Abstract: Currently, Russian society is faced with a number of political, social and economic challenges and difficulties, which in one way or another has changed all spheres of people's life. Students, student socialization and self-determination аre no exception. The formation of new vectors of the development of modern education and the exit from the Bologna process changed the habitual life of the student, shifted their professional socialization. As a result, a new image of student is formed, which has a qualitatively different way of developing both general cultural and professional competencies. One of the clearest examples of such changes is the mass secondary employment of students literally from the 1st year of study at the university. Moreover, studying at a university is directly related to the further self-determination of an individual, the search for his own life path, but the crisis realities complicate such a search, as a result, the old motivational components of studying at a university turn out to be ineffective. A graduate of a modern university will have to face contradictions between the demands of the labor market and the market of educational services. It is quite possible that a person cannot get a job in his specialty, but this state of affairs is not considered something new and surprising, therefore, modern professional socialization of a student should work on this aspect. Thus, the young specialist is ready for almost any challenges of the labor market, social reality in general.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2023.12.69149

Abstract: The authors discuss approaches to the definition of the concept of "adaptation", the interdisciplinary nature of this term is noted. Biological, sociological and psychological approaches to understanding the essence of the phenomenon of "adaptation" are distinguished. At the biological level, a violation of personality adaptation due to difficult climatic conditions can lead to the emergence of physiological diseases, exacerbation of existing chronic diseases; at the psychological level of adaptation – to depressive states, apathy, anxiety, mental disorders; at the social level – to disruption of professional activity, difficulties in communicating with other people, the formation of negative ways of organizing leisure. It is noted that observations of local residents are a valuable source of information about climate change, especially at the local level. The article presents the data of an empirical qualitative study, the purpose of which is to identify and analyze trends in climate change and the natural environment in the Altai Republic in the perception of the local population. A number of in-depth interviews were conducted with experts, local residents living in permafrost areas of the Altai Republic: in the villages of Kosh-Agach and Ulagan districts. The obtained results of a qualitative study indicate problematic aspects of adaptation of residents of the Altai Republic at the biological level: in the presence of chronic diseases (especially high blood pressure is common), the population rarely seeks medical help. Risks are also noted at the social level of adaptation: the life activity of the population of the Republic takes place in difficult working and everyday conditions, due to difficult climatic conditions, residents have to abandon animal husbandry, a traditional source of personal food and income, there is difficult access to the social infrastructure of settlements, including for constructive leisure. The psychological component of adaptation, on the contrary, works quite effectively: despite the difficult living conditions, respondents assess their life as good and for the most part do not want to change their place of residence. It is noted that successful human adaptation is an integrated approach that includes biological, psychological and social components of adaptation.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2023.12.54678

Abstract: The relevance of the stated topic is due to the fact that the megatrend of the modern era is the modernization of traditional non-Western societies, which, unlike the modernization of Western countries, acquires an inorganic character. At the same time, democratization is declared the most important aspect of the modernization of society as the main prerequisite for dynamic social development. However, modernization processes in the non-Western world often acquire an imitative character, which leads to discrediting the very idea of modernization and weakening its social base. The purpose of this work is to identify the socio–cultural reasons for the emergence of imitation practices in modernizing societies. The theoretical basis of the work is the main provisions of the theory of modernization, as well as the concepts of social imitation presented in the works of A. A. Zinoviev, T. A. Shalyugina, D. E. Furman, etc. The interdisciplinary nature of the work requires a combination of socio-philosophical and cultural approaches to the problem of inorganic modernization of traditional non-Western cultures. Based on the analysis of modern concepts of modernization and imitation, the author proves that imitation is a necessary aspect of society's life, contributing to the development and use of socially useful knowledge, and during periods of modernization it becomes a consequence of asynchronous development of various spheres of the social system, when culture as the most conservative sphere of society does not have time to adapt to the processes occurring in other areas of social life. The desire of elites in the absence of socio-cultural prerequisites for democratic development to accelerate the process of modernization through democratization leads either to a dangerous destabilization of public life, or to imitation of Western European "models". Therefore, in non-Western countries, democratization cannot be the initial stage of modernization, and modernization itself should be gradual, since it should take into account the peculiarities of the culture of a modernizing society, the rhythms and pace of dynamics of various spheres of the socio-cultural system and adjust modernization strategies as the properties of this environment change.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2023.12.69236

Abstract: The article considers the possibility of measuring the quality of life of the rural population using the author's formulas on the example of the Kulundinsky district of the Altai Territory. The data obtained during the sociological research were integrated into the author's formulas and used to calculate the quality of life index and the real quality of life. The methodology of this work was based on a combination of structural functionalism and a systematic approach. The article presents the results of the author's sociological research, which was conducted in the period from 2022 to 2023. The empirical data obtained became the basis for the derivation and application of the author's formulas for the quality of life. In addition, the data obtained make it possible to reflect the current state of affairs in modern rural areas, as well as to characterize the quality of life of the rural population both in terms of objective and subjective components of quality of life. The process of researching the quality of life was carried out both by quantitative methods – a mass survey in the form of a questionnaire n=954, and by qualitative methods – a focus group n=108, an expert survey in the form of an in-depth interview n = 30, and an analysis of documents was also applied. The novelty of this work lies in measuring the quality of life of the rural population by applying two formulas: the quality of life index and the real quality of life. The results of the calculations completely coincide with the real state of affairs in the modern village, which gives the author the right to consider them workable and actually operating. The special value of this work lies in the possibility of extrapolating the methodology of this sociological study, in particular, the formulas of quality of life to other districts of the Altai Territory, as well as to other regions. This will allow the authorities to pinpoint and quickly identify problems in certain areas and resolve them promptly, which will lead to a further increase in objective and subjective indicators of the quality of life in modern rural areas.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2023.12.69288

Abstract: Digitalization creates a new quality of life, new opportunities and new risks for society, prerequisites for a radical transformation of social systems, new challenges and a new digital inequality. And one of the key sectors of the social sphere, which is directly influenced by the introduction of digital technologies, is the field of education. This article presents the results of a sociological study "The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and big challenges: social well-being, mobility and adaptation strategies" conducted in 2021-2023 in Yakutia. Special attention is paid to the impact of digitalization of education and the introduction of distance learning formats on the social well-being of the region's population. The study captures the main contradictions that arose during the emergency transfer of the educational process to a remote form of work, local material shows the emerging social contradictions that are formed under the influence of objective differentiation between urban and rural territories. A mass sociological survey was conducted in five socio-economic zones of Yakutia: using a complex of field work: face-to-face, online survey, and a survey involving "public correspondents". The study used a multi-stage quota sample of respondents, the sample totaled 1,320 respondents. Among the most tangible consequences of the pandemic, respondents noted an increased level of stress, psychological tension, increased time spent on social networks and on the Internet in general, an increase in financial burden and expenses. Problems related to the implementation of remote work and study, 26.8% of respondents attributed to one of the most tangible consequences of the pandemic.The majority of respondents expressed satisfaction with the state, quality and accessibility of education, about half of the respondents are more or less dissatisfied with the quality of Internet connection in their place of residence. The main determinants of the digital divide between urban and rural areas and the growth of educational inequality are the uneven material and technical equipment and the introduction of digital educational resources, as well as the availability and quality of telecommunications services.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2023.12.69294

Abstract: The paper analyses dynamics of social policy in the 20th century in Germany, Britain, France, Spain, Russia, the USA and China as the largest states, where the largest changes in the field of social security took place. The existing approaches to the typology of social states are considered. The article studies reasons for the formation, changes and organisation of the social security systems, the mutual influence of the different states in the field of social policy. The article presents an assessment of the problems faced by social states, evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of different models of social policy, and overview of changes in models in different countries. Economic and political factors influencing decision-making in the field of social policy, as well as the consequences of social reforms, are analyzed. Analysis of the causes of transformations in social policy is carried out through the study of institutions, regulations, and statistical data. The organization, regulation and modernization of pension and health insurance systems, benefits, allowances and subsidies for certain categories of consumers in the 20th century was caused by large-scale economic and political transformations. Mass industrial production made goods more accessible, and redistribution systems became a tool for balancing the market and ensuring the sustainability of the economy. Democratization and expansion of suffrage, the spread of radical ideologies or changes in political regimes created a demand for means of ensuring social stability, which was supplied by the social programs. The increase in spending on social policy began to create problems for the sustainability of budgets at the end of the 20th century, which led to attempts to limit social programs, but a reduction in spending did not occur due to the political and economic importance that the welfare state has acquired in the 20th century.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2023.12.69372

Abstract: Modern demographic trends in the field of fertility have led to increased state attention in recent years to issues of social protection of motherhood and childhood, social support for families with children. This trend has resulted in a significant increase in the list and volume of social benefits and other social benefits, and an increase in the number of their recipients. The issue of evaluating the effectiveness of measures taken by the state is becoming increasingly relevant, not only from the standpoint of quantitative statistical indicators, but also by studying the opinion of beneficiaries. The article presents the results of a study aimed at determining subjective assessments of the material security of families with children in connection with their receipt of social protection and support measures. The object of the study is families with children belonging to the categories of large and foster families. By the method of in-depth qualitative interviews, representatives of households of 10 large families and 10 foster families living in large and small cities of the Irkutsk region were interviewed. The author has revealed significant differences in assessments between representatives of different categories of families with children. Large families express dissatisfaction with the following positions: the availability and amount of social benefits; the amount of benefits and the complexity of obtaining them. In conditions of dependence of social benefits on the size of the per capita income of family members, the status of having many children ceases to play a social protection role, not being a significant factor in ensuring the material well-being of the family. On the contrary, foster families note: a significant increase in the amount of payments for the maintenance of foster children and the remuneration of foster parents; an increase in the list and volume of additional social support measures. These measures have made it possible to increase the level of financial security of foster families. Foster parents expressed the need to take into account the needs of foster children not only of a minimal nature, but also related to their development, health maintenance, and additional education. The results obtained made it possible to formulate approaches to solving problems of a social protection nature of the considered categories of families with children. For foster families, it is important to gradually expand measures of social support for foster children based on monitoring needs. In relation to large families, it is necessary to radically change the social protection mechanisms based on the recognition of the status of having many children, which gives the right to receive additional social guarantees.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2023.12.69054

Abstract: The object of the study is families living in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The subject of the study is the resource capital of a family with children. One of the important areas of research is the consideration of a family with children in the aspect of a resource approach. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to monitor and assess the needs and access to social benefits and services of families and their members, which will determine some mechanisms for improving their socio-economic status, respectively, well–being and quality of life, and will also determine the characteristics and degree of influence of various types of its capital in family education. The paper uses statistical data analysis, secondary analysis of sociological research data on related issues. The actual basis of the study was the data obtained during the study of the living conditions of the population in 2022 in the Republic of Bashkortostan conducted by the state statistics bodies. The paper considers the current socio-economic status of families living in the region. The factors causing the risk of reducing the well-being of families with children are identified, the directions of their impact are determined. Based on the data presented, it is shown that the risk of a decrease in the material well-being of families with children in the region is primarily caused by factors such as having many children and living in rural areas. The paper shows that the financial capital of families with children for a significant part of them acts rather as a factor limiting development opportunities and access to social goods and services. The social capital of families can act as a compensating factor and even expand life opportunities, in particular, in the field of education. Some mechanisms of leveling the factors that reduce the well-being of families with children are indicated.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2023.12.69174

Abstract: The paper discusses theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of the diagnosis of social capital. The analysis of existing approaches to the study of social capital is carried out. The relevance of the consideration of social capital from the perspective of taking into account socio-cultural changes taking place in society is substantiated. A methodological tool for assessing social capital is proposed, characterized by the integrative nature of the use of statistical and sociological indicators. The list of the main diagnostic indicators of the social capital of the region is systematized and presented. Based on the analysis of the results of sociological research, an approximately equal level of closed and open social capital in the Republic of Bashkortostan was revealed, as well as a relatively low level of institutional trust. The necessity of strengthening social cohesion on the basis of increasing trust in interpersonal, intergroup relations, as well as in relations between society and state institutions is proved. The results of a sociological study conducted in 2021 were used as the methodological basis of the study. Institute of the History of Language and Literature of the UFIC RAS and the sociological survey of scientists of the Ufa Research Center of the RAS (Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan) (2023) conducted with the direct participation of the author. The novelty lies in the fact that the methodological tools for assessing social capital are proposed, characterized by the integrative nature of the use of statistical and sociological indicators, which allows for the diagnosis of social capital at 3 levels: institutional, corporate and individual levels. The use of such tools will allow measuring the effects of social capital on socio-economic development, as well as identifying communities with high and low levels of social capital, identifying social groups that are in a vulnerable position with respect to social capital. Obtaining such data contributes to the development of systematic and targeted measures aimed at increasing the level of social capital and increasing the efficiency of its use. The low level of institutional trust is revealed, the need to increase the level of social cohesion as a basis for strengthening the relationship between society and state institutions is substantiated.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2023.12.69067

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to analyze the concepts of "folk arts and crafts" and their comparison with folk and decorative arts. The use of materials on the culture of the Ob Ugrians allows us to define the boundaries of these phenomena, which are interpreted differently in legal, educational and cultural contexts. The concepts of "folk arts and crafts" and "folk art" have similarities in that they both relate to traditional forms of culture that were created and passed down from generation to generation by the people. The concept of "decorative and applied art" includes various objects of art that are created for the purpose of decorating clothes, dishes, and interiors. The equivalence of these concepts lies in the fact that this activity of creating handmade products has unique artistic qualities. The materials for the study were the works of Soviet and Russian art historians and ethnographers. The author relies on the fundamental research of the art historian M.A. Nekrasova on the theory of folk art. Special attention is paid to the works of northern historians specializing in the traditional art of the Ob Ugrians. The article analyzes the conceptual framework in federal and regional legislation. Having studied various forms of artistic creativity – folk crafts and folk art, we have identified their specific features, which were formed under the influence of historical, socio-economic, cultural changes. Adherence to tradition is an important feature of the folk culture of the indigenous peoples of the North, which allows us to preserve its unique characteristics. Folk arts and crafts of the Ob Ugrians today continue to develop and adapt to modern realities, while maintaining their identity. Folk art and crafts have a special system of meanings, which are determined by their history, functioning, and specific expression, including in modern reality. The folk art of the Ob Ugrians has its own trajectory of development within the settlement of these peoples. At the same time, all traditional culture has deep roots in the ethnic environment and is transmitted through mechanisms related to ethnic identity and social translation.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2023.12.68949

Abstract: The article is devoted to the analysis of intergenerational features of the transformation of the migrants’ family memory in the context of global trends in five Russian regions. Using transnational and praxeological approaches, the authors examined the migrants’ family memory as a configuration of narratives and practices, including the memory of both the country of origin and the commemorative practices of the host society. Based on the biographical method of Fritz Schütze, the authors identified and analyzed the curves of family narratives of the first, 1.5 and second generations of migrants. The article concluded that family commemorations continue to play an important role in constructing the identity of migrant communities in the Russian provinces. The main difference between the Russian case and global trends in the transformation of migrants’ family memory is the dominance of first-generation migrants influencing family commemorations. It was concluded that “parallel” communities of memory between migrants and the host society are preserved. With regard to migrants, this was expressed in their openness only to the Russian language, while their attitude towards Russian traditions and festive culture was neutral. Turning to the generational features of the transmission and reproduction of family memory revealed an increase in differences between the first and second generations. Based on the three most common ways of relating to the family past in the second generation (reluctance to adopt, uncritical perception of traditions, co-production of common meaning), potential conflict zones were identified in intergenerational relationships regarding shared family memories.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2023.12.69206

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to identify and describe the phenomenon of Z-Telegram channels against the background of the general state of the information field with the theme of a special military operation. The subject of the study is the image of a politician or authority formed by Z-channels. The authors focus on the concept of Z-channels, the features of their content, as well as the factors of the appearance of these channels. The key features of the Z-channels were the concentration on combat operations, the assessment of the politician through the prism of combat operations and criticism of the command and authorities. The differences between Z-channels and traditional media are studied in detail. The prospects for the formation of political communities based on Z-channels are considered. The article analyzes the reasons for the popularity of Z-channels and their role in covering a special military operation. The article examines the influence of the personality of the author of the channel on the attitude towards the key actors of the special military operation. Special attention is paid to the differences in the subject of the channels. The method used was the method of content analysis of the collected material, which includes posts in these most famous Z-channels during the winter of 2022-2023. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the study of the phenomenon of Z-channels in the Telegram as an alternative to traditional media, as well as the consideration of Z-channels as a prototype for the formation of a new type of political opposition to the current political system. The results of the study, presented as conclusions, showed that Z-channels can form a common agenda independently of each other, while having similar views. So, all channels broadcast a negative image to the official representatives of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, and at the same time broadcast a moderately positive image to Prigozhin. This allows us to conclude that for a number of reasons discussed in the study, Z-channels on the Telegram social network can form and broadcast their own agenda, including one that differs from the official one, and also have a very large audience.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2023.12.69168

Abstract: The subject of the study is the activities of youth organizations in solving social problems. The list of these key institutions includes youth public organizations, which are classified as socially oriented non-profit organizations. The relevance of this work is due to the fact that today the participation of young people in public organizations contributes to the formation and development of civil and social self-awareness, the development of special competencies and personal qualities among young people. But in addition to personal development, such associations are capable of working in solving major social problems. The directions of financing socially-oriented NPOs are analyzed. The regional features of the implementation of youth policy in the Irkutsk region are shown. The main conclusion of the study is that youth public organizations can prove themselves and show their ability to make an invaluable contribution to solving such problems. To assess the contribution of youth organizations in solving social problems, a questionnaire survey was conducted, revealing the motivational attitudes and priority areas of activity of youth participating in the activities of public organizations. Based on the results of the study, it was revealed that when interacting with the state, the non-profit sector can make an invaluable contribution to solving the social needs of residents of the region. Based on the results obtained, practical recommendations were proposed for improving the activities of youth public organizations in solving social problems.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-7144.2023.12.54677

Abstract: The object of the study are discourses that are broadcast by supporters of right-wing radical ideology in the relevant communities in the largest Russian social network VKontakte. The study of the discourse of right-wing radicals is an urgent topic of scientific and practical research in modern socio-political conditions. The study of the discourses of right-wing radicals helps to better understand the value-ideological attitudes of representatives of this group of political extremists and to reveal the rhetorical techniques and practices that they exploit in the process of mobilizing supporters. The analysis of the discourses of right-wing radicals in social media is especially relevant, since in the conditions of a digital society, the Internet is becoming the leading source of information for a significant part of the population. Four thematic types of discourses are identified – racist, anti-Soviet, anti-Semitic and social-populist discourses. Racist discourse is characteristic of the communities of the "new" and "alternative" right, while supporters of the "old", imperial right actively exploit the theme of anti-Soviet discourse. Anti-Semitic and social-populist discourses are rather poorly represented in the communities selected for the study. With the help of PolyAnalist software, six clusters of terms have been identified based on the occurrence in texts in right-wing radical communities: news, value, anti-migrant, historical, socio-economic. The analysis of the frequency of mentioning words in negative tonality and positive tonality in the posts of right-wing communities is carried out. There are two major objects to which the negative discourse is directed: the modern political regime in the Russian Federation and the Soviet period.