National Security - rubric System and interaction

Abstract: The year 2008 was key for the active fight of the armed forces of many states with the Somali pirates. Groups of combat ships were sent to the region by the EU and NATO, ships of Russia, China, India, Japan keep their presence in the region. At least one of the pirate ships got sank, and dozens of pirates were captured. The article includes analysis of tactics of the anti-pirate coalition, which ensures the security of ships in the Aden Gulf. Keywords: psychology, national security, political science, threat, security, psychological operations, peacekeeping operations, NATO, pirates

Abstract: The author analyzed the problem of security from the point of view of general theory of development and universal evolutionism. The article contains a hypothesis that self-preservation of the material is a more fundamental principle than evolution. The author introduced the term of 'security corridor' and showed that a sustainable development combined progressive development with security protection of the society and environment.

Keywords: social studies, security, innovative solution, security corridor, national security, self- organization, self-preservation, universal evolution, sustainable development, evolutionary conservatism

Abstract: The article is devoted to the guarantees for international collective and national security. The author of the article studied a number of aspects of international criminal cooperation such as: combating and struggling with terrorism, separatism and extremism, legislation (‘washing off’) proceeds of criminal activities, illegal traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and corruption. According to the author, all these aspects of cooperation are closely connected with the problem of guarantees for national security.

Keywords: studies of law, national security, legal assistance in criminal matters, principle of sovereign equality of states, request for legal assistance, principle of reciprocity, principle of fulfillment in good faith of obligations assumed by international agre

Abstract: The article contains an analysis of strengthening of the defense capacity of the Russian Federation as a perspective priority-oriented target project. The author analyzed the inner and outer reasons contributing to the soon military modernization of Russia. The author also studied the problems hindering from effective preparation and realization of this priority-oriented target project. The article contains certain suggestions on holding a series of organizational activities related to the mentioned above process

Keywords: studies of law, defense capacity, perspective priority-oriented target project, President, President’s Letter, modernization, Defense Board, security, budget

Abstract: The article is devoted to the topical question on defining the term, which seems to be boundless in the XXI century, that is “security”. The article singles out key modern approaches to the problem, the author analyzes methodological approaches to the problem, much attention is paid to the factor of threats, and “double structure”, then the author offers his own view of what is security today.

Keywords: political science, security, threat, system, definition, duality of structure, development, political realism, constructivism, stability

Abstract: In this article the analysis of a current state of social institutes of a civil society of the Tyumen region of Russian Federation, such as regional political parties and regional social movements for revealing of tendencies of prospects of their development is carried out. The central problem of construction of institutes of interaction between a civil society and the power, reveals in aspect of a link of regional socially - political system.

Keywords: civil society, social institutes, political parties, social movements, interaction institutes.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2022.2.35623

Abstract: The subject of this study is the legal norms contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation, national normative legal acts, organizational and administrative documents (orders, orders) of heads of law enforcement agencies, international treaties aimed at regulating public and legal relations on the issues of sending requests for legal assistance in the field of interaction between the preliminary investigation bodies of Russia and CIS countries when criminal proceedings. The purpose of the study is to conduct an analysis of judicial and investigative practice in order to identify the most typical errors that usually cause refusal to execute a request in order to eliminate problems and eliminate legal gaps in the legislative regulation of the mechanism for sending and executing requests for legal assistance in criminal cases. The dialectical method of scientific cognition was used, as well as comparative – legal, logical – analytical, systemic, as well as formal – legal research methods. The article examines the issues related to sending a request as one of the forms of interaction between the preliminary investigation bodies of Russia and the law enforcement agencies of the CIS countries. The legal regulation is analyzed and the specifics of the request direction are considered. The novelty of the article lies in the identification of problematic aspects of cooperation and the conflict of criminal procedure legislation and international agreements, which usually cause refusal to execute the request, including one of the most difficult problems in this area – compliance with procedural deadlines for the execution of the request. The proposals contributing to the resolution of existing problems are formulated. In particular, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to supplement the provisions of normative acts regulating the mechanism of sending a request for legal assistance so that the investigator can necessarily indicate in the content of the request the terms of its execution, taking into account significant factors.

Keywords: convention, legal assistance, request execution, criminal case, interaction, Concord, preliminary investigation, Investigator, a reasonable time, legal proceedings

Abstract: The key reason for the crisis in the social sphere is lack of complex reform programs (as in the spheres of science and culture), or their ineffi ciency (in the spheres of health, education, housing and public utilities). The fi rst matter is quite obvious, while the second is a subject to topical discussion. While both of them are interrelated, they need to be viewed separately. The problems of shortage of budgeting and lack of fi nancing of the social sphere are based on the institutional structure of the “real” sector and its effi ciency. As for the problems regarding reforms of the social sphere, their effi ciency depends on understanding of the specifi c features of social and economic institutions in this sphere. The principal difference of institutions in these two spheres calls for different approaches to their reforms.

Keywords: social studies, institution, education, health, pension, complex, institutionalization, functions, modernization, reforms.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.6.2570

Abstract: Development of social mortgage system is currently an important indicator of stability of Russian economy, however, the current investment policy of the state is not suffi ciently oriented on the improvement of the existing elements of housing mortgage and formation of the social infrastructure. The goal of this article is to structure the existing perspectives of the development of the investment policy of Russia within the framework of development of social mortgage.

Keywords: economics, mortgage, investments, credits, state, banks, perspectives, effi ciency, improvement, development.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.1.62338

Abstract: The article provides for the developing approach towards the problem of security in a society as a sustainable social order in the conditions of growing number of varieties and deviations. The analysis of the theory of evolution by N.Luhmann allows one to see the role of deviation in the modern destinies. The idea of the author is that once the semantic hypertrophy of variety appears, the social system develops a new saving social order formula, which is development of network communication space. The network has a unique quality, which is limitless realization of the need for the Non-denied. In the point of view of the author, the development of network communication saves order in a society by localizing anomy in the virtual network space.

Keywords: social studies, security, society, communications, variations, deviation, network, anomy, accumulation, acceleration.

Abstract: The international image of Russia is a relevant and highly replicated topic today. There are many interpretations of the concept “image of the country” and even more approaches to its formation. Confusion about how to improve Russia’s image abroad, and the problem of distinguishing the direction of supremacy (cultural, investment, or “safe”) leads to an imbalance and insolvency of the Russian image policy. In this article the author puts forward his own concept of favoring the perception of Russia abroad, based on Maslow’s pyramid of needs. A capacious category of «security» forms the basis of image pyramid and is a prerequisite for the formation of a successful and favorable international image of the country. Social, economic and cultural components are on the next levels. The basic “safe” grade is fundamental for the image, while the next two are variable depending on individual characteristics and circumstances. Surveys presented in this paper demonstrate the primacy and, in general, the materiality of security for the country’s image. Gemany’s image experience after World War II, which has made a bet on the peacefulness and safety and has achieved considerable success in this area, is analyzed. The priority of security and peace in the image policy does not diminish the importance of “soft power” of the state, but only emphasizes the existential character of the first component. Separately, the increasing importance of information and cyber security in contemporary international relations is distinguished. For Russia, the security issue has prevailed and should futher prevail in today’s agenda. It is caused not only by the importance of the topic in the global discourse and its significance for the country’s image policy, but also in order to fight with many long external attacks on “secure” component of Russia’s image.

Keywords: security, peace, international image, diplomacy, investment image, the cultural component, pyramid, A.Maslow, soft power, cybersecurity.

Abstract: The article contains the provision of the A.E. Zhalinsky’s last report, which he presented on November 1, 2011 at the Congress on Fighting Terrorism in Beijing. In this article one may find characteristics of the normative bases for fighting terrorism, the author provides statistical data, and general evaluations of situation with fighting terrorism in Russia. The author points out that the general evaluation of condition and dynamics of terrorism is complicated and controversial. The article also includes forensic specific features of terrorism in the Russian Federation, then the author evaluates the prevention of terrorism, which includes the general means of influence onto the factors, which provide for terrorism, such as strengthening of social support of fi ghting terrorism among the general public, organizational and technical means. The author then provides a forecast on fighting terrorism in Russia, which in author’s point of view is quite optimistic, as shared by most people. The author also points out negative attitude of Russian society to all types of terrorism.

Keywords: jurisprudence, security, legality, forensic science, law, crime, criminality, prevention, terrorism.

Abstract: The policy in the fi eld of strategic communication of ALBA countries in the Middle East is one of the most important foreign policy guidelines for the ALBA countries in their asymmetric information confrontation with the United States. In the period of 2007 to 2012 ALBA countries have put an impact on the international media in order to create a negative reputation for the United States. Strengthening foreign political dialogue of the ALBA countries with Iran and Syria, uniting the two regions on a base of confrontation with unipolar infl uence of the United States open possibilities for the formation of new centers of power, as opposed to the current unipolar world.

Keywords: information warfare, strategic communication, ALBA, Iran, Syria, the United States, the media, public diplomacy.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.5.9577

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.5.63377

Abstract: The ar ticle contains analysis of the topical issues regarding the normative fundamentals of the Customs Union, unsolved problems of unification of civil, criminal and administrative legislation, forming risks of violation of interests of some Member States of the Customs Union, the outf low of the Russian borderline businesses to the territories of other Member States of the Customs Union, having more attractive tax regime and customs administration conditions. The author reflect upon the unsolved problems of unification and allocation of the export customs duty and the disparity of clearings in these duties in favor of the Republics of Belarus and Kazakhstan. Taking into account Russia joining the WTO, development of global integration connections and the influence of negative factors influencing the development of integration processes within the Customs Union gain special value. That is why, in addition to the analysis of existing problems capable of causing disintegration processes in the territory of the Customs Union, one should take into consideration the perspectives for the Member States of the Customs Union joining the WTO. It is necessary to work on brining legislation of the Customs Union in compliance with the WTO standards and the criteria for the restrictive measures and measures taken in cases of balance of payment problems, provisions of the WTO treaties.

Keywords: economics, the Customs Union, legislation unification, united customs territory, non-payment of customs fees, allocation of export customs, disparity, shuttle business, tourist trade, scam schemes.

Abstract: The article offers to solve the problem of classification of regions based on the level of innovative functioning based on the statistic comparison of the large variety of criteria. The calculations include efficiency criteria for the innovation activity. The authors also define additional criteria, which allow to characterize stability and sustainability of scientific and technical development of the territories in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation.

Keywords: economics, system, analysis, innovations, efficiency, stability, regions, clusters.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2021.1.33825

Abstract: The subject of this article is the methodology of reconstruction of national security as a complex social and political-legal phenomenon in modern scientific knowledge. Special attention is given to the provisions of the theory of state and law, political science, as well as official documents – the acts of strategic planning that are of theoretical and applied significance due to the presence of formal definitions in their texts. The article employs formal-legal and doctrinal analysis of scientific sources. Methodological framework is comprised of the category of “system” and systemic approach in various interpretations. Logical analysis is conducted on different variants of definitions of the category “national security system” and “system of ensuring national security”. It is revealed that systemic analysis, which historically is one of the most popular approaches that can reflect the multidimensional objects of research, has long been included into the scientific tradition of studying national security. The author explores several variants of systemic approach: the theory of national security as a system; national security as a system property; and national security as a system. The analysis of interpretation of national security as a system determines the two main categories: national security system and system of ensuring national security. The first category features mostly scientific interpretations, while the second category has received a legal definition, having transformed from the scientific category into an element of the object (social reality), and simultaneously, means of its construction. The author indicates the existence of methodological pluralism in determining the components of national security systems. The article examines successful and unsuccessful examples of application of systemic approach in studying national security, and identifies typical methodological errors. The author concludes on the limited heuristic possibilities of systemic approach in reflecting the dynamics of ensuring national security, as well as underlines the need to use the categories of “mechanism”, “regime"”, or “process”.

Keywords: categorical-conceptual apparatus, methodology, security mechanism, legal regime, types of national security, maintaining of national security, functional analysis, legal definitions, National Security Strategy, legal regulation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.5.9298

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.5.63378

Abstract: The goal of the study in this article is establishing the role of the large-scale business in the formation of the regional policy of the Russian state. In order to achieve this aim, it is necessary to meet the immediate goals: to study institutional prerequisites for the largescale business political activities in the modern Russia; to evaluate the instruments of influence of business upon the regional politics and their practical application. The object of studies is regional policy of the Russian state, and the immediate object is large-scale business in Russia. Based upon the study, the author makes a conclusion that the raw-material vector of influence of the companies in the raw materials sector upon the regional politics shall remain until the structure of the Russian economy changes. The role of large-scale business in the formation of regional policy of the state towards the regions rich in raw materials in the future shall depend on the positions of political forces and the level of consolidation of Putin’s regime. Therefore, the regional strategies of the raw materials companies depend on both the foreign economic conjuncture and the domestic conjuncture. The forecast of the large-scale business role in the regional politics in the future is dependent upon the electoral cycles. The system of state capitalism, which is formed in the modern Russia, shall be further consolidated. The main practical results of the study may be found by bringing together three phenomena: the large scale business, state and raw materials regions, the federal regional policy being the focal point of their interests. Additionally, it shall be helpful for understanding the vectors for the further studies of the large — scale businesses role in the formation of regional politics and the its effects on the regions rich in raw materials.

Keywords: business, partnership, colonialism, economic politics, region, state, economics, security, resources, national riches.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2020.4.33980

Abstract: The goal of this article consists in the analysis of investment relations between CIS countries at the current stage, and as well as in development of proposals aimed at attraction of direct foreign investment into economy of the union in the conditions of regional integration. The article examines the peculiarities of investment process in CIS. The author outlines the common factors that delimit the expansion of economic integration within the union. The research is based on the scientific articles, databases of international organizations, analytical materials of CIS partner countries. Methodology includes such approaches as scientific abstraction, logical generalization, economic-statistical and factor analysis, clustering method, and circumstantiation. The essence of direct investment is revealed. The author suggests the original classification of foreign direct investment from the perspective of their role in the modern global economy. The role of direct investment in the development of CIS partner countries is described. The conclusion is made on the key development trends of investment relations in CIS countries. The article substantiates the need to develop agencies for attracting foreign direct investment, establish shared centers in the area of public-private partnership, as well as create joint sovereign funds and enterprises in high-tech sectors of the national economy. It is proposed to form a single specialized center for coordinating monetary policy of CIS member-states.

Keywords: FDI factors, FDI impact, public private partnership, agencies, national currencies, sovereign funds, investment relations, CIS, foreign direct investments, weaknesses

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2021.6.36802

Abstract: This article is dedicated to a relevant scientific problem, within the framework of which the subject of research is the factors that limit the reproduction of juvenile potential of the modern Russian economy. The goal lies in determining the structure of juvenile potential, diagnostics of its key elements, and formulation of basic recommendations that contribute to implementation of the juvenile potential as a factor of innovation development. Besides the general scientific methods, the research employs the factor analysis and analytical capabilities of the “Statistica” software product. Assessment is give to the state of the key elements of juvenile potential. Special attention is turned to the role of higher education system in the reproduction of human potential of the future economy. The conducted analysis revealed both positive and negative trends, namely the problem of imbalance in the age structure of juvenile potential, which negatively affects the prospects for the sphere of education and job market. The article outlines the conditions for increasing the level of juvenile potential of the Russian economy, as well as substantiates its importance in ensuring the progressive socioeconomic development of the country in the strategic perspective. The authors’ recommendations can be valuable in elaboration of state programs and documents that determine the strategic prospects for the economic development of the Russian Federation and its regions. The scientific novelty is defined by the fact that the theoretical provisions of the concept of juvenile potential are currently at the stage of formation.

Keywords: youth innovation potential, labor potential, educational potential, structure of juvenile potential, juvenile potential, youth, human potential, demographic potential, intellectual potential, innovation development of the economy

Abstract: This publication was provided as a part of the dissertation thesis for the study of the European Policy in Defence and Security (EPDS), and it is aimed to provide understanding of why a military block, which was formed in the post-Soviet territory (CSTO), while being theoretically similar to the EDPS, is much less effi cient. In order to respond to this question, the author analyzes possible application of the theory of European integration in the CIS, then the author comes to the conclusion, that while looking different, these two formation face similar problems and they can be analyzed with the help of similar integration theories.

Keywords: political science, the EU, the CIS, the European security, the theories of integration, the EPDS, the CSTO, the national security, security blocks.

Abstract: The global fi nancial and economic crisis clearly showed the weakness of the national banking systems of various states, as well as the need to improve their security and fi nancial stability. In the existing situation, one should pay attention to the Islamic fi nancial industry, which is characterized by advance development and stability. The article is devoted to the specifi c features of the banking sector in the countries, where the Islam is either the state religion, or the leading religion.

Keywords: jurisprudence, Islam, the Shariat, the banking security, state, the Muslim law, legalization of income, threats (risks), bank, fi nancial institute.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2015.2.14773

Abstract: This article focuses on the system of national security. Presently, neither the scientific, nor the rulemaking literature has a unity on the interpretation of the category “system of national security” and the composition of its elements. A special attention is given to the description of connections between the elements of the system and author’s perception of the category “system of national security of the Russian Federation”. The discovered functions allowed the author to describe the process of interaction of the elements of the system of national security. The results acquired throughout the course of the research allow us to make a number of conclusions. Firstly, the structure of the system of national security represents a construct of interconnected components: objects; subjects; ideological-theoretical and legislative bases; administrative branches; goals; tasks; main directions; capabilities and the means that function within the interests of ensuring national security of the country on the required level. Secondly, the objects divide into three groups: government, population, person (individual). Thirdly, by subjects we mean: government institutions, civil society, and mass media.

Keywords: object, Russian Federation, structure, authority, state, system of national security, national security, subject, legislation basis, ideological-theoretical basis

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2015.2.66399

Keywords: object, Russian Federation, structure, authority, state, system of national security, national security, subject, legislation basis, ideological-theoretical basis

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.2.62608

Abstract: The political system of any state including Russia changes and undergoes evolution, while responding to the challenges of the world around it. The economical crises also have considerable influence in this sphere. From the scientific standpoint, it is very interesting how the most public subjects of the Russian politics – the political parties “United Russia” and “the Communist Party of the Russian Federation” view the global economic crisis, what perceptive model they translate to their electorates, and what social and political projects they offer within the crisis discourse. Therefore, the object of study is the evolution of the crisis discourse of two political parties.

Keywords: political science, national security, politics, discourse, context, the CPRF, the United Russia, crisis, society, state.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2013.2.62609

Abstract: The article is devoted to one of the key tendencies in the development of the global currency system in the conditions of financial globalization, that is the strengthening of transnational character of the global and European banks, including those in the CIS and in the Russian Federation, as well as the changing degree of export of banking services to foreign states. The author analyzes the tendency for the growing assets of the systemically valuable financial institutions and the percentage correlation of the amount of assets of the largest banks and the combined baking assets in the EU if compared with the gross domestic product of the home base state, which reflect the degree of influence of the banking system and particular largest banks on the real economy. The article shows that the problems of some largest banks may become the problems for the entire states and the global currency and financial system as a whole. The author views the measures, which are taken by the IMF, the EU, and Russia in order to guarantee greater economic security, and sustainable stability of the global currency and financial system, as well as for the formation of the efficient regulation and supervision policy towards the largest global and European transnational banks.

Keywords: economics, globalization, system, transnationalization, export, bank, regulation, politics, transnational bank, security.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2016.3.16547

Abstract: The goal of this article is the determination of the role of energy security within the system of national security, its components and connection with other types of security from the positions of systematicity. The object of this research is the energy security of the country, while the subject is its structure, place within the system of national security and other types of security. The author carefully examines the links of energetics and energy security with various spheres of life and corresponding to them types of national security. The multidisciplinarity of the theory of energy security is being justified. Based on the analysis of energy sphere, as well as on the notion “energy security”, the author makes inductive conclusions about the structure of the sphere of state energy security and its correlation with the various types of security. The main result and conclusion of this research consists in the fact that energy security as a type of national security does not represent its separate independent part, but rather have been formed from the components of other types of security, namely economic, environmental, and social-political. Thus, the author determines that the system of indicator for the assessment of the level of energy security should be based on the assessment of the changes in these three spheres.

Keywords: scientific and technical security, energy sources security, environmental security of energy supply, political security of energy supply, social security of energy supply, economic security of energy supply, energy security, national security, informational security of energy supply, Technetronic security of energy supply

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2016.3.67884

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2015.3.15531

Abstract: The object of this research is the processes of military integration in the EU, which are being viewed through the prism of the theory of neorealism. After the end of the cold war and the collapse of the bipolar system of international relations neorealism has moved to a secondary position in the research on security. New threats and their perception required a fresh look at the subjects and objects of security. The new theories and approaches have taken the center stage within the research of international relations and security. A special attention is given to the concepts and hypotheses of neorealism. Their applied use the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the European Union in the analysis allows us to shed light upon the nature of integrational phenomena and processes. The theoretical assessment of the processes of military integration is explained by the necessity to determine the driving force, character and preferences of the member-states, in order to be able to forecast the future vector of its development.

Keywords: Theory of neorealism, National interests, European Union, Integration, European security, European Defense Agency, Common resources, International security, Member-states, Defense potential

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2015.3.66584

Keywords: Theory of neorealism, National interests, European Union, Integration, European security, European Defense Agency, Common resources, International security, Member-states, Defense potential

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.4.11186

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.4.65404

Abstract: Political regime is a functional characteristic feature of the political system from the standpoint of systemic analysis. However, the regime may not sustain itself, it requires contents, which is formed as means and methods of achieving its functional goals, as well as the functional goals of the political government. Constitutionalism allows for setting the parameters of this functioning and establishing the mechanism of political power based upon the stage of formation of its consistency. The problem of parity of methods of government in the dynamics of the political system is key to defining nature and contents of the political regime. The most important role in the studies belongs to the systemic analysis. This is a methodology of object studies based upon their reflection as systems and analysis of theses systems. Systemic analysis provides for clarifications of a complicated problem, its structuring within the system of targets and detailed goals. Choice of this approach was influenced both by the existing understanding of constitutionalism as a complicated multi-element and dynamic object of studies, which is interrelated with the specific features of functioning of the political system as a whole, as well as getting acquainted with the scientific studies in the sphere of systemic analysis. Both democratic and authoritarian regimes are capable of functioning within the framework of constitutionalism. The marker of the level of functional development of a political regime is its closeness to the ideal of constitutionalism – a constitutional state. Accordingly, the political practice of formation of constitutionalism reflects development of the constitutional regime outside the scope of formal requirements of the constitution of the state.

Keywords: constitutionalism, constitution, political regime, political government, democratic regime, authoritarian regime, power method, systemic analysis, state, civil society.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2016.5.18177

Abstract: The article explores the place of the United States in NATO and the contractual cooperation with the European Union on combating terrorism. The author pays special attention to the peculiarities of the American legal understanding of the phenomenon of terrorism, which cause specificity conduct counter-terrorism within the framework of NATO and the complexity of the relationship between the EU and the United States on international security issues. This study is based on the use of structural-functional approach, which allows setting the general and special in approaches towards the formation of the US, EU, and NATO counter-terrorism policies. The following conclusions were made: the author underlines tha there is a trend of presentation of the phenomenon of terrorism in both, NATO and US legal system, which requires military action. It is noted that NATO, as a military alliance, is not adjusted to the professional legal counteraction and investigation of terrorist crimes. In this regard, the author concludes that the appropriate participation of this organization in the sphere of anti-terrorism appears only as a local entity in relieving of the acute political crisis. The European Union, unlike the United States, demonstrates the opinion that terrorism is rather the phenomenon of criminal-legal norms than the question of the political struggle at the state level. The significant conceptual differences are determined between the EU and the US regarding counter-terrorism actions.

Keywords: Terror threat, International anti-terrorism legislation, International humanitarian law, Political violence, International crime, European Union, NATO, United States, Terrorism, International security

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2016.5.68294

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.5.13418

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.5.65573

Abstract: The subject of the research is the economic relations of the BRICS countries in the financial and credit area, as well as their status and role within International Monetary Systems (IMS). An important task for the alignment is to increase their role within IMS and to reform IMS taking into consideration the constant growth of the role of its countries in the global economy. Within the current IMS system, it is difficult for the BRICS countries along with other developing countries to defend their financial and economic interests. The author reviews a favorable vector for the IMS reform by including new financial institutions created by the BRICS alignment into the system. The main method of the scientific research is the method of comparison and analysis of the qualitative and quantitative factors, acquired through the course of monitoring the development of global currency relations. The author comes to a conclusion that the establishing of an international financial center by the BRCIS alignment is necessary, and can become a counterbalance to the West’s domination within IMS. Creating such counterbalance to the current financial system is the matter of national security for Russia and other members of the BRICS alignment. All these measures would contribute to raising the marketability of the BRICS countries’ economies and strengthening their influence on the global level in both, financial and political aspects.

Keywords: Financial system, payment system, BRICS, clearing house, international payment turnover, global economy, portion of the BRICS countries, international monetary systems, points of capitalization.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.6.13608

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0668.2014.6.65735

Abstract: The subject of research in this article is the questions that arise with regards to the extradition of individuals. It is worth mentioning that the legal nature of the institution of extradition is not fully clear, including the mechanism of transferring the person; i. e. how exactly is the person handed over by one government to the other and what legal instruments are used in the process; why should the individual be extradited and for what purpose? The author analyzes various points of view of scholars and practical examples, including the infamous case of Abdullah Öcalan. A conclusion is drawn that only the institution of extradition is currently capable of solving such task as the fight against criminality on a global scale. There is no better way or means of transferring a criminal that could replace the extradition. Only the extradition ensures the inviolability of the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of a nation, protects human rights, and safeguards the international law with its fundamental principles.