Abstract: The purpose of this article is to study the history of collecting and researching the folklore of the Bashkirs of the Russian Federation, which occupies an important place in the spiritual heritage of the people. In Bashkirology, a number of articles are devoted to the historiography of Bashkir folklore, there are observations on the collection and study of folklore of a particular region in review articles about materials collected during expeditions, but there is no special study on the history of the collection and study of folklore of the Bashkirs of the Russian Federation. The subject of this research is information about the collection and research of folklore of Bashkirs compactly living in different regions away from the mother ethnic group, various studies that mention the folklore of Bashkirs of a particular region, as well as field studies of modern folklorists in the studied regions. At the stage of data collection and initial evaluation of the material, the bibliographic method was used. The methodology of end-to-end research of essay literature, journals covering the time period of the XIX and the first quarter of the XXI century was used. The methodological basis of the article is the works of domestic, including Bashkir, researchers-predecessors in the field of the history of folklore studies. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time in one study, information was collected about the collection and study of folklore of Bashkirs compactly living in seven regions of the Russian Federation. The chronological sequence traces the history of the recording of Bashkir folklore outside the Republic of Bashkortostan. It is noted that the collection and study of Bashkir folklore acquires a relatively noticeable scope and in Soviet times becomes a matter of state from the case of individual enthusiasts-amateurs, put on a solid scientific basis; the great importance of academic expeditions is emphasized. The study showed that the richness of Bashkir folklore is distinguished by the Orenburg, Kurgan, Chelyabinsk regions, that the folklore of the Chelyabinsk Bashkirs turned out to be the most studied.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69084

Abstract: The article describes how and in what ways the largest religious group of the Russian Empire — the Old Believers – mastered the northern territory of the European part of Russia. The archives and materials of the well-known narodnik-religious scholar A. S. Prugavin (1850-1920) act as a source of information. In general, A. S. Prugavin's approach to the perception of the Old Believers did not differ from the traditional narodnik one, when this social community was considered a group ready for protest and struggle with the authorities, which only needed to be properly directed. But after being exiled to the European North (Arkhangelsk province), the researcher realized how much the intelligentsia and public figures were mistaken about the understanding of the common people, and changed his attitude to the Old Believers. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and system analysis of available sources. In particular, the author considered the journalism of A.S. Prugavin through archival materials preserved in the personal fund. The peculiarity of A. S. Prugavin's approach was a global rather than selective immersion in the topic. The religious scholar not only developed a "Program for collecting information about religious movements in the Russian people," he followed it himself and called for a similar approach by others. He often personally contacted religious groups and received information through personal observations and subsequent correspondence with representatives of Old Believers and sectarianism. That is why the Old Believers were perceived not only as a group that was isolated on a spiritual basis, but also as a significant part of the Russian people. The religious scholar came to the conclusion that the socio-economic role of the Old Believers in the peasant environment (contribution to education and economic development) is underestimated, whereas this experience could become a model for the development of the northern village, in search of which there were representatives of various socio-political groups.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69215

Abstract: The article is devoted to the military biography of the participant of the First World War, the civil war in Siberia, the governor of the Tomsk province during the reign of Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak, the organizer of the Yakut campaign and the chief of defense of the Okhotsk district of the Siberian Volunteer squad, Captain Boris Mikhailovich Mikhailovsky, whose biography is currently incomplete and focuses on the events when B. M. Mikhailovsky held the position of manager The province. Meanwhile, all that is known about B. M. Mikhailovsky as the chief of defense of the Okhotsk district of the Siberian Volunteer squad is that he disobeyed the order of the commander of the squad A. N. Pepelyaev on the transfer of civil power to representatives in Okhotsk and usurped power in the Okhotsk region. The work was carried out in compliance with the basic scientific principles of objectivity, historicism and multifactoriality. Within the framework of the problems of intellectual history, it is considered justified to apply an approach based on microhistoric analysis. The author pays special attention to the period of Mikhailovsky's participation in the organization and implementation of Lieutenant General Pepelyaev's campaign in Yakutia, as a poorly illuminated area in the biography of a white officer. Documents from the National Archive of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are introduced into scientific circulation, which contain orders, proclamations, letters from participants in the events of 1922-1923. Special attention is paid to the situation of the city of Okhotsk during the civil war in Yakutia, the cold confrontation between Mikhailovsky, as a representative of the Siberian Volunteer Squad and the Provisional Yakut Regional People's Government. The author concludes that Captain Mikhailovsky was not the last officer in the Civil War and the Yakut campaign, and played an important role in the events under consideration. This work is important for a comprehensive and objective coverage of the events of the civil war in Russia, filling in the white spots in the biography of Mikhailovsky, who is widely known as the governor of the Tomsk province during the Kolchak government, but remains unknown during the years of the campaign of the squad in Yakutia, one of the organizers of which he was. In addition, this work allows you to get to know Lieutenant General Pepelyaev's entourage better through studying his associates. The article is a continuation of the study of the biography of the command staff of the Siberian Volunteer squad.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69186

Abstract: The object of the study is cultural genesis in the Southern Urals in the Late Middle Ages and Modern Times. The subject of the study is the factors influencing its development, which are considered through the prism of studying the archaeological material obtained during reconnaissance work on the monuments of the XVI – early XX centuries. This problem was not the object of special study. At the same time, its solution, on the one hand, fills in the gaps in the analysis of the processes of cultural genesis in the region as a whole, and on the other hand, contributes to the study of the peculiarities of the ethnocultural development of individual ethnic groups living here in the past. The theoretical basis of the research is the researches of Russian scientists in the field of cultural genesis, containing conceptual and theoretical developments. The information base of the study was the factual material on the problem under study, obtained during archaeological research on the territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan, including by the author himself, interdisciplinary and systematic approaches were used in the work for a comprehensive analysis of the designated problem, theoretical modeling, generalization, comparative historical, comparative typological methods were also used in the work. The scientific novelty of the study is due to the fact that for the first time the factors of cultural development in the Southern Urals in the Late Middle Ages and Modern Times were systematized and analyzed, which were considered in the context of the archaeological direction of cultural genesis research. It was revealed that the development of culture in the Southern Urals in the XVI – early XX centuries was influenced by both external (natural-geographical, anthropogenic, colonization, etc.) and internal (ethnic, religious, etc.) factors, which are recorded to varying degrees by the cultural layers of urban and rural settlements, fortifications and factories, cemeteries , etc. At the same time, speaking about the factors of cultural genesis, it should be borne in mind that they are so closely interrelated that it is often difficult to determine whether a change in culture is the result of the influence of one or another factor or several at the same time.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69318

Abstract: The subject of the study is the history of Christianization of the part of the Caucasian Black Sea region located in the South of Russia and the adjacent territory. Since its inception, in the 1st century AD, Christianity has formed a complex structured organization that gradually spread its influence over the territory of the Roman Empire and a number of other states. In the Western Caucasus, the presence of a church organization has been recorded since the sixth century, however, a large amount of archaeological data indicates that the first Christian communities in Southern Russia arose much earlier. Special attention is paid to the consideration of issues related to the formation and development of the Christian mission on the Black Sea coast of the Western Caucasus in the medieval period. The author examines the stages of Christianization of the autochthonous peoples of the region, paying special attention to the complex aspects of their ethnogenesis and political development, as well as the evolution of geographical representations of this territory in the consciousness of the civilized world represented by the Byzantine Empire. The importance of the problem of localization of the largest religious center – Nikopsia of Zikhi leads to the need for a thorough analysis of the available narrative sources, the conclusions of which are comprehensively included in the results of this study and are additionally illustrated in the table. The main result of this study is the identification of an obvious contradiction in approaches to the localization of Zikhian Nicopsia. Despite the fact that a fairly large number of researchers have addressed this problem, it should be noted that this problem has not yet been definitively resolved. The main premise characterizing the approach of most researchers who have addressed this topic is the idea of the uniqueness of the oikonym "Nikopsia" for the Caucasian Black Sea region. This idea gave rise to numerous versions of the localization of the famous, according to a number of medieval sources, Nicopsia of Zikhi. At the same time, most medieval literary monuments of Caucasian origin are united in the issue of localization of this, one of the oldest, Christian centers of the Western Caucasus. Nikopsia of Zikhi, which changed its name in the early tenth century, later became known as Anakopia.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69411

Abstract: The subject of the study is the legal foundations of Russia's criminal law policy in the field of fair competition protection in their historical development, namely the sources of Russian legislation of the XVIII-XXI centuries, containing grounds for criminal liability for encroachments on fair competition, legal acts regulating competitive relations, as well as scientific research by scientists of the XIX-XXI centuries, including dissertations, scientific publications on aspects of legal regulation of competitive relations, criminal prosecution for encroachments on them.The purpose of the work is to identify the historically conditioned attitude of the Russian state towards encroachments on fair competition, their criminalization, penalization and differentiation of responsibility for their commission, systematization of crimes against fair competition, as well as to study the legislative technique used in the formulation of criminal law prohibitions. The main method of research was the historical method, which allowed us to study the genesis of domestic criminal legislation, which provided for liability for encroachments on fair competition. The logical, comparative method, the method of system analysis, and classification were also used. The main result of the work is the conclusion about the usefulness of taking into account domestic legislative experience in determining the criteria for criminalizing acts that infringe on fair competition, systematizing crimes against fair competition, methods and techniques for formulating criminal law prohibitions against their commission. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the conducted analysis of domestic legislation can help in substantiating and making decisions of criminal and political significance in relation to understanding the system of crimes against fair competition, criminalization of socially dangerous acts directed against fair competition, their penalization, differentiation of responsibility for their commission, the application of existing criminal legislation and their improvement. The findings can be especially useful in legislative and scientific activities, as well as in the field of education.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69251

Abstract: This article focuses on the reporting materials compiled by ethnographers working at the State Museum of Ethnography of the Peoples of the USSR who in the 1980s participated in expeditions to the Republic of Uzbekistan. They set themselves the goal not only to collect information or artefacts valuable for studying the cultural history of particular region, but also to explore the transformation of national identity, that was a consequence of linguistic, cultural and economic integration of the ethnicities inhabiting Uzbekistan. After many years of expeditions the collections of the Russian Ethnographic Museum were replenished with valuable and unique objects. The article pays attention to corporeal, illustrative, and reporting materials that attest to traditions and innovations in the material culture of modern Uzbekistan, as well as interethnic relations. The authors adhered to the methodological principles of historical anthropology, which focus on the evolution and diversity of societies and social relations. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that, based on the study of sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the authors came to the conclusion that the expeditions not only contributed to the preservation of the material culture of the region under study, but also recorded the difficulties in interethnic relations long before they became part of the official discourse of national policy in the USSR. The national-territorial demarcation carried out by the Soviet government in Central Asia in 1924 took place, for the most part, not in accordance with the ethnicity of the peoples living in the territory, but according to ideological and economic parameters. Consequently such a significant event, regardless of its overall effect, created the preconditions for interethnic problems, which were indicated in the named reports.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.39515

Abstract: The object of the proposed study is the "rose revolution" in Georgia – the first coup d'etat in the former USSR, carried out with the help of "soft power" technologies. The object of the study is the activity of the opposition TV channel "Rustavi-2" during the preparation and implementation of this "color revolution". The authors consider in detail such aspects of the topic as the emergence of the Rustavi-2 TV channel, its connection with foreign non-governmental organizations, the specifics of the information policy of this media. Special attention is paid to the tactics and strategy of the Rustavi-2 TV channel during the struggle against the regime of Eduard Shevardnadze at various stages of its operation, from the initial stage and up to the active phase of the "rose revolution". The study of the place and role of Rustavi-2 in the implementation of the first "color revolution" in the post-Soviet space in Russian historiography is carried out for the first time. Based on the analysis of the rich empirical material, the authors of the study conclude that the Rustavi-2 TV channel was a consistent opponent of the ruling regime and was one of the key actors of the "rose revolution". This was especially true of his activities in the framework of mobilizing the protest electorate, bringing to the Georgian audience information about falsifications of the results of parliamentary elections, which became the trigger for the beginning of the active phase of the "color revolution", as well as active information support for the political opposition and the youth movement "Kmara".

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69425

Abstract: The subject of the study is the government's activities aimed at eliminating the Razin movement at its final stage. The object of the study is the military actions of government troops against the rebels. The author examines in detail such aspects as: the personalities of the voivodes who participated in the suppression of S.T. Razin's rebellion, the situation in the regions of the Volga region and adjacent counties, the features of the final stage of the Razin "troubles", the reactions of neighboring countries to the events that took place in Russia in 1670-1671 and the conclusions drawn by the government of Alexei Mikhailovich. Special attention is paid to the defense of Simbirsk. Sheremetev and the siege of Astrakhan, the oath of the Don to Moscow, the reaction to the events of the "razinschina" of neighboring states, as well as the changes that occurred in the organization of military departments on the eve of the Russian-Turkish war (1672-1681), thanks to the conclusions made by the government of Alexei Mikhailovich. The methodological basis of the article is the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. Within the framework of the article, logical and historical-genetic methods were used. The main conclusions of the study are: immediately after the suppression of the uprising of S.T. Razin, the government resorted to an active process of optimizing and supplying troops, reflected in the reassignment of military units in departments; combat experience gained in battles with the rebels in autumn – winter 1670 and spring 1671. It had a positive effect on the effectiveness of government troops at the final stage of the Razin movement; thanks to the destruction of the anti-government part of the Don Cossacks, sympathy for Moscow strengthened on the Don, which contributed to the swearing in of the Don Cossacks to the tsar; closely monitoring the events of the next "turmoil" in Russia, the Crimean Khanate, in alliance with the Astrakhan and Nogai Tatars, planned to commit a major the raid that didn't take place. A special contribution of the author to the writing of this article is the involvement of unpublished sources from the RGADA Foundation (F. 111). The novelty of the study lies in a detailed examination of the fighting in the summer – autumn of 1671, which became possible by attracting an extensive source base, including archival; the conclusion that the uprising of Stepan Razin prompted the government to change the management of the Russian army; the emphasis on the close attention of neighboring states to the events of the Razin "troubles"

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69436

Abstract: The article is devoted to the early history of the Yakut tribe "Jarkhan", which was one of the main ethnic components involved in the formation of the Vilyui group of Yakuts. Previously, historical and genealogical information was transmitted orally with help of historical legends. The end of the XIX – the middle of the XX centuries marks a qualitatively new period in the formation of the written tradition of the genealogy of the Yakut people associated with the painstaking source studies, collecting and research work of G.V. Ksenofontov, S.I. Bolo, A.A. Savvin, G.U. Ergis, etc. We have made an attempt to show the process of segmentation of the Jarkhan clans and the formation of new tribal groups by compiling a nomenclature of the generic composition. The study of the generic composition allows us to imagine the processes of movement and settlement of genera, renaming, merging and formation of new ones. The purpose and objectives of the research are to systematize and interpret the materials of the oral genealogical tradition, legends and archival documents. The methodological basis of the research is based on the basic principles of historical science - the principle of historicism and the principle of objectivity. The principle of historicism is important for conducting genealogical research, as it allows us to trace the segmentation of large tribal groups into small ones. General scientific and historical methods (historical-comparative, historical-typological, source analysis) were used as additional research methods. The novelty of the research lies in the systematization of the tribal composition and the introduction into scientific circulation of previously unpublished documents of the National Archive of the RS(Ya) revealing the tribal composition. Based on the studied material, it is concluded that oral historical traditions and pedigrees represented the central core in the structure of historical knowledge among the Yakuts. Conceptually, genealogical traditions were formed from real genealogy and unreal, which is basically a structure-forming fictional genealogy (within the boundaries of tribal communities). The result of the work performed is the preparation of the nomenclature of the Yakut generic composition. We also found that the Yakuts had common, group and individual totems. Along with this, the practice of changing the historical totem to a new one associated with a new habitat has been revealed.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69187

Abstract: The object of the study is the import and export supplies of food products, agricultural raw materials and live animals to the USSR during the Great Patriotic War, the War with Japan and until the end of 1945. The subject of the study is the dynamics, trends and patterns of changes in the volume and structure of import and export of various types of agricultural products into the country and changes in the ratio of various supply channels of these products. The main content of the study is the creation of a statistical database based on a number of archival statistical sources containing data on agricultural imports and exports for the specified period and the analysis of this database. The article provides a brief description of the research on the topic of the work and an analysis of archival sources. When creating a statistical database containing data on the natural volumes of imports and exports of agricultural products, methods of historical, source-based and statistical analysis were used. As a result of reviewing the created statistical sample with data on agricultural imports and exports of the country, the following results were obtained containing elements of scientific novelty: 1. The characteristics of agricultural imports are more complete than in most previous studies. 2. The characteristics of the export of agricultural products for these years are given, which is absent in most previous studies. 3. In connection with the above, a more accurate description of the trends in the characteristics of imports and exports of agricultural raw materials and food during the years of the Great Patriotic War and the War with Japan is given, and the share of imports of a number of types of agricultural products in the total domestic production is calculated in a new way.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69457

Abstract: The object of the study was a representative collection of ceramic vessels (324 specimens) of the Potchevash culture of the VI–IX centuries, obtained during archaeological research in 1997 at the Dolgovskoye 1 settlement in the Tobolsk Irtysh region. The purpose of the study: to determine the main morphological and decorative features of the ceramic complex of the Potchevash culture based on the materials of the collection of the Dolgovskoye 1 settlement, to determine the place of the ceramic complex of the settlement in the system of archaeological cultures of Western Siberia. Based on the purpose of the study, the following tasks were put forward: characterization of the main morphological, decorative and stylistic characteristics of the ceramic collection; comparison with the materials of synchronous monuments of adjacent territories, determination of the degree of their similarities and differences. The relevance of the work is determined by the small number of publications in which statistical calculations on Potchevash ceramics are given. To solve the tasks set in the work, traditional research methods are used for historical science: comparative-historical, typological, comparative-typological, formal-stylistic, descriptive method of analyzing material sources, the method of analogies. As a result of the study, it was found that the dominant features of the studied complex include the numerical predominance of pot-shaped vessels with a high neck and a sharp transition to a slightly expanded body; the ornamentation is characterized by a combination of dimpled pearl decor, combed stamp and horizontal drawn grooves, as well as a small proportion of curly stamps. A comparative analysis showed the proximity of the ceramics of the Dolgovskoye 1 settlement with the collections of a number of Potchevash monuments of the South Taiga Irtysh region and the Barabinsk forest-steppe, as well as its significant difference from both the Potchevash ceramic complexes from the Priishimye region and ceramics from the monuments of the Zelenogorsky stage from the Surgut Ob region. A certain similarity with the ceramics of the Kuchiminsky stage, which is expressed in the rare use of figured stamps, a large proportion of grooves, fixed on ceramics from the 1997 excavation from the Dolgovskoye 1 settlement, allows us to suggest its synchronicity with the Kuchiminskaya and date it within the VIII–IX centuries AD.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69265

Abstract: The subject of the study is a network of rural settlements of Siberian Tatars on the example of the central group – the Tobolo-Irtysh Tatars, which at the time under study was included in the Tobolsk district of the Ural region. The purpose of the study is to characterize the network of rural settlements of the Siberian Tatars based on statistical data from the first third of the twentieth century, the main of which are the All-Union Census of 1926 and lists of settlements of the Tobolsk district. The relevance of the study is determined by the weak knowledge of the problem and the need to create a holistic view of the processes of formation and development of the settlement system in the studied territory. Despite the fact that many researchers have addressed the topic of the settlement network in Western Siberia, the issue of the situation with the settlement system of the Siberian Tatars remains poorly understood. In the course of the study, comparative historical, historical and typological methods, as well as the method of mathematical and statistical analysis were applied. The administrative and territorial changes, the composition and number of Tatar settlements of the district by districts and village councils of the Tobolsk district of the Ural region are considered. It is revealed that the socio-economic and administrative transformations of the Soviet government dramatically affected the situation with the indigenous Tatar population of the district and Western Siberia as a whole. Earlier, based on the materials of the First General Census of 1897, we identified weak rates of entry of the Tatar population of Siberia into the all-Russian socio-economic system. When reviewing statistical materials from the first third of the twentieth century, as well as the reforms carried out by the new government, including the reform of zoning, it was revealed that due to the liquidation of the former estate and volost divisions, there is a significant intensification of the integration of the Tatar population into the new Soviet community.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.39357

Abstract: The article examines the main characteristics of the economic potential of the Pridnestrovian region of Moldova, and also describes the latest significant events that occurred in the industrial sector of the republic on the eve of the collapse of the USSR. The purpose of the study is to characterize and evaluate the industry of the Pridnestrovian part of the MSSR, in order to form a more complete picture of the economic potential of the republic. The author presents an analysis of the main directions in the development of industry in the region at the final stage of the existence of a single state of the MSSR within the borders of the USSR, and also analyzes the main directions of development. The conducted research allowed us to conclude that the significant growth of Moldovan industry in the 1980s clearly testifies to the fruitfulness of cooperation and mutual assistance within the Soviet Union and the fundamental role of the Union center in the formation of the industry of the Soviet republics. In the course of the study, archival and statistical data confirmed that the rich economic history of Pridnestrovie, together with regional features – favorable economic and geographical location, availability of a sufficient number of highly qualified labor resources, energy saturation - predetermined the accelerated formation of innovative industries in the region, working on imported raw materials and using all the economic potential of the Soviet state available to the republic in within the framework of the sectoral and territorial division of labor adopted in the USSR, as well as industrial and commodity specialization. The industrialization of the MSSR was carried out in an exceptionally short time – in less than a quarter of a century. Together with the steady growth in the quality of products and low cost due to the energy self-sufficiency of the region, goods produced in Pridnestrovie have occupied their niche not only in the All-Union market, but also in the world, and above all in Europe. All this, combined with the ongoing changes in the industrial specialization of the region, made it possible to shift the agrarian nature of production and qualitatively enrich the industry of Soviet Moldova.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69390

Abstract: The subject of the study is the history of the traditional churn and milling activity of the population of Ingushetia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The authors consider it in detail on the basis of data from ethnographic expeditions and archaeological excavations. It should be noted that the churn – the equipment with which butter is produced and the hand mill – occupied an important place in the industrial life of society. Information about them is available not only in archaeological materials, but also in written sources. This approach allows the author to determine the cause-and-effect relationships of events, facts and the state of the traditional butter and flour industry of the population of modern Ingushetia. The research is based on historical, cartographic, statistical, sociological methods; historical materials about the butter industry in Ingushetia are used. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the analysis of ethnographic objects such as a churn and a hand mill; their properties and functions are determined; a holistic approach to the concepts of "churn" and "hand mill" as a multifunctional phenomenon is formed; A comprehensive historical and cultural analysis of traditional household items among the Ingush has been carried out. The main contribution of the authors is that for the first time in ethnographic science, an attempt was made to study objects intended for the production of food products of the Ingush population, both in general and ethnologically. The voluminous presentation is given on the basis of a new scientific approach to a well-known topic, i.e. Based on ethnographic, historical and folklore material, an attempt has been made to classify and analyze the factors of formation and development of the nutrition system in Ingushetia, a systematic presentation and scientific analysis of issues related to the functions of food preparation.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.68808

Abstract: The article presents the results of field work carried out in 2022-2023, during which the rock art monuments of the Titovskaya hill were re–examined - Sokhatinyi Kamen, Sukhotino–13 and Titovskaya Hill, presumably dating from the II millennium BC. The first millennium A.D. A new pisanitsa Gorge was discovered with two groups represented by images of lines and a zoomorphic figure. Much attention is paid by the authors to the recently discovered groups with ancient images on the planes of the Sokhatina Stone and Sukhotino-13, as well as to the analysis of the semantics and dating of all the monuments of rock art of the Titovskaya Hill. In the course of the study, the authors came to the conclusion that rock carvings, mainly on the Sokhatin Stone, were systematically applied by nomadic pastoral tribes, and could be used as ritual complexes. At the same time, the problem of preservation of monuments and their further museification within the framework of the Ethno-Archeopark "Sukhotino" is being raised. To clarify the more accurate chronology and semantics of the drawings, further research is needed using various interdisciplinary methods, such as ethnography, as well as natural science, which will allow for a more detailed study of these objects in terms of dating and cultural affiliation.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69331

Abstract: The subject of the study in the presented article is two crosses from the graves of the Spassky cemetery of Tobolsk. They were discovered during the rescue archaeological excavations in 2022. The range of analogies of the considered finds, as well as their territorial distribution, is considered. A number of issues related to their dating based on typologically identical finds, as well as the chronology of the existence of the churchyard at this church, are touched upon. One of the illustrative specimens in the collection was a rare type of white bronze alloy cross with a crucifixion of Christ on the obverse and an image of an angel on the reverse, originating from burial No. 4. On this cross, the attributes of the Passion Cycle are considered. The analysis showed that such a find, although it has analogies, is still not completely identical to them. It is concluded that the studied type of cross has iconographic origins in the works of European masters. Baroque secular art also had a great influence on the further development of the forms and content of such crosses. The author findings are based on typologies developed by E.P. Vinokurova and V.I. Molodin. The finds were compared with a circle of typologically similar crosses from the territory of Russia and Ukraine, and their chronology was clarified. Identification and comparative analysis of the attributes of the Passion Cycle have been carried out. On the basis of a set of features, their common and distinctive features are revealed. Over the past decades of archaeological research in Tobolsk, a number of archaeologists have collected a representative database of objects of personal piety. For a number of reasons, these findings are not always promptly and fully published, which creates gaps in the source database. The scientific novelty of the presented article is the contribution to the stavrographic collection from the excavations of the churchyard of the Church of the Savior in 2022. Of particular interest is the well-preserved cross No. 4 with a crucifixion, which had not previously been found during excavations in Tobolsk and its surroundings. It is concluded that the studied crosses have iconographic origins in the works of European masters. The further development of the forms and content of such crosses was also greatly influenced by Baroque secular art.

DOI: 10.25136/2409-868X.2023.12.69486

Abstract: The article is devoted to a previously unexplored problem - M.N. Zhirkov's study of the Yakut khomus, the study of which he undertook for the first time in the history of Yakut musical culture. The author of this article summarizes for the first time the aspects posed by the researcher about the Yakut khomus. The subject of research is the scientific views of M.N. Zhirkov about the Yakut musical instrument - the khomus. The object of study is the scientific heritage of the first Yakut composer and an outstanding musical figure. The main results of our research are the following theses. At the beginning of the twentieth century, there was an increase in interest in traditional musical instruments and their performing practices. This statement is also relevant in relation to the Yakut khomus, which in modern conditions is experiencing its revival and active introduction into musical and cultural turnover. The article uses a retrospective and historical-comparative, as well as a comprehensive research method, in which the khomus is considered as an integral part of the traditional, and now wider, musical culture of the Yakuts, taking into account the data available today from archaeology, ethnography, and history. M.N. Zhirkov is presented as the first researcher of the Yakut khomus and as the composer and founder of the national school of composition. In the fundamental work "Yakut folk Music", published only after almost half a century after author's death (a new edition of this study dates back to 2022, made in an edition preserving the style and position of M.N. Zhirkov from the standpoint of the historical time when the famous scientific work was created), its author for the first time turned his gaze to the issues of the origin, existence, and functioning of the khomus in the traditional musical culture of the Yakuts. The materials presented by him have not previously been generalized in the scientific literature and are of great interest to modern researchers of the Yakut Khomus.