the control of French President Charles de Gaulle. From the author's point of view, it is the Élysée Palace that is guilty of the establishment and support of the dictatorial regime of Gnassingbe Eyadema in the Togolese Republic. The research is conducted with financial support from the Russian Humanitarian Scientific Foundation, project No. 15-01-00363 - "External intervention in the domestic affairs of the Third World countries during the Cold War: an experience of multilevel analysis".

Keywords: interests, democracy, colour revolutions, hybrid wars, state, France, society, politics, Françafrique, security

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.8.54426

Keywords: interests, democracy, colour revolutions, hybrid wars, state, France, society, politics, Françafrique, security

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.9.4808

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.9.54121

Abstract: The author of the present article analyzes the nature of modern ethnopolitical extremism and describes the main socio-economic factors contributing to the development of this phenomenon in the society. The author also studies motivation, structure and forms of modern ethnopolitical extremism and offers certain ways to minimize it.

Keywords: politics, extremism, ethnos, conflicts, terrorism, group, Caucasus, nation, relationship.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.10.5167

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.10.54135

Abstract: The author of the present article views state service in terms of ongoing administrative reform in our country, the author analyzes existing approaches to contents of basic regional laws on state civil service. Special attention is paid at the issue concerning professional competence and training of civil servants. The author lists the main principles of official behavior of a civil servant and touches upon formation and performance of commission for compliance with requirements to official behavior and for management of conflicts of interests.

Keywords: legal studies, state service, reform, conflict, requirements, Code, competence, committee, professional competence, corruption.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.10.9879

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.10.54136

Abstract: The author of the article studies how radical transformation of one f the oldest cities in Europe and the capital of France, Paris, made by Baron Haussmann in the 1850’s – 1900’s, was refl ected in literature at XIX century (based on the example of Emile Zola, Guy de Maupassant, Viktor Hugo and Charles Baudelaire). The main idea of transformations was to turn the city as the centre of traditional culture into a progressive center of industrialized civilization. The purpose of the preset article is to trace back the connection between architectural replanning of the city and creation of new rules of a civilized social life as well as to study response to such transformations in art, particularly, in literature. Osman’s Paris was an example of total city replanning that was famous during the industrial age. Even though Osman destroyed many historical monuments and completely changed the atmosphere of Paris, today it is no doubt that he had a positive impact on the development of the city. Osman’s reforms led to creation of cultural dialectics that solved the confl ict between the new and the old. The initial rejection of transformations was replaced by the two tendencies: fi rstly, the old was valued again and the past was tried to be preserved and secondly, the new became part of everyday life, art and culture of that epoch.

Keywords: Paris, Baron Haussmann, Napoleon III, architectural replanning of Paris, Charles Baudelaire, café-chantant, Guy de Maupassant, the Eiffel Tower, Moulin Rouge, mass culture.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.10.15254

Abstract: The paper focuses on i the Comintern's Popular Front policy (1935–1939) in order to reveal its open and hidden aims. The subject of the research are the ethical aspects of this policy and its impact on foreign and domestic political processes. For the objective evaluation of the official Soviet interpretation of the Popular Front policy, the author analyses historical materials and studies the history of its establishment, ways of implementation before the war and its application after the war to consolidate the power of Communist parties in Eastern Europe. Using the methods of historical analysis based on the studied materials, the author comes to a conclusion about the hypocrisy of the initiators of the Popular Front policy, who initially tried to enhance the Bolsheviks’ international influence under the aegis of populist and anti-fascist mottos. The article shows that the Popular Front policy, intolerable from the ethical point of view, in the course of time eventually became not only a strategy, but also a hazardous political habit, a style, an essential mode of existence of some marginal political powers. This is why its analysis would be helpful for the understanding of modern political life, which still provides a lot of place for lies, hypocrisy and populism. The author defines the criteria for the disclosure of the elements of the Popular Front policy: unification around one allied party to fight an imaginary threat, suppression of hidden aims, expression of the party’s position on the behalf of the nation, improvement of the party’s image via dispersing it in a “neutral” political movement, disdain of democratic and ethical norms. The article highlights the characteristic features of the Popular Front policy in modern political life. By conducting historical and political analysis, we can figure out criteria for identifying characteristics of the Popular Front policy in the modern-day context. Among these are: allies coalescing around one party to deal with an imaginary threat; hypocritical concealment of real goals; expressing the party’s position allegedly on behalf of “the people” or “popular”/“national” movements; efforts to improve the party’s tarnished image by “dissolving” it in a politically “neutral” populist movement; ignoring democratic principles and ethical norms.

Keywords: stalinism, international policy, ethics, propaganda, Munzenberg, populism, Comintern, Popular Front, socialist countries, anti-fashism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2015.10.54461

Keywords: stalinism, international policy, ethics, propaganda, Munzenberg, populism, Comintern, Popular Front, socialist countries, anti-fashism

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.12.10375

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.12.54159

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes the key concepts and associate moral frames of the political philosophy of communitarianism from the point of view of the integrative cognitive approach. The author appeals to publications by such communitarians as Michael Sandel, Alasdair Macintyre, Charles Tylor and Michael Walzer in order to reveal the conceptual frame-based structures of their moral argumentation. Theintegrativecognitiveapproachinvolvesacomprehensive study of interdependence of political morals and ideology. Such a study is performed based on the combination of methods from activity and conceptual approaches as well as the frame analysis. Specific feature of this approach is the study of the means of moral motivation and the logic of purposes of political actions that are engaged in cognitive and axiological structures (‘basic concepts’ or ‘moral frames’) of political ideologies. Among the main concepts of communitarianism the author of the article underlines the concepts of ‘community’, ‘welfare’ and ‘virtue’. These concepts are associated with the frames of civic consciousness, responsibility for actions performed by the community, commitment and etc. The results of this research can be of interest to a wide range of both Russian and foreign researchers who conduct studies in the spheres of political theory, political ethics, moral and political philosophies.