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DOI: 10.7256/2585-7797.2022.2.38107
EDN: GYYRPZ
Received:
20-05-2022
Published:
19-07-2022
Abstract:
The article gives the historical and geographical characteristics of the Novgorod land ownership on the territory of the the Bezhetskaya Pyatina in Tver Region. The main sources of the research are the scribal books of 1498/99 and 1545 years. The work was carried out using geoinformation technologies based on the previously performed localization of toponyms of scribal descriptions of 1498/99 and 1545. Using the Voronoi Polygons module and further combining polygons on the basis of belonging to a specific landowner, an idea was obtained about the spatial location of the land holdings of the Novgorod boyars, residents, fellow countrymen, monasteries and the Novgorod archbishop in the churchyards-districts of Pyatina. The web gis is available on the Internet on the website of the Laboratory of Historical Geoinformatics of the IVI RAS. The composition of landholdings (a single territory or separate enclaves) is analyzed. Localization made it possible to establish that a number of relatives' possessions were located compactly, which made it possible to identify family possessions belonging to Yuryev, Ovinov, etc., dating back to large single patrimony of common ancestors. The largest by area were the vladychnaya volost of Udomlya and the volost of Ivan Loshinsky's Slezkino. There is also excessive land ownership by the end of the period of independence of Novgorod. The concentration of small landholdings of foreigners and those living in the west of Pyatina, in the Mlevsky churchyards, was also revealed. The data obtained as a result of the use of gis technologies on the size of land holdings were compared with information on the number of settlements in them from scribal books. The population indicators obtained for the most fully localized volosts on average amount to 0.4-0.7 settlements per 1 sq. km. The territories with the highest (in the south of Pyatina and in the basins of the Medveditsa and Mologa rivers and their small tributaries) and the lowest (in the north) indicators of population were identified. After the annexation of Novgorod to Moscow, almost all landholdings were confiscated and distributed to estates that were not comparable in size to the old volosts.
Keywords:
land ownership, settlement, pyatina, churchyard, parish, Novgorod land, scribal book, GIS, Voronoi polygons, population
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Bezhetskaya pyatina occupies the eastern and south-eastern part of Novgorod land and borders on Novotorzhsky and Tver counties in the south, on the east – with Bezhetsky Top, on the north – with Obonezhskaya pyatina, and on the west – with Derevskaya Pyatina. The beginning of the historical and geographical study of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina dates back to the XIX century. K.A. Nevolin was the first to localize the territories and centers of the pogosts of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina [6]. The result of K.A. Nevolin's work was a map of pyatins and churchyards of the Novgorod state. The purpose that the author set when compiling it was to depict the position of the pyatians of the Novgorod land in the XVI century. It marks the main cities, the borders of the pyatins, the centers of churchyards, hydronyms. The map did not include the territorial division into churchyards. The researcher doubted the localization of a number of churchyard centers. The territory of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina of the XVI-XVII centuries was considered in the context of the agrarian history of Russia and the development of local land ownership by G.V. Abramovich [1, 2]. The researcher provided extensive statistical information on this region based on the study of scribal, patrol books of the late XV – XVI centuries. They became the basis for the study of the composition and dynamics of the population of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina. However, the researcher paid the main attention to the land ownership of Moscow time on the territory of Pyatina. G.V. Abramovich suggested that the land holdings of Novgorodians were located compactly. The author did not deal with the continuous localization of the settlements of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina. The composition of the landowners of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina of the XV century was studied by V.L. Yanin and L.A. Bassalygo. V.L. Yanin's study of the Novgorod patrimony is based on a joint study of the materials of scribal books and acts of the XIV-XV centuries [13]. The researcher traced the fate of a number of Bezhetskaya Pyatina landholdings that changed hands during inheritance, which allowed him to identify kinship ties between the owners by performing genealogical constructions. The work of L.A. Bassalygo presents a register of the boyars of the Novgorod land, brought together during the incorporation of this territory into the Moscow Kingdom. The register includes the names of the churchyards in which the possessions of these persons are located [3]. The territorial and administrative system of the Novgorod land, including the origin of the pyatine division and the boundaries of the pyatines, the development of the system of parishes in the Novgorod land is considered in the works of A.A. Frolov [11, 12]. In the Novgorod scribal books, according to the researcher, after the reform of 1500, the main units of description were churchyards, around which the possessions of landlords are described, and volosts that previously belonged to Novgorod landowners. This principle can be traced in the scribe book of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina of 1545 . Thus, the geographical parameters of Novgorod land ownership remain poorly studied, including its location, composition and size, population and features of rural settlement in this territory. This article presents the results of studying these aspects. The main sources on the historical geography, the history of settlement and land ownership of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina are scribal descriptions. One of the oldest is the book of 1498/99. letters of Vasily Grigoryevich Naumov and Semyon Zakharyin Dyatlov, which includes descriptions of the votive volosts, including territories in the Udomelsky Lake district, which belonged to the Novgorod lord during the period of Novgorod's independence [7]. The next source in time is the scribe's book, known in publications as the book of 1545. letters of Ivan Danilovich Velyaminov and Afanasy Grigoryevich Solovtsov [5]. They described the churchyards of the southern part of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina, which after their description became known as the Tver half. Thus, the book of 1545 is the most complete of the earliest sources. The book includes descriptions only of local lands. As a source on historical geography The book was used by K.A. Nevolin, V.L. Yanin and L.A. Bassalygo, analyzed in detail in the context of agrarian history by G.V. Abramovich. The scribe's book of 1545 describes the territories of churchyards, townships within churchyards and estates within townships. The descriptions of estates include data on settlements and wastelands. For localities, the number of courtyards with the names of peasants and economic indicators (the number of arable land, hay, the number of fields) are indicated. The income characteristic is given at the end of the descriptions of the possessions. In the table of contents of the source in its edition, a total of 49 sections are allocated, including 40 churchyards, 4 volosts and volosts and 5 settlements. The analysis of the content allows us to say that the book describes the lands that were part of 47 churchyards, the territories of which include individual volosts and settlements (Fig. 1). Within the framework of the rubrication by churchyards, grouping by possessions is a priority. At the same time, the land holdings of one owner are often located in enclaves in different churchyards. In general, there are 4 villages, 37 villages, 3466 villages, 1403 repairs and 5 rows in the scribe's book, for a total of 4915 items. There are also 294 wastelands. The location of all villages, villages and rows is confidently determined. Out of 4869 villages and repairs, 2430 have been localized at the moment. The idea of the location and settlement on the territory of the Resurrection Osechensky, Bogoroditsky Plavsky, Mikhailovsky Trestensky, Pokrovsky Polyansky, Yegoryevsky Mlevsky, Nikolsky and Voskresensky churchyards in Slezkin cannot be complete, since their descriptions in the text of the book of 1545 have been lost. The structure of the scribe's book of 1545 includes a description of the volosts that belonged to the representatives of the Novgorod boyars and clergy before the annexation of Novgorod to the Moscow Grand Duchy – the last owners of the land on the eve or shortly after the entry of the Novgorod Republic into the Moscow state (they correspond to the territories of the volosts). These are the data of the "old letter", dating back to the complex of documents of the republican period [13, p. 170]. Unfortunately, very little assembly material has been preserved on the Bezhetskaya Pyatina, not only from the period of Novgorod's independence, but also from the XVI century, which makes it difficult to study the movement of land ownership in this territory. However, the scribal materials of the late XV – XVI century, pointing to the landowners of the pre-Moscow time, make it possible to carry out a historical and geographical reconstruction of the Novgorod land ownership, assessing its scale and condition for the period before the transition of Novgorod to the power of Moscow.
According to V.L. Yanin, in the Novgorod land by the end of its independence, at least 90% of the land fund belonged to the patrimonial system [13, p. 203]. Almost all Novgorod landowners were deprived of their patrimony after the annexation of Novgorod to Moscow. In Bezhetskaya Pyatina, the local distribution of these patrimony began in the 1470s-1480s [4]. Accordingly, it can be assumed that the scribal books of 1498/99 and 1545 quite fully characterize the patrimonial land ownership of the last period of Novgorod's independence. Among the landowners of the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina of the time of the end of Novgorod independence are representatives of the large Novgorod boyars, everyday people, foreigners, Novgorod monasteries (Arkazhsky and Spassky Khutynsky) and the Archbishop of Novgorod. In total, the scribe's book of 1545 mentions 128 separate Novgorod landholdings, if we take into account the division into churchyards (see Table 1). The objectives of this work included the study of the placement of landholdings of the late XV century. on the basis of the previously performed localization of territories and centers of churchyards and toponyms of the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina of the XVI century. The localization of land holdings was carried out using GIS technologies. The NextGIS QGIS program was used as the software. The attribute tables of the layer with the settlements of the scribe's book of 1545 included data on the names of points, their belonging to a certain churchyard, parish and landowners, yard. Web GIS is available on the website of the Laboratory of Historical Geoinformatics of the IVI RAS: https://histgeo.ru/our_projects/project/1/ . Within the framework of this project, the text of the scribe's book of 1545 was digitally published in a GIS environment in which the toponymic information of the source is associated with the corresponding points on the map [10]. Currently, the location of about 90% of Novgorod volosts is being determined. A module was used to visualize land holdings in GISVoronoi polygons. Then the obtained polygons were combined on the basis of the belonging of the settlement to a particular landowner. The resulting polygonal layer was adjusted: the boundaries of the townships and churchyards were combined. The result was a reflection on the map of the location of Novgorod landholdings (Fig. 2). In the future, the sizes of polygons corresponding to the volosts were estimated. The degree of integrity of territories belonging to one owner and the location of the possessions of relatives were considered. A number of related possessions were united into one polygon: the boyars of the Yuriev boyars, the Boyars, the Kezadro, the Farms in the center of the studied territory; the plots of the boyars and the Yesipovs, the Morozovs, the Zaitsovs, the Ovinovs, the Medvedevs. The polygon layer is available for viewing in the web GIS on the website of the IVI RAS and the NextGIS platform: https://histgeo.nextgis.com/resource/2337/display ?base=basemap_0&linkMainMap=true&events=true&panel=layers . The study of the degree of development of the territories of the Novgorod volosts is complicated by the fact that the scribe's book of 1545 covers only the local land ownership that had developed by the time the description was compiled, and, moreover, has losses. As a result, some churchyards remained insufficiently localized, both with regard to their borders and the nature of the location of settlements. These are the Mikhailovsky Trestensky, Bogoroditsky Plavsky, Voskresensky Osechensky churchyards, as well as the last in the description of the Resurrection churchyard of the Slezkino parish. Earlier, the authors of this article noted that a number of churchyards are poorly localized and due to the low information content of the sources of the XVIII-XIX centuries, associated with the presence of extensive land dachas belonging to a specific department, for which toponymic data either poorly correlate with a specific locality, or are simply insufficient [8]. These are the Pokrovsky Polyansky, Petrovsky Tikhvinsky, Mikhailovsky Trestensky, Bogoroditsky in Zamutye, Bogoroditsky Plavsky, Nikolsky Tolmachevsky, Spassky churchyards compactly located in the center and in the south of the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina. In them, the percentage of localization of toponyms ranges from 20 to 45% of toponyms. Accordingly, it is permissible to analyze the degree of development of churchyards-districts and townships and the nature of rural settlement in them only for relatively fully localized territories. These are Nikolsky on the Vyshny Volochok near the Pillar, Nikolsky Bystry, Yegoryevsky Udomelsky, Osechensky Voskresensky and Yegoryevsky, as well as the northern part of Bogoroditsky Pavsky and Pokrovsky churchyards in Slezkin. There are also separate volosts that are most fully localized by the number of toponyms: Matveevskaya in the Egorievsky Chudinsky churchyard; Mushino and Evanovo in Bogoroditsky and Nikolsky in the Poddubye Udomelsky churchyards; Boyarschina in the Nikolsky Udomelsky churchyard; Malinets, Kostya and Loshemlya in the Mikhailovsky Kostovsky churchyard; Leganets, Perhovo, Polyana in the Nikolsky Moldinsky churchyard. For sufficiently fully localized volosts, the degree of reliability in determining their area is the highest. The area of the polygons was determined by the NextGIS QGIS tools (field calculator, $area). The localization of volosts took into account the toponymy "according to the old letter", which, as V.L. Yanin noted, goes back to the fiscal lists of the pre-Moscow period [13, p. 170], which means it can be used to assess the degree of development and the nature of rural settlement in them. The number of settlements in volosts and individual Novgorod landholdings "according to the old letter" is given in Table 1. Most settlements had an average of 2-3 yards. For the most fully localized possessions, development indicators can also be determined, expressed in the number of settlements per sq. km (Table 2). In general, about 60% falls on the large landholdings of the Esipovs, Ovinovs, Gruzovs, Loshinskys, Kuzmins, Tuchins, Yurievs, Posokhnovs – the most prominent representatives of the Novgorod boyars and the living (Fig. 2). G. V. Abramovich believed that most of the possessions of the Novgorod boyars were located compactly on the territory of Pyatina. This thesis was clearly confirmed by the results of the localization, but only for a part of the landholdings. The largest compact townships of the Novgorod boyars include the vast territory of Ivan Loshinsky in the north of the Tver half in the churchyards in Slezkin (1302.4 sq. sq.). A large compact enclave was located in the possession of the Yuriev boyars – Fedor and his sons Yakov and Luke – in the Mikhailovsky Kostovsky and Udomelsky Nikolsky churchyards (480.7 sq. km). In third place – the possessions of Cargo in Mirogozhskaya Dubrova with a total area of 334.6 sq. km. The adjacent volosts of Nikita Lavrentiev and Ofrosinia Ivanova Lavrentiev's wife in Petrovsky Tikhvin, Vasilievsky Kostretsky, Bogorolitsky Plavsky, Bogoroditsky in Zamutye churchyards occupied an area of 319.1 sq. km.
The largest in size and population was the parish of Udomlya, located in the Udomelsky Lake district and covering the territories of the Udomelsky churchyards-districts: Nikolsky, Yegoryevsky, Yegoryevsky in Ilov, as well as, presumably, Bogoroditserozhdestvensky churchyards. The parish is not described in the scribe's book of 1545, but is reflected in an earlier source of 1498/99. In total, the Udomlya parish included 542 villages and 1502 courtyards "according to the old letter". Its area was about 1,150 square kilometers [9]. The land holdings of the Zaitsovs in the Spassky Klinetsky churchyards (221.2 sq. km) can be attributed to relatively large and quite compactly located. Matvey Domozhirov's possession in the Yegoryevsky Chudinsky churchyard (134.6 sq. km) was also unified. A compact parish was formed by the lands of the Spassky Hutyn Monastery in Zabrusye (Nikolsky Tolmachevsky churchyard) (95.4 sq. km). An interesting picture of land ownership in the Mlev and partially Udomel pogosts in the western part of Pyatina, where localization showed extremely fractional land ownership. In total, in the Egorievsky and Spassky Mlevsky churchyards, 13 separate possessions, individual and private, were recorded, belonging to the inhabitants and their own: Klementyev, Grebensky, Ustimov, Rozstrigin, Kuzma Yakovlev Vangin, Stepura Romanov, etc. Among them there are co-possessions, for example, the volosts of Ivashkovskaya Maximova Golovkova and Yakushkinskaya Stepanova; Ileykinskaya Ivanova and Ofoninskaya Onanyina Maly. The size of these possessions, as a rule, is very small, in comparison with the boyars (0.3 – 3.5 sq. km). In addition, localization showed that some of these small land holdings were not compact, but consisted of several interspersed plots. For example, the possession of Marfra Vasilyeva, Rozstrigin's wife, consisted of five independent plots, Kuzma Yakovlev, Wangin's son, of two. V.L. Yanin traced the process of crushing the land holdings of Novgorod everyday people, as a result of which the last owners of the fragmented territories became their own (Yanin, patrimony. p. 175). It is difficult to talk about the possible kinship of these people, but the Vangins and the Klementevs came from the Prussian Street of Novgorod [13, p. 143]. At the same time, Nikifor Khmelev's possessions in these churchyards (167.2 sq. km) can be attributed to the relatively large ones. Nikifor Khmelev belonged to the upper stratum of the social group of everyday people, whose representatives possessed land holdings that were not inferior in size to the boyars' fiefdoms. A significant area was the parish of Ivan Kuzmin, a posadnik in 1475, a participant in the embassy to Ivan III in 1476 [14, p. 324], in the Osechensky Resurrection churchyard (78.8 sq. km). Localization of toponyms shows that some possessions belonging to different churchyards were a single whole. For example, the patrimony of Alexander Timofeev in Petrovsky Tikhvin and Bogoroditsky Plavsky churchyards; Vasily Esipov in Nikolsky Tolmachevsky and Bogoroditsky Zalazensky churchyards. A single parish of Slezkino consisted of the territories of Ivan Loshinsky in the north of the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina. However, the localization of toponymy shows that not all large possessions were compact territories. Many of them consisted of several enclaves. For example, the possession of Prince Ivan Ivanovich Yaschinsky consisted of three independent possessions that did not mate with each other, in Nikolsky in the Poddubye Udomelsky, Nikolsky Moldinsky, Nikolsky Bystry, Spassky Klinetsky churchyards. In addition, he was a co-owner of the patrimony in the Nikolsky churchyard on Vyshny Volochok. Apart from the large parish of Slezkino, Ivan Loshinsky's possessions were located in the parish of Trostna in the south-east of Pyatina. Andrey Posokhnov owned non-contiguous lands in Pokrovsky in Sorogoshin and Mikhailovsky Kostovsky churchyards. The reconstruction of the placement of the possessions makes it possible to make interesting observations on the division of land between family members. For example, the boyar and the posadnik Grigory Ovinov in the book of 1545 there are two enclaves: one churchyard Voskresenskoye in Klin and Ivanovskoye Zaruchek. the second one is in the Bogoroditsky Dorsky churchyard. His son Zachary Ovinov owned two volosts in Nikolsky in Dorka churchyard, and the third in Ivanovo Parish. Ivan Zakharin's son Ovinov has a small plot in the Petrovsky Tikhvin churchyard. The localization of these possessions makes it possible to distinguish the original compact possession of the Ovinovs in the Nikolsky churchyards in Dorka, Voskresensky in Klin, Ivanovsky Zaruchek and two small enclaves in Bogoroditsky Dorsky and Petrovsky Tikhvin churchyards. A single territory was the patrimony of Vasily and Ivan Zaitsov – in the Spassky Klinetsky churchyard. The same can be said about the possessions of Onania and Bogdan Perfurov in the Spassky Klinetsky churchyard, which formed one whole. Ivan and Vasily Kuzmin's lands were located adjacent to Nikolsky Moldinsky and Pokrovsky Polyansky churchyards, forming a single enclave. Interestingly, the volost of Zakhariy Ovinov, the son-in-law of Ivan Kuzmin, also an active participant in political events on the eve of the annexation of Novgorod to Moscow [14, p. 324], surrounded a small property of his father-in-law in the Nikolsky churchyard in Dorka. In the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina there were lands of five representatives of the Esipov family: Bogdan, Vasily, Kuzma, as well as Oksana Mikitina, Esipov's wife, and Matrona, the wife of Krivoy Esipov. The possessions of the Esipovs did not represent a single territory, but the patrimony of Matrona and Bogdan Esipovs in Nikolsky on Vyshny Volochok and Voskresensky Osechensky churchyards were adjacent. Compactness can be traced in the location of the landowners from the Zakharin family – Ivan Yesipov Goroshkov and Andrey Posokhnov, who had adjacent lands in Nikolsky Smerdinsky and Pokrovsky in Sorogoshin churchyards.
V. L. Yanin traced a number of cases of adjacent location of land holdings in different parts of the Novgorod land, concluding that with a common ancestor, these possessions represented a single ownership array belonging to one owner [13, p. 201]. He also noted that part of the Novgorod boyars was characterized by the indivisibility of land holdings. Reconstruction of unified family territories according to the description of 1545 The Tver half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina confirms this thesis. The conducted research shows that by the time Novgorod lost its independence of land ownership, the Novgorod boyars, as well as the lords and monasteries, maintained relative compactness. The unified territories of Fyodor Yuryev and his sons Luka and Yakov, the Zaitsov, Kuzmin, Perfurov, and Ovinov families are traced. The continuous localization of the toponyms of the scribe's book of 1545 made it possible to distinguish the possessions of relatives, probably dating back to large unified patrimony of common ancestors. These are the patrimony of the Ovinovs and Kuzmins, the Goroshkovs and the Posokhnovs. On the other hand, by the end of the period of Novgorod's independence, the share of cross–spaced possessions had already accumulated, which reflects the identified non-contiguous enclaves, sometimes of one owner - for example, Yaschinsky, Loshinsky. At the same time, a more significant overlap was traced for individual boyar genera, in particular, the Esipovs. The ratio of the number of settlements and the area of volosts, as mentioned above, was determined for the most fully localized territories. The population of compact family holdings was determined by calculating the total number of settlements per unit area (Table 2). Only the most reliably localized landholdings were included in the analysis. The obtained indicators are generally consistent with the data obtained earlier for churchyards [8]. On average, they range from 0.4 to 0.7 points per sq. km. For comparison, in the neighboring Village Pyatina, the highest density of yards – 0.65-1.7 per 1 sq. km. – was recorded in the eastern part adjacent to the Bezhetskaya Pyatina [Frolov, Piotukh, Vol. II. p. 21, Fig. 6.]. However, there are also differences that more accurately reflect the nature of rural settlement within the smaller territories of volosts, in comparison with churchyards. The lowest indicators – 0,1–0,2 – recorded in the north of the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina. These are landholdings in Bogoroditsky Pavsky, Pokrovsky in Mirogozhskaya Dubrova, Pokrovsky in Slezkin churchyards. Comparatively low indicators are also demonstrated collectively by the Yuriev volosts in the Mikhailovsky Kostovsky churchyards (0.29). Within the framework of this land ownership, settlements are concentrated on areas gravitating to the lakes Udomlya, Navolok, Kezadro, the Tikhomandritsa River, as well as in the space between the lakes Kezadro – Phovo. Part of the territory in the south of the parish remained sparsely populated. In the eastern part of the Mikhailovsky Kostovsky churchyard, in the patrimony of Ondrej Posokhnov, settlements are located more evenly, the occupancy rate is higher (0.82). Relatively high rates were recorded in the small villages of Pokrovsky in Sorogoshin pogost (Zashizhye – 0.99, Zarechye – 0.95), belonging to the foreigners [for more details, see: 13, pp. 174-175] and the adjacent village of the Esipovs of the Obretino Nikolsky Smerdynsky pogost (0.9). Here settlements were concentrated near the lake. Zastizhye, Obretino and the Sorogozhe river and on the watershed between them. An analysis of the location of settlements shows that they are confined to both relatively large rivers and lakes, and small tributaries, a number of which were developed in ancient times. For example, in the Udomlya parish, the most densely populated were the basins of the river Syezha, Udomel lakes, the space between them and the river Volchina, which were well developed in ancient times [9]. The concentration of settlements in the valley of the Medveditsa and Volchina rivers is obvious. Accumulations in the coastal zone of these rivers are most clearly traced in Bogoroditsky Dorsky and Bogoroditsky Rybensky churchyards. In the south-east of Pyatina, settlements are concentrated on the small rivers of the basin of the Bear – Tikhvinka, Suseshna, Sudomla, Tifina. The settlements of the Rivitsa volost in the Vasilievsky Kostretsky pogost were concentrated along the Rivitsa River, a small tributary of the Mologa River. The settlement system was undoubtedly connected with the land roads that existed here, which had local significance. Scribal books of the XV – XVI centuries . they are not mentioned, but some are known from sources of the XVII century. [8]. In particular, this is the Nametskaya road, which connected the southern pogosts – Bogoroditsky Plavsky, Bogoroditsky in Zamutye – with Gorodetsky (Bezhetsky); the Zaklanskaya road, which connected Bogoroditsky Plavsky, Spassky in Klin and Voskresensky Klinetsky pogosts. Probably, the roads are marked by clusters of settlements between the centers of Nikolsky, Bogoroditsky in the Poddubye of Udomelsky churchyards and Mikhailovsky Kostovsky churchyard. Along the southern part of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina there was a section of the Bolshaya Moskovskaya Road, on which the centers of the Nikolsky churchyards on Vyshny Volochok and Yegoryevsky Mokryni were located. After the Novgorod Republic became part of the Moscow State, the territories of the volosts were divided among the serving landowners of the Moscow state in the first half of the XVI century. Confiscation affected the absolute majority of patrimony. The only exception, probably, can be considered the "old patrimony" of Ivanets Fedorov's son and Fedka Vasiliev's son of the Chmutov Mozovskys in the Resurrection Osechensky churchyard [5, l. 72-72ob.], as well as partially the parish of Mushino in the Bogoroditsky Udomelsky churchyard in the Poddubye. In the book of 1545, the wording at the beginning of the description of this parish indicates, rather, only the owners at the time of the description – Baksheets and Skurat Vasiliev Chepursins, as well as Yakov Dementiev's son Lunev [5, l. 271b.]. However, in the scribe book of 1498/99, Yakush and Peter Lunev are indicated rather as former owners [7, p. 175]. This allows us to assume that part of the parish of Mushino was preserved in the 1540s by the former owner Lunev. The ratio of townships of the pre-Moscow period and estates at the time of the description of the first half of the 1540s is reflected in Table 1. The results show a strong fragmentation of large townships into relatively small estates. Thus, the lands of the parish of Loshemlya Andrey Posokhnov in the Mikhailovsky Kostovsky churchyard were, at the time of the description of 1545, already 17 separate estates, listed as representatives of 8 different surnames, of which representatives of four surnames – relatives – owned adjacent plots. The Malinets parish of Nikita Gruzov was owned by Lagovchins and Lykovs in the 1540s. The villages of Kostya and Kezadro, which belonged to the Yurievs, were divided between five families of the Onikeyevs, five families of the Yurenevs, the Glotovs and the Ogalins; the Leganets parish of Ivan Yashinsky – between the Zagryazhskys, Lutovinins, Lodygins, Vatutins, Korsakovs; the Polyana parish of Fedor Yuryev – between the Kurtsovs, Paisovs, Korotnevs [8]. In general, the given quantitative indicators and observations on the dynamics of land ownership indicate the distribution of the territories of the large Novgorod patrimony from the last quarter of the XV to the 1540s into small estates of new service people, not comparable in size with the old volosts.
Thus, the use of geoinformation technologies made it possible to visualize data on Novgorod land ownership in the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina, to assess its size and the nature of rural settlement in the volosts. The conducted work has shown that GIS provides additional opportunities for the method of identifying ancestral ownership arrays used by V.L. Yanin in the study of the Novgorod feudal patrimony. The capabilities of the developed GIS project are of applied importance and can be used in historical and local history studies. Table 1. Novgorod landowners of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina (Tver half) on the eve of the annexation of Novgorod to the Moscow Grand Duchy and the division of their volosts into estates in Moscow time according to the scribe book of 1545 | № | Churchyard | Volostka | Estate owners | Number of us. p-tov according to the old letter | | 1 | Nikolsky on the Vyshny Volochok at the Pillar | Vasilevskaya Esipova da Lukinskaya Fedorova | Oleshka, Stepan, Mitka Goryainov are the children of Zavorov, their brother Neverka Timokhin is the son of Goryainov's son Zavorov | 10 | | 2 | Ivanovskaya Ivanov 's son Yaschinsky and Ivan Semenov 's son Solonsky | Oleshka, Stepan, Mitka Goryainov are the children of Zavorov, their brother Neverka Timokhin is the son of Goryainov's son Zavorov | 7 | | Maksimka, Nechayets, Ivanets, Tretyachok Olekseev's children of Yeremeyev | 1 | | 3 | Nikitinskaya Babkina | Maksimka, Nechayets, Ivanets, Tretyachok Olekseev's children of Yeremeyev | 6 |
| Kuzemka, Danilka, Vasyuk Borisov's children of Bachmanov | 1 | | Neklyudets, Tretyakov Vasiliev's children of Zentyev | 5 | | 4 | Nikita Gruzov and Semyon Ivanov Solonsky 's son | Istoma Semenov son of a Water Drinker | 7 | | 5 | Fast Matruninskaya Curves Esipovsky wives | Maria Nikitina Kolychev's wife, her children Yuri, Ivan, Ofonasy | 38 | | 6 | vladychnaya | Neklyudka Ivanov is the son of the Polish | 3 | | Vasyuk, Kuzemka, Mitka Ilyina Tatarinov's children | 1 | | 7 | Nikolsky Fast | Yashchin Ivan Ivanov son of Yashchinsky | Stepan Filipov is the son of Nechaev Rostovets | 14 |
| Kuzemka, Danilka, Vasyuk Borisov's children of Bachmanov | 7 | | Fedka Aleksandrov son of Pyzhov Otyaev | 3 | | 8 | Ivanovskaya Oleksandrova Durnovo Tear off the Head (Sorvirogov) | Mitya Yakovlev is Glebov's son, his brother Ivanets Stepanov is Glebov's son | 20 | | 9 | Yegoryevsky Mokryni | Stepanovskaya Shalima Kuptseva | Michal Nekrasov son of a Bitch | 10 | | 10 | Ivanovskaya and Semenovskaya Lisichnikov | Fedor Ondreev is the son of Kurchebin Litvinov Koptev | 9 | | 11 | Marfinskaya Vasilieva wives of Rostrigin | Ivanets, Vasyuk Ondreev's children Kurchebina Litvinova Kopteva | 28 | | 12 | Orininskaya Fedorova Khromovo Padinogin 's wife |
Ivanets, Vasyuk Ondreev's children Kurchebina Litvinova Kopteva | 1 | | 13 | Mishinskaya Yakimova | Mitya Ondreev Sofronov's son, his son Ivashka, Fedka, Ileyka Menshoy Vasilyev Sofronov's children | 10 | | 14 | Timofeevskaya and Kuzminskaya Freight | Ilya Bolshoy Vasiliev Sofronov 's son | 2 | | 15 | Yegoryevsky Chudiny | Matveevskaya Domozhirova | Onderets Aleksandrov son of Davydov | 5 | | Ivashka Mute Aleksandrov Davydov's son, his children Gorchak, Zlydennik | 4 | | Gridya Aleksandrov is Davydov's son, his son Vasyuk | 3 | | Savka Matveev Davydov 's son | 6 | | Sadyr, Tatar Korepanov children of Davydov | 7 | |
Mitya Aleksandrov is Davydov's son, his son is a Stutterer | 6 | | Istomka, Goryashka, Dokuka, Bogdanets Vasiliev's children of Davydov Chechetkin | 5 | | Mikhail, Dmitry Fedorov children of Sofronovsky | | | Sadyr, Tatar Korepanov children of Davydov | 1 | | 16 | Prokofievskaya Esipova, Nikitinskaya Dmitrieva and Bogdanovskaya Aleksandrova Kavskikh | Gridya Aleksandrov is Davydov's son, his son Vasyuk | | | 17 | Mikitinskaya Dmitrieva and Bogdanovskaya Aleksandrova Kavskikh | Ivashka Mute Aleksandrov Davydov's son, his children Gorchak, Zlydennik | 5 | | 18 | Ivanovskaya Bad Sorvirogova, Prokofia Esipova | Istomka, Goryashka, Dokuka, Bogdanets Vasiliev's children of Davydov Chechetkin | 1 | | Mitka, Fedka the Alexander children of Kotov | 4 | | 19 |
Voskresensky Osechensky | Ovsishcha Ivanovskaya Kuzmina, Volokha Puzhbalsky | Mikhail, Dmitry Fedorov children of Sofronovsky | 35 | | Marya Fedorova Melikov 's wife | 3 | | 20 | Bogdanovskaya Esipova | Michal, Stepanets, Rag Yakushov children of Posokhov | 12 | | 21 | Nikitinskaya Lavrentieva, Grigorievskaya and Ivanovskaya Kazimerova sestrichev | Mushroom, Fedka Zakharova children of Chepursin | 3 | | Nekraska Savin son of Chepursin | 6 | | Gridya, Petrusha, Serok Ivanov's children of Chepursin | 9 | | Baksheets, Skurat Vasiliev children of Chepursin | 6 | | 22 | Grigorievskaya and Ivanovskaya Kazimerova sestrichev and Nastasinskaya Ivanov 's wives Grigoriev |
Vasyuk Nikiforov son of Chepursin | 6 | | 23 | Nastasinskaya Ivanova Grigoriev 's wife | Ofonasy Ivanov is the son of the Polish | 11 | | 24 | Ivanets Fedorov son, Fedka Vasiliev son Chmutov Mozovsky | Ivanets Fedorov son, Fedka Vasiliev son of Chmutov Mozovskie | 11 | | 25 | Yegoryevsky Osechensky | Glubotska Vasilyevskaya Lukyanova | Boris, Sava, Borisov's children of Boborykin | 18 | | Baksheets, Skurat Vasiliev children of Chepursin | 2 | | Mikhail, Dmitry Fedorov children of Sofronovsky | 1 | | Gridya, Petrusha, Serok Ivanov's children of Chepursin | 3 | | Bulgak Ivanov son of Rostrubayev | 3 | | 26 |
Bogoroditsky Plavsky | Aleksandrovskaya Timofeeva | Yakush with the Second brother, Vasyuk, Bag, Ondrejets | 27 | | Tretyak, Semoy, Yushka Nekrasov, Oplechuyev's children | 10 | | Parfen Nekrasov son of Oplechuyev | 3 | | Ivashka Fedorov son Shablykin, his children Stepanets, Ondreets, Fedka | 9 | | Kirilka Tur, Mitka, Gridka Levontiev's children Dolgovo | 7 | | 27 | Spassky Klinetsky | Vasilyevskaya Zaitsova Wedge | Ondreyets Ondreev son of Boborykin | 10 | | Pozdeyets Borisov son of Boborykin | 10 | | Ivashka, Boriska, Mikhalets Semenov children of Boborykin | 7 | | Boris, Sava, Borisov's children of Boborykin |
1 | | Mitka, Ivanets Ivanov's children of Kuvshinov | 5 | | Nechyai Fedorov son of Paisov | 16 | | Mikhail Ondreev son of Boborykin | 4 | | Gnezdovo Vasilyevskaya Zaitsova | Petrushka Volodimerov Kuvshinov 's son | 7 | | Vasyuk Volodimerov Kuvshinov 's son | 5 | | 28 | Ivanovskaya Zaitsova Wedge | Filipets Ivanov son of Paisov | 5 | | Matveets, Griditsa, Ignatets Suryanin Ivanov's children of Paisov | 6 | | Kushnik, Ondreets Gavrilov's children of Paisov | 3 | | Timoshka Volodimerov Kuvshinov 's son | 4 |
| Istoma, Michal Markov's children of Yakovlya | 6 | | Vasyuk Nechaev son of Perepechin, Ivanets Semenov son of Perepechin | 5 | | 29 | Onaninskaya Perfurova | Yakush with the Second brother, Vasyuk, Bag, Ondrejets | 2 | | 30 | Bogdanovskaya Perfurova | Shishka Veshnyakov son of the Devil | 7 | | 31 | Ivanovskaya Yaschinsky | Yakush with the Second brother, Vasyuk, Bag, Ondrejets | 13 | | 32 | Bogoroditsky Dorsky | Dora Grigory Ovinov | Maksimka, Nechayets, Ivanets, Tretyachok Olekseev's children of Yeremeyev | 7 | | Mitka, Ivashka Stepanov Bykov's children | 3 |
| Kushnik Ivanov is the son of Bekleshov Pollinsky | 7 | | Nechayets Ivanov is the son of Bekleshov Pollinsky | 4 | | Stepanets Ivanov Timashev 's son | 4 | | 33 | Ostashkovo Ofrosininskaya chernitsyna Ivanova Lavrentiev 's wife | Mitka, Ivashka Stepanov Bykov's children | 3 | | Timoshka Ondreev Kuvshinov 's son | 6 | | Danilka Timofeev Kuvshinov 's son | 5 | | 34 | Nikolsky in Dorka | Dorka Vasilyevskaya Kuzmina | Ivashka, Luchka Nikiforov's children of Shadrin | 8 | | Ofonya Ivanov son of Shadrin | 5 | | Ondryushka, Filka, Ivashka Mikhailov's children Lopatin Shmatov |
11 | | Ondreets, Boriska Bogdanov children of Myakinin | 7 | | Fedka Nekrasov son of Voronov | 5 | | Vasilievskaya Kuzmina | Vasyuk Kozlov is the son of Kotov, his son is an Ondreyets | 3 | | Ivashka, Mitka, Rudak Vasilyev Ushakov's children | 4 | | 35 | Stuchevo Zakharinskaya Ovinova | Deniska, Menshik Vasiliev's children of Kandaurov | 12 | | Ivashka Likhachev Durov's son | 6 | | Olesha, the Family, Rudak Prokofiev's children Durov | 7 | | Mikshino Zakharinskaya Ovinova | Mitka Grigoriev son of Volyntsov | 22 | | Mikhail, Nikita Ugrimov children of the Devil |
9 | | Yushka, Mikhalets, Timoshka Ivanov's children of Ovtsyn | 3 | | 36 | Nikolsky Tolmachevsky | Vasilevskaya Esipova | Mikhail, Dmitry Fedorov children of Sofronovsky | 5 | | Tretyak, Semoy, Yushka Nekrasov, Oplechuyev's children | 5 | | 37 | Zabrusye Fedora Ignatievskaya Skomantov 's wife Ilyinskaya | Princess Ivanova, the son of Semyon Ivanovich Borisov Tebet Ulanovich | 79 | | 38 | Bogoroditsky in Zalazna | The Spassky Hutyn Monastery | Mikhail, Dmitry Fedorov children of Sofronovsky | 1 | | Nikita Ondreev son Sofronovsky, his son Ondreets | 5 | | Ivashka Fedorov son Zabelin | 4 |
| Mikhalets Fedorov son Zabelin | 12 | | 39 | Grigorievskaya Tuchina and Yvanovskaya Ofonasova Protasova | Nikita Ondreev son Sofronovsky, his son Ondreets | 6 | | Mikhail, Dmitry Fedorov children of Sofronovsky | 4 | | 40 | Vasilevskaya Esipova | Ondreets, Stepanets Istomins children of Oplechuyev | 1 | | 41 | Resurrection in the Wedge | Borisovskaya Ivanov 's son Morozov | Pervushka Gnevashov Tolmachev 's son | 4 | | Ondreets Yakovlev Tolmachev 's son | 7 | | Vaska, Crow, Postnik Tretyakov Tolmachev's children | 4 | | Sukhan Semenov's son Yurenets, his son Yakovets | 7 |
| Olesha Vasiliev Kandaurov 's son | 2 | | 42 | Zakharinskaya Ivanov 's son Morozov | Olesha Vasiliev Kandaurov 's son | | | Zaharka, The Bad Nekrasov children of Lukhovitin | 10 | | 43 | Aleksandrovskaya Fatyanova | Savka Markov son of Chepursin | 5 | | 44 | Ivanovskaya Ovinova | Deniska, Menshik Vasiliev's children of Kandaurov | 13 | | Tretyak Vasiliev Kandaurov 's son | 6 | | Olesha Vasiliev Kandaurov 's son | 4 | | 45 | Mikhailovsky Trestensky | Trostna Yakovlevskaya Fedorova |
Istoma Vasiliev Melikov's son, his children Poyarok, Chyulok | 17 | | Malice, Sabur, Ivanets, Petretz, Skuratets, Vasyuk Ivanov's children of Melikov | 6 | | Sharap Vasiliev Melikov 's son | 8 | | Kuzemka Posnikov son of Ansin | 7 | | Boloban, Filka Golovin children of Tobolin | 4 | | Goryain Yuriev Tobolin 's son | 6 | | Ignorant, Samgur Veshnyakov children of Tobolin | 7 | | Ivanets Shiryaev Tobolin 's son | 7 | | Ivanets, Kuzemka Mitina children of Khvatyrev | 12 | | Posnik, Ignoramus, Kurbat, the Fifth Fedorov's children of Khvatyrev | 5 | | 46 | Ivan Loshinsky 's Cane |
Ostania Grigoriev son of Sysoev | 11 | | Boris Grigoriev son of Sysoev | 7 | | Mikhalets, Garasimets, Ignatets Petrova Sysoev's children | 10 | | Ivashka Ugrimov Sysoev's son | 5 | | Semyon Vasiliev is Durasov's son, his children are Shandan, Rusynets, Menshik, Romanets | 12 | | Soltan, Kirinbey Ilyin's children of Durasov | 10 | | Ustyum Ondreev son of Sysoev | 4 | | Timoshka, Ramanets Makariev's children of Durasov | 10 | | 47 | Zholnino Ramenye Romanovskaya Okinfova | Yushka, Mikhalets, Timoshka Ivanov's children of Ovtsyn | 11 | | Kozel Kuzmin Ovtsin's son, his children Guryets, Stepanets | 8 |
| 48 | The other is Zholnino Ramenye Yakovlskaya Rodivonova son of Boetzky | Philip Grigoriev is the son of Yurenev, his son Ivanets | 3 | | Vasyuk Grigoriev is the son of Yurenev | 5 | | 49 | Ivanovo Guarantee | Zaruchek Yakovlevskaya Fedorova | Vasyuk Kozlov is the son of Kotov, his son is an Ondreyets | 4 | | Ivashka, Mitka, Rudak Vasilyev Ushakov's children | 3 | | Salmanets Grigoriev Totarinov 's son | 3 | | Vasyuk, Ondreets, Ivanets Stepanov children of Kotov | 6 | | Ostania Grigoriev son of Sysoev | 2 | | Ignorant, Samgur Veshnyakov children of Tobolin | | | 50 | Lyubchyun Yvanovskaya Zakharina son Ovinov |
Ivan Fedorov is the son of Kotov, his children Mitka, Tishka, Tretyachok | 9 | | Vasyuk, Ondreets, Ivanets Stepanov children of Kotov | 5 | | Salmanets Grigoriev Totarinov 's son | 1 | | Ivashka, Mitka, Rudak Vasilyev Ushakov's children | 3 | | Vasyuk Kozlov is the son of Kotov, his son is an Ondreyets | 3 | | Ponds Ivanovskaya Ovinova | Nechayets Ivanov is the son of Bekleshov Pollinsky | 6 | | Mikhail Ondreev son of Boborykin | 12 | | Orina Ivanova Boborykin's wife | 1 | | Gridya, Ondreets, Danilets, Ivanets Grigoriev children of Kotov | 11 | | Stepanets Tretyakov is the son of the Polish | 5 | | 51 |
Vasilievsky Kostretsky | Skirka Aleksandrovskaya Timofeeva | Ivan Grigoriev son of Usky | 17 | | 52 | Skirka Ofrosininskaya Ivanov Lavrentiev 's wives | Molchanets, Ivanets Yakovlev children of Brattsov, Yakush, Mikitka ofonasiev children of Brattsov | 19 | | Zakharya Fedorov is the son of Ansin, his children Ivanets, Yushka, Boriska, Mikhalets | 6 | | Rivitsa Ofrosininskaya Ivanov 's Lavrentiev 's wives | Posnik, Veshnyak, Yakovets Elizarov's children of Kutuzov | 7 | | Fedka, Yakovets, Matveets Matveev's children of Aleksandrov Kutuzov | 7 | | Zyk Vasiliev son of Kutuzov | 9 | | Zakharya Fedorov is the son of Ansin, his children Ivanets, Yushka, Boriska, Mikhalets | 14 | | Ivan Ofonasyev Korotnev's son, his children Bogdanets, Kushnik, Tretyachok, Senka, Fedka | | | 53 |
Kostret Ondreevskaya Posokhnova | Fyodor Prokofiev son of Vasaev, his children Mikhalets, Gridka, Ivanets, Ondreets | 8 | | Olesha Prokofiev Vasaev 's son | 3 | | Tretyachek Vasiliev is the son of Salamikov | 4 | | 54 | On Rivitsa in Lyady Grigoryevsky, Ivanovsky Kazimerov sestrichev | Ondreets Ivanov Timashev | 2 | | Ivan Ofonasyev Korotnev's son, his children Bogdanets, Kushnik, Tretyachok, Senka, Fedka | 7 | | 55 | Nikolsky Vorozhebsky | Divination Bogdanovskaya Yesipova | Fyodor Prokofiev son of Vasaev, his children Mikhalets, Gridka, Ivanets, Ondreets | | | Matveets, Ivanets, Fedka Prokofiev's children of Ogalin | 2 | | Ivan Ofonasyev Korotnev's son, his children Bogdanets, Kushnik, Tretyachok, Senka, Fedka | |
| Yakush, Mikhalets, Ivanets, Vasyuk Ivanov's children of Brattsov | 17 | | Mitka, Bezstuh Volodimerov's children of Paisov | 17 | | 56 | Nastasinskaya Ivanov 's wife Grigorieva | Nekras, Sharap Ondreev's children of the Polish | 7 | | Mikulka Yuriev is the son of the Polish | 12 | | Philip Fedorov son of Polluting, Petelka Grigoriev son of Polluting | 10 | | Yakov Ivanov son of Nechaev | 2 | | 57 | Yakovlskaya Kirilova | Mordvin Molchanov is Rodichev 's son | 3 | | Mitka Molchanov is Rodichev 's son | 8 | | Bogdanets Ivanov son of Rodichev | 3 | | 58 |
Bogoroditsky in Zamutye | Zamutye Ofrosininskaya Ivanovskiye wives Lavrentieva | Vasyuk Vasiliev son of Ansin | 6 | | Zakharya Fedorov is the son of Ansin, his children Ivanets, Yushka, Boriska, Mikhalets | 7 | | Bogdanets, Senka, Stepanets Nekrasov children of Voronov | 8 | | Ivanets Sidorov son of Voronov | 9 | | Tretyak Fedorov son of Ansin | 5 | | Inyuta Fedorov son of Ansin, his son Semenets | 5 | | Ivanets, Tretyakov, Yakovets Vasiliev's children of Ansin | 8 | | Ivanets, Istomka Ivanov's children of Ansin | 9 | | 59 | Petrovsky Tikhvin | Gryazivets Nikitinskaya Lavrentieva | Ivashka Fedorov is the son of Shablykin, his children are Stepanets, Ondreets, Fedka |
6 | | Tretyak Fedorov son of Ansin | 1 | | Inyuta Fedorov son of Ansin, his son Semenets | 1 | | Tretyak Borisov son of Boborykin | 20 | | Mikiforets, Ivanets Prokofiev children of Ivonin Lagovchina | 5 | | Zakhar Dmitriev son of Ivonin Lagovchin | 3 | | Yushka Ivanov son of Tyrkov | 1 | | 60 | Yvanovskaya Zakharina son Ovinov | Ivashka, Boriska, Mikhalets Semenov children of Boborykin | 5 | | Nechyai Fedorov son of Paisov | 1 | | Matveets, Griditsa, Ignatets Suryanin Ivanov Paisov's children | 4 | | Kushnik, Ondreets Gavrilov's children of Paisov |
2 | | Yushka Ofonasyev Likhachev 's son | 1 | | Mikhalets Ofonasyev Likhachev 's son | 4 | | 61 | The monastery 's arcade | Boris, Sava, Borisov's children of Boborykin | 1 | | Danilets Nechaev is the son of Pereshevnikov | 7 | | Fyodor Denisyev is the son of Pereshevnikov | 8 | | Vasyuk, Boriska, Stepanets Petrova Elizarov's children | 8 | | Stanislav, Zania. Bulatets, Poyarok Kozlov children of Tyrkov | 7 | | 62 | The monastery 's arcade, Tikhvina Vasilyevskaya Kuzmina | Yushka Ivanov son of Tyrkov | 6 | | 63 | Tikhvina Vasilyevskaya Kuzmina |
Boris, Sava, Borisov's children of Boborykin | 1 | | 64 | Aleksandrovskaya Timofeeva | Ileyka Levontiev Paisov 's son | 6 | | Vasyuk Levontyev son of Paisov | 3 | | 65 | Nikolsky Udomelsky | Boyar region Fedorovskaya Yurieva | Grisha, Yakush Vasilyev and Yurenev's children | 9 | | Mikhalets, Ondreets, the Fifth Kochyurov's children of Yurenev | 13 | | Ignat Neklyudov Yurenev 's son | 7 | | Parfenka Demidov son of Yurenev | 6 | | Stepanets Ivanov Kolachev 's son | 7 | | Nechayets, I hear, Ofonka, Kryk, Ondreets Ivanov Kolachev's children |
8 | | Olesha Yakovlev is the son of Posokhov, his children Ivanets, Ondreets, Mitka | 16 | | 66 | Bogoroditsky in Poddubye Udomelsky | Mushino | Baksheets, Skurat Vasiliev children of Chepursin | 6 | | Yakov Dementiev Lunev 's son | 43 | | 67 | Yegoryevsky Udomelsky | At the Congress of Olferevskaya, Ivanovskaya, Markova novotorzhtsov | Danilets Samoilov is Brattsov 's son | 5 | | Vasyuk Samoilov is Brattsov 's son | 4 | | 68 | Kuzminskaya Klementyeva | Vopchy Ignatiev son of Philistov, Levka Yakovlev son of Philistov | 6 | | Nesmeyan, Senka Nechaev, Filistov's children | 8 |
| 69 | Ivanovskaya Yakimova novotorzhtsova Kuptsova | Mikitka, Petretz, Matveets Mikhailovich Ushakov's children | 5 | | 70 | Udomelsky Yegoryevsky in Ylov | Vasilievskaya Kuzmina | Nesmeyan, Senka Nechaev, Filistov's children | 1 | | Yakovets, Fedka Zlobina, Yeganov's children | 3 | | Vopchy Ignatiev son of Philistov, Levka Yakovlev son of Philistov | 2 | | Ondreets Borisov son of Yeganov, his children Ivanets, Tretyachok | 5 | | Olesha, Ofonya Mikhaleva children of Kornilov Vzvorykin | 3 | | 71 | Grigorievskaya and Semenovskaya Podsechenskikh | Temir, Alekseyets, Vasyuk Mikhailov's children of Machekhin | 5 | | Vasyuk Samoilov is Brattsov 's son |
1 | | Ondreets, Ignatets Samoylov Bratsov's children | 7 | | 72 | Pokrovsky in Poddubye Udomelsky | Poddubye Fedorovskaya Yurieva | First, China Volodimerov's children of Paisov | 21 | | 73 | Zalesie Lukinskaya Fedorova | Ivan Ivanov is the son of Nechaev, his children are Nechaets, Gridka | 4 | | Yakov Aleksandrov is the son of Pyzhov Otyaev, his children Vasily, Ondrey, Grigorey, Stepan, Mikita | 27 | | Yakov Ivanov son of Nechaev | 10 | | Ivanets Fedorov son of Nechaev | 8 | | 74 | Nikolsky in Poddubye Udomelsky | Ivan Yaschinsky 's Evanovo | Ivan Ivanov is the son of Nechaev, his children are Nechaets, Gridka | 9 |
| Senka Matveev son of Molotein, his children Fedka, Nechayka, Demka, Skuratets | 10 | | 75 | Nikolsky Moldinsky | Polyana Ivanovskaya Kuzmina | Kushnik Petrov Kurtsov 's son | 13 | | Ivan Ofonasyev Korotnev's son, his children Bogdanets, Kushnik, Tretyachok, Senka, Fedka | 12 | | Filipets Fedorov Korotnev 's son | 10 | | 76 | Perkhovo Mikhailovskaya Medvedeva | Gavrila, Tretyak Volodimerov's children of Paisov | 20 | | 77 | Vasilievskaya Kuzmina | Pozdey Grigoriev son of Karsakov | 13 | | Stepanets, Zyk Ivanov children Efimyanova Vyalishchina | 11 | | 78 | Legonets Ivanovskaya Yaschinsky |
Kurbat Ivanov is the son of the Polish | 5 | | Malice Ondreev the son of the Polluted | 9 | | Mikiforets Yuryev the son of the Polluted | 11 | | Neklyudka Ivanov is the son of the Polish | 5 | | The fifth Ivanov is the son of the Polish | 6 | | Pozdyak Semenov Lutovinin's son | 8 | | Gridya Fedorov Lodygin 's son | 5 | | 79 | Ogrofenina Mikhailovskaya Medvedev | Timoshka Grigoriev Lodygin's son | 4 | | Gridka, Mitka Ivanov's children Vatutin | 6 | | 80 | Pokrovsky Polyansky | Polyana Vasilyevskaya Kuzmina |
Semenets, Nikitka Zakharyina Kulikov's children | 9 | | Timoshka Yartsov Kulikov 's son | 6 | | Ivanets, Bogdanets Ostafyev Kulikov's children | 10 | | Kuzemka Dmitriev Lutkovsky 's son | 1 | | Nechayets, I hear, Ofonka, Kryk, Ondreets Ivanov Kolachev's children | 22 | | 81 | Yegoryevsky Mlevsky | Berezovets Kuzminskaya Yakovlya son of Wangin | Ondreets Nikiforov son of Kryukov Glebov | 9 | | Usky, Mikhalets Vasiliev's children of Thin | 1 | | Vasyuk, Yushka Suvorov children of Glebov | 1 | | Petrusha Ofonasyev son of Selyankin | 1 | | Ivashka Levontyev Glebov 's son |
1 | | 82 | Luka Nikiforovskaya Khmeleva | Bogdanets Mikhailov son of Posokhov | 5 | | Usky, Mikhalets Vasiliev 's children of Thin | 14 | | Kurbatets, Skuratets Kurapov children of Simansky | 5 | | Mikhalets Dmitriev Shcherbinin 's son | 7 | | Ugrimets, Petrets Podosenov children of Shcherbinin | 6 | | Petretz, Yushka Filipov, Yesyukov's children | 10 | | Ivashka, Timoshka, Tretyachok Yuriev children Zavalishina | 4 | | 83 | Ivashkovskaya Maximova Golovkova, Yakushkinskaya Stepanova | Bulgak Ivanov son of Rostrubayev | 5 | | Fedka, Ivanka Mikhailova posadnich's children |
2 | | Alekseyets Ivanov son of Rostrubaev | 6 | | 84 | Posterior Mushroom Ivanovskaya Kostyantinova | Shiryaets, Vasyuk, Stepanets Ivanov's children of Neelov | 8 | | Stepanets Shansha Danilov son of Vereitinov | 6 | | Petrusha, Ivashka Fedorov children of Kaliteyevsky Kuchetsky | 1 | | The fifth Ivanov is Onikeyev's son, his son is Ondreyets | 1 | | Rider Nekrasov Onikeev 's son | 7 | | Mitka Semenov is the son of Yurenev | 1 | | 85 | Kostyantinovskaya Grebensky | The fifth Ivanov is Onikeyev's son, his son is Ondreyets | 10 | | Rider Nekrasov Onikeev 's son |
7 | | 86 | Magi Maryinskaya Grigoriev wife Tuchin | Mushroom, Fedka Zakharova children of Chepursin | 3 | | Ivanets, Ofonka Oboltina Danilov's children | 4 | | Yakov Aleksandrov is the son of Pyzhov Otyaev, his children Vasily, Ondrey, Grigorey, Stepan, Mikita | 1 | | Mitka Semenov is the son of Yurenev | 6 | | 87 | Bryakovo Nikitinskaya Cargo | Mitka, Ivanets, Vasyuk Semenov, Kandaurov's children, Gridina's wife, Matveyets Gridina's son | 8 | | Nikitinskaya Cargo | Grigory Ivanov Bashmakov 's son | 8 | | Ivanets Ivanov son of Bashmakov | 9 | | Fedka Aleksandrov son of Pyzhov Otyaev | 2 |
| 88 | Ileykinskaya Ivanova da Ofoninskaya Onanyina Maly | Vasyuk, Yushka Suvorov children of Glebov | 6 | | Ivashka Levontyev Glebov 's son | 5 | | 89 | Nikitinskaya Stepanova Golovkova | Vasyuk, Kuzemka, Mitka Ilyina Tatarinov's children | 9 | | 90 | Luke Klementyev | Neklyudets, Tretyakov Vasiliev's children of Zentyev | 1 | | Kuzemka, Danilka, Vasyuk Borisov's children of Bachmanov | 11 | | 91 | Ivanovskaya Oleksandrova Durnovo Tear Off The Head | Mitya Yakovlev is Glebov's son, his brother Ivanets Stepanov is Glebov's son | 3 | | 92 | Vasilevskaya Maksimova, Maryinskaya girls Mikhailova daughters of Ustimov | Ivashka Likhachev Durov's son |
2 | | Yakov Aleksandrov is the son of Pyzhov Otyaev, his children Vasily, Ondrey, Grigorey, Stepan, Mikita | 6 | | 93 | Marfinskaya Vasilyeva Rozstrigin 's wife | Yakov Aleksandrov is the son of Pyzhov Otyaev, his children Vasily, Ondrey, Grigorey, Stepan, Mikita | 14 | | Fedka Aleksandrov son of Pyzhov Otyaev | 4 | | Osan Aleksandrov is the son of Pyzhov Otyaev | 2 | | 94 | Dmitrievsky because of the Revenge on Viru | Kuzminskaya Esipova | Fedka Aleksandrov son of Pyzhov Otyaev | 3 | | Osan Aleksandrov is the son of Pyzhov Otyaev | 6 | | Nikiforets Aleksandrov son of Pyzhov Otyaev | 6 | | 95 | Spassky Mlevsky |
Stepurinskaya Romanova | Vasyuk, Kuzemka, Mitka Ilyina Tatarinov's children | 1 | | The fifth Ivanov is Onikeyev's son, his son is Ondreyets | 1 | | Olesha, the Family, Rudak Prokofiev's children Durov | 13 | | Ivashka, Timoshka, Tretyachok Yuriev children Zavalishina | 6 | | Vasyuk Grigoriev son of Durov | 3 | | 96 | Nikolsky Rayevsky | Ivanovskaya Esipova Goroshkova | Anna Ivanova is the wife of a large Meshchersky, their son Vasily | 19 | | In a Wedge in Volotin Ivanovskaya Esipova Goroshkova | Ivan the Warrior Prince Vasiliev son of Meshchersky | 19 | | In the Wedge in Pavlovo Ivanovskaya Esipova Goroshkova | Temir, Alekseyets, Vasyuk Mikhailov's children of Machekhin | 6 |
| Ugrimets Mikhailov is the son of Semyonsky, his son is an Oleksianist without a path | 1 | | Vasyuk, Gridya Fedorov's children of Stepmother | 4 | | 97 | Bogoroditsky Rybensky | Dorka Anninskaya Savelyev 's wives | Fyodor Prince Vasiliev son of Meshchersky | 11 | | Anninskaya Savelyeva village | Vasily Ondreev Savelyev's son | 42 | | 98 | Gzhatskaya Bogdana Esipova, Ofrosinya Ivanovsky wives of Lavrentiev, Mikhail Tuchin | Anna Ivanova is the wife of a large Meshchersky, their son Vasily | 5 | | Fyodor Prince Vasiliev son of Meshchersky | 5 | | Volodimer Prince Vasiliev son of Meshchersky | 9 | | 99 | Rybenskaya Timofeevskaya Ostafieva son Cargo |
Mordvin Molchanov is Rodichev 's son | 2 | | Ivan Yuryev is the son of Obutkov, his son is Ondreets Bolshoy, Bulgachek, Danilka, Fedka | 6 | | Ondreets Borisov son of Yeganov, his children Ivanets, Tretyakov | 3 | | Olfer, Matveyka Istomina Yaganov's children | 7 | | Stepanets Ignatiev Zabelin 's son | 3 | | Armenin Molchyanov son of Rodichev | 2 | | 100 | Olferevskaya Ivanov 's son Ofonasov | Grigory Mikhailov Brattsov 's son | 18 | | 101 | Orininskaya Fedorova is the wife of the Lame Padinogin | Ivashka, Senka Petrova children of Tolstovo | 6 | | Dog, Hare, Fedka, Vasyuk, Piece of Leontiev Baimakov's children | 19 | | 102 |
Bogoroditsky Topalsky | Zagorodye Olferevskaya da Mikhailova Gaginykh | Bogdanets Ivanov son of Rodichev | 3 | | Matveets, Ivanets, Fedka Prokofiev's children of Ogalin | 3 | | Ondreets Grigoriev son of Zagubin Rodichev, his children Maksak, Oxentiy | 11 | | Vasyuk, Timoshka Tretyakov, Rodichev's children | 7 | | 103 | Mikhailovsky Kostovsky | Kostya Lukinskaya Fedorova | Fedka Ilyin Yurenev 's son | 8 | | Kosopets, Isachka Shiryaev, Yurenev's children | 3 | | Mitka Semenov is the son of Yurenev | 3 | | Burets Semenov son of Yurenev | 5 | | Nemirets, Kurcheba, Dobrynya, Yakush Ivanov's children of Glotov | 6 |
| Postnik, Mitka, Ondreets Ivanov's children of Ogalin | 10 | | 104 | Kostya Yakovlskaya Fedorova | Yakush Isupov Onikeev's son | 7 | | Timoshka Isupov Onikeev 's son | 8 | | Neklyudka Isupov Onikeyev 's son | 7 | | Senka Fedorov Onikeev's son, his son Vasyuk | 5 | | Petretz Ivanov son of Onikeev | 7 | | Kezodro Yakovlskaya Fedorova | Petrusha Ignatiev son of Yurenev | 23 | | 105 | Malinets Mikitinskaya Cargo | Ivanets Vasiliev son of Lagovchin | 10 | | Sumgur, Sava, Tair Grigoriev children of Laptev, Vasyuk, Okhmatets, Ileyka Sumorokov children of Laptev |
5 | | 106 | Phovo Oksininskaya Mikitina Esipov 's wife | Ivashka, Senka Petrova children Tolstovo | 10 | | 107 | Yakovlskaya Tyukhina | Bogdanets, Ivanets, Gridka, Vasyuk Zakhar's children Lukhovitina | 3 | | Ignatets, Tretyakov Gordeev children of Shablykin | 5 | | 108 | Loschemlya Ondreevskaya Posokhnova | Sapun Ivanov is the son of Rostrubayev, his son Vasyuk | 4 | | Surovets, Ivanets Nevzorov Vasaev's children | 4 | | Olesha Prokofiev Vasaev 's son | 7 | | Veriga Ivanov is the son of Semyonsky, Boris Mikhailov is the son of Semyonsky | 9 | | Ondreets Salmanov Semyonsky 's son | 5 |
| Ugrimets Mikhailov is the son of Semyonsky, his son is an Oleksianist without a path | 5 | | Veriga, Ondreets Izmailov children of Shatilov | 8 | | Mikitka, Timoshka, Fedka, Matveets Stepanov's children Shatilova Shubina | 7 | | Ivanets Ileyka Vasilyev Vasaev's children | 7 | | Fedka Bryev Obudkov's son, his children Sergeyka, Istomka, Fedka, Family, Gridka, Family man | 8 | | Kuzemka Fedorov Kolyagin's son, his children Mikhalets, Ivashka Omena, Fedka Bolshoy, his children Utesh, Ignatets | 14 | | Ivanka, Mitka Matveev, Molotein's children | 14 | | Bogdanets, Osmanets Vasilyev Obutkov's children | 6 | | Zamyatnya Ondreev son of Molotein | 8 | | Ivan Yuryev is the son of Obutkov, his son is Ondreets Bolshoy, Bulgachek, Danilka, Fedka | 8 | | Ulyana Ondreevskaya Semyonsky 's wife |
2 | | Senka Matveev son of Molotein, his children Fedka, Nechayka, Demka, Skuratets | 12 | | 109 | Lutoshinskaya Polzikova | Fedka, Ivanka Mikhatslov children of Posadnich | 13 | | Ivanka Grigoriev Posadnich 's son | 5 | | Mitya, Ivanka, Matveyka Grigorieva Posadnich's children | 3 | | Petrusha Ogafonov Cherkasov 's son | 5 | | 110 | Pokrovsky in Sorogoshin | Okinfa Bellied | Postnik Danilov the son of Iretsky | 10 | | Isup, Goryain Grigoriev children of Yazykov | 14 | | Boriska, Grishka Matveev children of Tolstoy | 8 |
| Gnevash, Nevzor, Ryumitsa, Ignoramus, Mikhalets Ilyina Ushakov's children | 8 | | Mikitka, Petretz, Matveets Mikhailovich Ushakov's children | 7 | | Lukerya Sumorokova Ushakov's wife | 2 | | Ivashka, Senka Petrova children Tolstovo | 6 | | 111 | Tyukhini Ivanovskaya Esipova | Vopchy Ignatiev son of Philistov, Levka Yakovlev son of Philistov | 1 | | Neklyudka Isupov son of Onikeyev | 5 | | Timoshka Isupov Onikeev 's son | 1 | | Bogdanets, Ivanets, Gridka, Vasyuk Zakhar's children Lukhovitina | 4 | | Ignatets, Tretyakov Gordeev children of Shablykin | 12 | | Ivashka Dmitriev Rezantsov 's son | 2 |
| 112 | Zalyubye Bogdanovskaya Esipova | Nemyatoy Dechkov son of Baymakov | 4 | | Sumgur, Sava, Tair Grigoriev children of Laptev, Vasyuk, Okhmatets, Ileyka Sumorokov children of Laptev | 17 | | 113 | Zaschizhye Ivantsov Ontsyforov children Oparin | Mikitka, Petretz, Matveets Mikhailovich Ushakov's children | 5 | | Sumgur, Sava, Tair Grigoriev children of Laptev, Vasyuk, Okhmatets, Ileyka Sumorokov children of Laptev | 3 | | Olesha, Ofonya Mikhaleva children of Kornilov Vzvorykin | 10 | | 114 | Zaschizhye Kirillovskaya Bosovolkova and Yudinskaya Klementyev | Nechayka, Fedka Nekrasov's children of Nechaev | 9 | | Vasyuk Mikhailov son of Kornilov | 9 | | 115 | Zashchizhye Oleshkov, Kuzemkin, Ivashkov Mitya's children Maximov svoezemtsov |
Semoy Ivanov Bachmanov 's son | 6 | | Senka, Tikhonets Ondreev's children of Kurlakov | 1 | | 116 | David Filipov's Zashchizhskaya, Ivan Zakharin's son Ovinov, Ivan Ontsyforov's son Oparin, Alexander Fatyanov, Ofonas Ivanov | Isak Kuzmin son of the Brakes | 6 | | Prokosh Semenov is the son of Tormosov | 8 | | 117 | Ondreevskaya Posokhnova | Ofonya Ivanov son of Parsky | 9 | | 118 | Zarechye Yakimovskaya Onanyina | Gnevash, Nevzor, Ryumitsa, Ignoramus, Mikhalets Ilyina Ushakov's children | 18 | | Ivashka, Yushka Istomin Onikeyev's children | 6 | | Ivanets, Kazarinets, Tugarinets Kobyakov children of Redrov | 1 | | 119 | Nikolsky Smerdynsky |
Ondreevskaya Posokhnova | Ugrimets, Timoshka, Gridya, Ivashka, Ofonya, Matyushka Mikitina Rostovtsov's children | 16 | | Postnik, Ondreets, Mitka Ivanov's children of Ogalin | 11 | | Aleksey Yuryev Sverbeev 's son | 8 | | Yakush Mikhailov son of Posokhov | 9 | | Timoshka Ivanov son of Kultukhozin | 7 | | Mikhalets Ostafyev Rostovtsov 's son | 9 | | 120 | Obretino Bogdanovskaya Esipova | Senka, Tikhonets Ondreev's children of Kurlakov | 6 | | Neklyudka Levontyev Glebov 's son | 7 | | Neupokoets, Tikhonets, the Alexander children of Sokolovsky | 3 | | Fedka Denisov Kurlakov's son |
References
1. Abramovich, G.V. (1971). Бежецкая пятина [Bezhetskaya Pyatina]. Agrarian history of the North-West of Russia (pp. 227-250). Leningrad.
2. Abramovich, G.V. (1974). Бежецкая пятина [Bezhetskaya Pyatina]. Agrarian history of the North-West of Russia of the 16th century (pp. 184-240). Leningrad.
3. Bassalygo, L.A. (2009). Перечень сведенных новгородских землевладельцев [List of removed Novgorod landowners]. Scribe books of the Novgorod land, 6, pp. 204-340.
4. Bentsianov, M.M. (2000). Дети боярские «наугородские помещики». Новгородская служилая корпорация в конце XV – середине XVI в. [Boyar Children "Naugorodskie pomeschiki". Novgorod Serve Corporation in the late XV - mid XVI centuries]. Problems of the history of Russia (pp. 241-277). Yekaterinburg, 3.
5. Книга 1545 г. [Book of 1545] (1910). Novgorod scribe books published by the Imperial Archaeographc Commission (Stb. 35-564.). St. Petersburg, 6: Books of Bezhetskaya Pyatina.
6. Nevolin K.A. (1853). О пятинах и погостах новгородских в XVI веке, с приложением карты [On the pyatins and churchyards of Novgorod in the 16th century, with the attachment of a map]. Note of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. Book VIII. St. Petersburg.
7. Писцовая книга Бежецкой пятины письма Василия Григорьевича Наумова и Семена Захарьина сына Дятлова [Scribe book of Bezhetskaya pyatina of a letter from Vasily Grigorievich Naumov and Semyon Zakharyin, son of Dyatlov] (1999). Scribe books of the Novgorod land, 1, 145-239.
8. Stepanova Iu.V., Gavrilov P.V. Localization of pariches of Tverskaya half of Bezhetskaya Pyatina according to the cadastre book of 1545. Electronic scientific and educational journal "History." 2020, 11, 9(95). DOI: 10.18254/S207987840012427-8
9. Stepanova Y. V.,, Gavrilov P.V., Kutakov S.S. (2021). Владычная волость Удомля в Бежецкой пятине Новгородской земли в конце XV – первой половине XVI в.: историко-географическая реконструкция в ГИС. [Archbishop volost Udomlya in the Bezhetskaya pyatina of the Novgorod land in the late 15th - first half of the 16th century: historical and geographical reconstruction in GIS]. Genesis: historical research,12, 332-345. DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2021.12.36128
10. Stepanova Yu.V., Frolov A.A., Gavrilov P.V., Savinova A.I. (2021). Писцовая книга Тверской половины Бежецкой пятины 1545 г.: публикация источника в среде веб-гис [Scribe book of the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina in 1545: publication of a source in the web gis environment]. Historical informatics, 4, 87-103. DOI: 10.7256/2585-7797.2021.4.37030
11. Frolov, A.A. (2008). Новый взгляд на территориально-административную систему земель Господина Великого Новгорода [New look at the territorial and administrative system of the lands of Veliky Novgorod]. Novgorod historical collection, 11(21), 151-165.
12. Frolov, A.A. (2009). Территориально-административная система сельских территорий Новгородской земли в X-XVII веках [Territorial and administrative system of rural areas of Novgorod land in the X-XVII centuries]. Bulletin of Tver State University. Series: History, 1, 79-89.
13. Yanin, V.L. (1981). Новгородская феодальная вотчина [Novgorod feudal votchina]. Moscow.
14. Yanin, V.L. (2008). Очерки истории средневекового Новгорода [Essays on the history of medieval Novgorod]. Moscow.
Peer Review
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Land ownership in the Tver half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina at the end of the period of Novgorod's independence: localization in GIS // Historical Informatics. Against the background of modern events, the appeal of the author of the reviewed article to the medieval history of Russia may seem irrelevant to someone. However, the text, firstly, highlights the socio-economic changes in one of the central regions of the country, and secondly, demonstrates the latest technologies of historical research. The relevance cannot be questioned, as the article shows the almost inexhaustible possibilities of using new technologies. A good historiographical review is given, from which the objectives of the article follow: "the geographical parameters of Novgorod land ownership, including its location, composition and size, population and features of rural settlement in this territory, are poorly studied. This article presents the results of studying these aspects." The tasks were solved using new digital capabilities using GIS technologies. The article describes in detail the sources involved in historical geography, including the scribe's book of 1545, which contains information about the population, the boundaries of churchyards, the owners of land (40 churchyards, 4 volosts and volosts and 5 settlements). This is more than 3,466 villages, 1,403 repairs – a total of 4,915 points). Comparing these data without the use of technical means is probably impossible and will take many years. The author emphasizes that "scribal materials of the late XV – XVI centuries. [...] they allow for the historical and geographical reconstruction of Novgorod land ownership [...] on the eve of Novgorod's transition to Moscow's rule." The explanatory part of the article reveals the internal order of the study, its features and results. To characterize the study, it is very important to reflect a number of intermediate results and the use of GIS technologies. Reconstruction of unified family territories according to the description of 1545 The Tverskoy half of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina confirms V.L. Yanin's conclusions made earlier. An analysis of the location of settlements shows their proximity to large rivers and lakes that were developed in ancient times. After the Novgorod Republic became part of the Moscow state, the territories of the volosts were divided among the serving landowners of the Moscow state in the first half of the XVI century. Confiscation affected the absolute majority of large Novgorod patrimony. The main conclusion of the article is that "GIS provides additional opportunities for the method of identifying generic ownership arrays." For further research on demography and landholdings, a large table on the Novgorod landowners of the Bezhetskaya Pyatina on the eve of joining the Moscow Grand Duchy is useful. The work is decorated with maps compiled using GIS technologies. The author's thesis that "the capabilities of the developed GIS project are of applied importance and can be used in historical and local history research" is confirmed by one of the publications from the bibliographic list in the electronic scientific and educational journal "History". The bibliographic list reflects scientific research since the second half of the XIX century, but mainly in recent years, which makes the study relevant. I recommend the article for publication.
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