DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.15598

Abstract: The subject of the research is the human identity in the situation of changing views on human nature. In the vocabulary of philosophical anthropology the terms 'human nature' and 'identity' have been reviewed and changed most of all over the past decades. Not too long ago 'human nature' was understood as a set of stable and permanent features, general dispositions and characteristics that express peculiarities of human as a living creature and that attribute to Homo sapiens at all times disregarding biological evolution and historical process. Today there are many debates on who a living creature is and what distinguishes a living creature from a cyborg. Moreover, the term 'human nature' loses its universal and abstract meaning. When a certain part of human population starts to become 'post-humans', general characteristics of human should become unstable, too. This raises a question about what part of humanity can be described through human nature. However, even more difficulties appeared when the term 'identity' was interpreted. In his article Gurevich has used the methodology of philosophical anthropology. Today's philosophical anthropology is not only a branch of philosophy or a certain philosophical discipline but a special way of thinking that can't be explained by the means of formal or dialectic logic. The initial point of anthopological philosophy has always been human in a concrete historical, social, existential or psychological situation. In his article Gurevich shows that modern transhumanism does not view human as an animal any more but at the same time human is not viewed as a social creature either. All the previous philosophical concepts of human are not 'legal' any more. We witness human stop being an animal. Transhumanists are not satisfied with the biological form of life any more. They prove that anthropomorphism is just one of the variants of intelligent life, thus other variants of intelligent life are also possible. However, human is not a social creature any more either. Quantum thinking creates new forms of coexistence and allows to distinguish an intelligent being from the social world. However, this is not the whole story. A new intelligent being becomes a Messiah who is intended to put the Universe in order and to achieve his destination which will allow to win the competition with other nonearthly creatures. All the previous definitions of identity become demolished. 

Keywords: philosophy, mind, human nature, identity, life, post-human, being, existence, quantum thinking, sociality, spirit

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66610

Abstract: The subject of the research is the human identity in the situation of changing views on human nature. In the vocabulary of philosophical anthropology the terms 'human nature' and 'identity' have been reviewed and changed most of all over the past decades. Not too long ago 'human nature' was understood as a set of stable and permanent features, general dispositions and characteristics that express peculiarities of human as a living creature and that attribute to Homo sapiens at all times disregarding biological evolution and historical process. Today there are many debates on who a living creature is and what distinguishes a living creature from a cyborg. Moreover, the term 'human nature' loses its universal and abstract meaning. When a certain part of human population starts to become 'post-humans', general characteristics of human should become unstable, too. This raises a question about what part of humanity can be described through human nature. However, even more difficulties appeared when the term 'identity' was interpreted. In his article Gurevich has used the methodology of philosophical anthropology. Today's philosophical anthropology is not only a branch of philosophy or a certain philosophical discipline but a special way of thinking that can't be explained by the means of formal or dialectic logic. The initial point of anthopological philosophy has always been human in a concrete historical, social, existential or psychological situation. In his article Gurevich shows that modern transhumanism does not view human as an animal any more but at the same time human is not viewed as a social creature either. All the previous philosophical concepts of human are not 'legal' any more. We witness human stop being an animal. Transhumanists are not satisfied with the biological form of life any more. They prove that anthropomorphism is just one of the variants of intelligent life, thus other variants of intelligent life are also possible. However, human is not a social creature any more either. Quantum thinking creates new forms of coexistence and allows to distinguish an intelligent being from the social world. However, this is not the whole story. A new intelligent being becomes a Messiah who is intended to put the Universe in order and to achieve his destination which will allow to win the competition with other nonearthly creatures. All the previous definitions of identity become demolished. 

Keywords: philosophy, mind, human nature, identity, life, post-human, being, existence, quantum thinking, sociality, spirit

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.15239

Abstract: Philosophy is the central issue in Pitirim Sorikin's book 'Social and Cultural Dynamics' as the main types of cultures - ideational, sensate and idealistic - differentiate based on their philosophical grounds and represent the types of philosophical cultures that influence the order of social life. Based on the ideas of cultural and social dualism, Pitirim Sorokin initially described philosophy as a cultural phenomenon. Understanding culture as the internal and external experience, Pitirim Sorokin was able to introduce the concept of philosophical mentality that is usually expressed in items, life style and behavior. As a result of his researches, Pitirim Sorokin proceeded to describing philosophy as a social phenomenon. Such an ambivalent vision of philosophy as a cultural and social phenomenon creates the perspective to view culture as a sociocultural phenomenon. In his research the author of the article uses the version of the sociocultural approach that describes society as an assembly of cultures. Based on that approach, Pitirim Sorokin's method of philosophical research can be defined as a sociocultural phenomenology. The author of the article emphasizes the importance of the principle of isomorphism for describing the invariant structure of the cultural phenomena (philosophy, religion, science and art) as well as the need in preliminary theoretical development of associated abstrac models. The author of the article also uses quantative methods to analyze statistical data provided by Pitirim Sorokin and to compare the influence of different cultural mentalities in the XVIth - XXth centuries. The author of the article: 1) provides his interpretation of Pitirim Sorokin's teaching on social and cultural dynamics as the experience in the research of sociophilosophical dynamics, i.e. development of the society from prehistory to the modern age as it was determined by the fluctuations of philosophical cultures; 2) shows the philosophical nature of cultural mentalities described by Pitirim Sorokin and associated cultural types - idealistic, ideational and sensate cultures; 3) pays attention to the relation between interpretation of culture as the internal and external experience and solution of the so called 'main question of philosophy' about the relation between the ideal and the material; 4) through summarizing ideas of Pitirim Sorokin, the author also demonstrates the need to introduce the terms 'philosophical mentality' 'philosophical behavior', and 'philosophical activity' in metaphilosophy; 5) systematizes Pitirim Sorokin's views on the sociocultural content of the phenomenon of philosophy; 6) describes a complex spiritual and practical structure of the phenomenon of philosophy including both mental formations of different levels and behavior and lifestyle that have been changing during long historical processes of social and philosophical revolutions; 7) corrects Pitirim Sorokin's statement about the triumph of sensate culture in the modern period and the decline of sensate culture in the XXth century and concludes that sensate culture will only strengthen its positions in the future. 

Keywords: sociocultural, philosophy, sociocultural dynamics, pseudo-ideational mentality, philosophical culture, sociocultural phenomenology, Pitirim Sorokin, idealistic mentality, ideational mentality, sensate mentality

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66611

Abstract: Philosophy is the central issue in Pitirim Sorikin's book 'Social and Cultural Dynamics' as the main types of cultures - ideational, sensate and idealistic - differentiate based on their philosophical grounds and represent the types of philosophical cultures that influence the order of social life. Based on the ideas of cultural and social dualism, Pitirim Sorokin initially described philosophy as a cultural phenomenon. Understanding culture as the internal and external experience, Pitirim Sorokin was able to introduce the concept of philosophical mentality that is usually expressed in items, life style and behavior. As a result of his researches, Pitirim Sorokin proceeded to describing philosophy as a social phenomenon. Such an ambivalent vision of philosophy as a cultural and social phenomenon creates the perspective to view culture as a sociocultural phenomenon. In his research the author of the article uses the version of the sociocultural approach that describes society as an assembly of cultures. Based on that approach, Pitirim Sorokin's method of philosophical research can be defined as a sociocultural phenomenology. The author of the article emphasizes the importance of the principle of isomorphism for describing the invariant structure of the cultural phenomena (philosophy, religion, science and art) as well as the need in preliminary theoretical development of associated abstrac models. The author of the article also uses quantative methods to analyze statistical data provided by Pitirim Sorokin and to compare the influence of different cultural mentalities in the XVIth - XXth centuries. The author of the article: 1) provides his interpretation of Pitirim Sorokin's teaching on social and cultural dynamics as the experience in the research of sociophilosophical dynamics, i.e. development of the society from prehistory to the modern age as it was determined by the fluctuations of philosophical cultures; 2) shows the philosophical nature of cultural mentalities described by Pitirim Sorokin and associated cultural types - idealistic, ideational and sensate cultures; 3) pays attention to the relation between interpretation of culture as the internal and external experience and solution of the so called 'main question of philosophy' about the relation between the ideal and the material; 4) through summarizing ideas of Pitirim Sorokin, the author also demonstrates the need to introduce the terms 'philosophical mentality' 'philosophical behavior', and 'philosophical activity' in metaphilosophy; 5) systematizes Pitirim Sorokin's views on the sociocultural content of the phenomenon of philosophy; 6) describes a complex spiritual and practical structure of the phenomenon of philosophy including both mental formations of different levels and behavior and lifestyle that have been changing during long historical processes of social and philosophical revolutions; 7) corrects Pitirim Sorokin's statement about the triumph of sensate culture in the modern period and the decline of sensate culture in the XXth century and concludes that sensate culture will only strengthen its positions in the future. 

Keywords: sociocultural, philosophy, sociocultural dynamics, pseudo-ideational mentality, philosophical culture, sociocultural phenomenology, Pitirim Sorokin, idealistic mentality, ideational mentality, sensate mentality

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.14362

Abstract: In his article Reznik investigates the possibilities of human to design the world and build a world-project. Subjectivist philosophers put human being in the center of the world view and stress out the dominant position of human in the world. However, such an interpretation has not always been normative. There is also an objectivist view on the human-world interaction. Within the existentialist tradition the world 'unfolds' from human being and is understood as a projection of his/her being. Yet the author underlines that we should not interpret this idea literally. It is the human himself/herself that gives birth to the world. Without the active role of the human the world becomes estranged and feels like an imposed form of existence which restricts human creative abilities. Martin Heidegger insists on the human being's pertaining to the world. This means that human longs to feel at home everywhere in the world, to fulfill his/her own opportunity and to become the 'being' himself/herself . The human being is the one who transfers his/her being-in–the-world into a project and vests it with existential features.  The research method used by the author is based on the ontological premises of existentialism. The human and the world are analyzed by the author as a project of co-being, in which the contours of their future unification are traced. The human being is not opposed to the world and not regarded as its separate part. He/she has a capacity of world-creation and hence, can act as a being proportionate to the world. In everyday life he/she is what he/she is occupied with. Yet the human being develops his/her identity as a result of his/her unity with the world. The main result of the research is an ontological synthesis to which the author comes through the analysis of the interactions between the human being and the world. The author regards the world in two aspects: as a “what-ness” of human being and as an accentuation of his/her ”who-ness”. In the first case the world acts as a form of human existence and a way of reaching a transcendental state. It is consequentially cognized as a multiple being or a universe of being (ontical dimension) and as a universal in being (ontological dimension). At the same time there are the spatial and pragmatic dimensions of being-in-the-world: the human being does not only exost in the being-here-and-now, but can also treat the world as a useful material. In the second case it is the who-ness of being that comes forward and defines the subjective capabilities of the human being to rebuild the world for himself/herself, making his/her presence in the world fundamental. It is always his/her own liberated being, the' being-for-oneself'.The author comes to the conclusion that in order to define one’s model of interaction with the world it is necessary to build a project of coexistence with this world and thus broaden one’s creative capacities.

Keywords: what-being, presence, world, being, pertaining to the world, human being, world creation, who-being, existence, capability

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66612

Abstract: In his article Reznik investigates the possibilities of human to design the world and build a world-project. Subjectivist philosophers put human being in the center of the world view and stress out the dominant position of human in the world. However, such an interpretation has not always been normative. There is also an objectivist view on the human-world interaction. Within the existentialist tradition the world 'unfolds' from human being and is understood as a projection of his/her being. Yet the author underlines that we should not interpret this idea literally. It is the human himself/herself that gives birth to the world. Without the active role of the human the world becomes estranged and feels like an imposed form of existence which restricts human creative abilities. Martin Heidegger insists on the human being's pertaining to the world. This means that human longs to feel at home everywhere in the world, to fulfill his/her own opportunity and to become the 'being' himself/herself . The human being is the one who transfers his/her being-in–the-world into a project and vests it with existential features.  The research method used by the author is based on the ontological premises of existentialism. The human and the world are analyzed by the author as a project of co-being, in which the contours of their future unification are traced. The human being is not opposed to the world and not regarded as its separate part. He/she has a capacity of world-creation and hence, can act as a being proportionate to the world. In everyday life he/she is what he/she is occupied with. Yet the human being develops his/her identity as a result of his/her unity with the world. The main result of the research is an ontological synthesis to which the author comes through the analysis of the interactions between the human being and the world. The author regards the world in two aspects: as a “what-ness” of human being and as an accentuation of his/her ”who-ness”. In the first case the world acts as a form of human existence and a way of reaching a transcendental state. It is consequentially cognized as a multiple being or a universe of being (ontical dimension) and as a universal in being (ontological dimension). At the same time there are the spatial and pragmatic dimensions of being-in-the-world: the human being does not only exost in the being-here-and-now, but can also treat the world as a useful material. In the second case it is the who-ness of being that comes forward and defines the subjective capabilities of the human being to rebuild the world for himself/herself, making his/her presence in the world fundamental. It is always his/her own liberated being, the' being-for-oneself'.The author comes to the conclusion that in order to define one’s model of interaction with the world it is necessary to build a project of coexistence with this world and thus broaden one’s creative capacities.

Keywords: what-being, presence, world, being, pertaining to the world, human being, world creation, who-being, existence, capability

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.15303

Abstract: The subject of the study is the transgression as an ontological perspective of the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. The concept of non-classical philosophy introduced into philosophical discourse by Georges Bataille explicated in the dialectic of the German classical philosopher. The transgression is presented as one of the defining moments in Hegel's philosophy. The main material of the research is "Phenomenology of Spirit". The author also refers to other works of the philosopher. Much attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the teachings of Hegel and Nietzsche in terms of what was similar and different in their interpretations of transgression. In his research Faritov has used methodological principles and guidelines of deconstruction, comparative philosophy, critical historical-philosophical and ontological research. The main result of the study is the explication of transgression as the dominant ontological perspectives of the philosophy of Hegel. In the teachings of Hegel transgression took a place of transcendence. Thus, Hegel goes beyond classical metaphysics and opens the way to creating a non-classical philosophical paradigm. It is shown that the Hegelian dialectic is one of the possible variants of philosophical discourse based on the perspectives of transgression.

Keywords: will to power, spirit, limit, border, fixed definiteness, transgression, Hegel, Nietzsche, becoming, enantiodromia

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66613

Abstract: The subject of the study is the transgression as an ontological perspective of the philosophy of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. The concept of non-classical philosophy introduced into philosophical discourse by Georges Bataille explicated in the dialectic of the German classical philosopher. The transgression is presented as one of the defining moments in Hegel's philosophy. The main material of the research is "Phenomenology of Spirit". The author also refers to other works of the philosopher. Much attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the teachings of Hegel and Nietzsche in terms of what was similar and different in their interpretations of transgression. In his research Faritov has used methodological principles and guidelines of deconstruction, comparative philosophy, critical historical-philosophical and ontological research. The main result of the study is the explication of transgression as the dominant ontological perspectives of the philosophy of Hegel. In the teachings of Hegel transgression took a place of transcendence. Thus, Hegel goes beyond classical metaphysics and opens the way to creating a non-classical philosophical paradigm. It is shown that the Hegelian dialectic is one of the possible variants of philosophical discourse based on the perspectives of transgression.

Keywords: will to power, spirit, limit, border, fixed definiteness, transgression, Hegel, Nietzsche, becoming, enantiodromia

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.12600

Abstract: The article is devoted to the life and creative work of a Persian Ismaili philosopher Nasir Khusraw (1004 - 1088). Nasir Khusraw was the author of the selection of poems excessing thousands of lines and the book about travels 'Safarnama'. Nasir Khusraw made a great contribution to the development of Persian literature and influenced the development of the poetic language. The author of the present article analyzes Nasir Khusraw's creative work and shows that the original nature of the poet's poetic heritage was determined by the missionary tasks the poet and the follower of Ismailism faced. Special attention is paid to the philosophical writings of the Persian philosopher that gave the insight into the philosopher's ideology and views on Ismaili teachings. The present article is based on the analysis of scientific researches of Nasir Khusraw's poetry, philosophical views and works on the history of Ismailism. The author of the article also makes an attempt to summarize available data about Nasir Khusraw as well as to show the mutual dependence of his life and creative work. Nasir Khusraw's life path defined the direction and special features of his creativity. Propagation tasks determined not only the themes but also the images of his poems as well as the fact that the philosopher chose to write his philosophical works in Persian. Researchers mostly focus on Nasir Khusraw's poetry while there have been no researches of his philosophical works in the Russian academic literature over the past decades. In the present article the author tries to analyze and evaluate Nasir Khusraw's heritage and to define possible directions for further researches of his creative work. 

Keywords: Nasir Khusraw, Ismailism, Arabic philosophy, Safarnama, didactic religious poem, didactic predicatory qasida, Universal Mind, Universal Spirit, the hidden and the obvious, Ismaili propagation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66614

Abstract: The article is devoted to the life and creative work of a Persian Ismaili philosopher Nasir Khusraw (1004 - 1088). Nasir Khusraw was the author of the selection of poems excessing thousands of lines and the book about travels 'Safarnama'. Nasir Khusraw made a great contribution to the development of Persian literature and influenced the development of the poetic language. The author of the present article analyzes Nasir Khusraw's creative work and shows that the original nature of the poet's poetic heritage was determined by the missionary tasks the poet and the follower of Ismailism faced. Special attention is paid to the philosophical writings of the Persian philosopher that gave the insight into the philosopher's ideology and views on Ismaili teachings. The present article is based on the analysis of scientific researches of Nasir Khusraw's poetry, philosophical views and works on the history of Ismailism. The author of the article also makes an attempt to summarize available data about Nasir Khusraw as well as to show the mutual dependence of his life and creative work. Nasir Khusraw's life path defined the direction and special features of his creativity. Propagation tasks determined not only the themes but also the images of his poems as well as the fact that the philosopher chose to write his philosophical works in Persian. Researchers mostly focus on Nasir Khusraw's poetry while there have been no researches of his philosophical works in the Russian academic literature over the past decades. In the present article the author tries to analyze and evaluate Nasir Khusraw's heritage and to define possible directions for further researches of his creative work. 

Keywords: Nasir Khusraw, Ismailism, Arabic philosophy, Safarnama, didactic religious poem, didactic predicatory qasida, Universal Mind, Universal Spirit, the hidden and the obvious, Ismaili propagation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.14070

Abstract: The subject under research is the process of the conveyance of the ideas of Byzantine hesychasm in the culture of the medieval Rus and Crimea. The author underlines that being a mystical teaching about 'divinization' of human, hesychasm expresses the inmost essence of Orthodoxy. Since the very times of Kievan Rus, hesychasm has been the essential part of the spitirual culture of Eastern Slavic peoples, thus contributing to the development of their sanctity ideal. In this article Zhirtueva examines the stages of the perception of the ideas of Byzantine hesychasm and creative interpretation of these ideas in Kievan Rus, Moscovian Rus and Tauris. The methodology of the research involves the comparative philosopho-theological analysis. The research methods include the comparative analytical method, analysis, synthesis, generalization, inidividuation and historical narrative. As a result of the research, the author concludes that the process of the conveyance of the ideas of Byzantine hesychasm underwent the two stages in medieval Rus and Crimea. In the VIIIth - XIth centuries the two centers of Byzantine hesychasm were created as a result of the aniconic movement. Those were the so called 'cave monasteries' of Tauris and Kiev Pechersk Lavra. In the XIVth - XVth the original school of 'Moscow hesychasm' (nestyazhatelstvo or the teaching of non-possession) was created due to 'hesychasm debates'. In Old Russia hesychasm was presented as ascetic hesychasm oriented at individual 'divinization' of human and political hesychasm aimed at realizing the ideal of the conciliar unity of the mankind. 

Keywords: Kiev Pechersk Lavra, sanctity ideal, prayer from the mind and heart, non-possession (nestyazhatelstvo), political hesychasm, divinization, hesychasm, Trinity Monastery, cave monasteries, Tauris

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66615

Abstract: The subject under research is the process of the conveyance of the ideas of Byzantine hesychasm in the culture of the medieval Rus and Crimea. The author underlines that being a mystical teaching about 'divinization' of human, hesychasm expresses the inmost essence of Orthodoxy. Since the very times of Kievan Rus, hesychasm has been the essential part of the spitirual culture of Eastern Slavic peoples, thus contributing to the development of their sanctity ideal. In this article Zhirtueva examines the stages of the perception of the ideas of Byzantine hesychasm and creative interpretation of these ideas in Kievan Rus, Moscovian Rus and Tauris. The methodology of the research involves the comparative philosopho-theological analysis. The research methods include the comparative analytical method, analysis, synthesis, generalization, inidividuation and historical narrative. As a result of the research, the author concludes that the process of the conveyance of the ideas of Byzantine hesychasm underwent the two stages in medieval Rus and Crimea. In the VIIIth - XIth centuries the two centers of Byzantine hesychasm were created as a result of the aniconic movement. Those were the so called 'cave monasteries' of Tauris and Kiev Pechersk Lavra. In the XIVth - XVth the original school of 'Moscow hesychasm' (nestyazhatelstvo or the teaching of non-possession) was created due to 'hesychasm debates'. In Old Russia hesychasm was presented as ascetic hesychasm oriented at individual 'divinization' of human and political hesychasm aimed at realizing the ideal of the conciliar unity of the mankind. 

Keywords: Kiev Pechersk Lavra, sanctity ideal, prayer from the mind and heart, non-possession (nestyazhatelstvo), political hesychasm, divinization, hesychasm, Trinity Monastery, cave monasteries, Tauris

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.12227

Abstract: The present work consists of the two parts. The first part is the translation of Leo Strauss' article 'On the Minos', a classical example of Strauss interpretation of ancient texts. The second part is devoted to the analysis of the aforesaid work in which Strauss raised one of the most important questions of classical political philosophy - what is the law? The analysis is focused on the main aspect of legislation - public consent described by Strauss as the agreement between Socrat, the philosopher who possessed knowledge, and his nameless interlocutor who did not possess knowledge. In order to provide an insight into Strauss philosophy, the author of the article uses the method of attentive reading described by Strauss that allows to avoid superficial or trivial interpretation of the text. Leo Strauss is the philosopher who created grounds of non-conservative political ideology and is not so well known in Russia. Very few of his works have been translated into Russian and very scarcely analyzed. The question whether an agreement (i.e. law) is possible between two different types of people is quite a usual one because quite often people have to obey rules of incompetent legislators who were elected by incompetent electors. Strauss gave quite an unusual and original answe to that question. 

Keywords: Leo Strauss, Socrates, Plato, Minos, Hipparch, Protagoras , consent, deception, politics, law

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66616

Abstract: The present work consists of the two parts. The first part is the translation of Leo Strauss' article 'On the Minos', a classical example of Strauss interpretation of ancient texts. The second part is devoted to the analysis of the aforesaid work in which Strauss raised one of the most important questions of classical political philosophy - what is the law? The analysis is focused on the main aspect of legislation - public consent described by Strauss as the agreement between Socrat, the philosopher who possessed knowledge, and his nameless interlocutor who did not possess knowledge. In order to provide an insight into Strauss philosophy, the author of the article uses the method of attentive reading described by Strauss that allows to avoid superficial or trivial interpretation of the text. Leo Strauss is the philosopher who created grounds of non-conservative political ideology and is not so well known in Russia. Very few of his works have been translated into Russian and very scarcely analyzed. The question whether an agreement (i.e. law) is possible between two different types of people is quite a usual one because quite often people have to obey rules of incompetent legislators who were elected by incompetent electors. Strauss gave quite an unusual and original answe to that question. 

Keywords: Leo Strauss, Socrates, Plato, Minos, Hipparch, Protagoras, consent, deception, politics, law

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.15070

Abstract: The subject of this paper is to study the concept of organ projection presented in Ernst Kapp’s “Principles of a philosophy of technology”, the book that has never been fully translated into Russian. The author of the article examines the foundations of Ernst Kapp’s concepts from the point of view of socio-cultural and technological dynamics of the modern society and pays particular attention to the phenomena of the body, power and transgression. Using the receptions of the idea of the organ projection presented in the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, Pavel Florensky, Ernst Cassirer and Marshal McLuhan, the author explicates its heuristic potential and significance for contemporary philosophy and culture. Along with the general scientific research methodology the author also uses dialectical, hermeneutic, psychoanalytic methods and the method of the comparative analysis of philosophical doctrines. The novelty of the research lies in the interpretation of organ projection as a transgressive process that leads to the blurring of the boundaries between the inside and the outside. Ernst Kapp’s concept of organ projection implicitly contains the ontology of transgression which will be developed further in the non-classical philosophy. As a result of transgression, the borders of human body expand beyond their own limits and extend its power to the external space, assimilating and absorbing it. The special contribution of the author consists in explication of the characteristics of the phenomenon of the body represented in the organ projection concept, in particular its gender characteristics.

Keywords: social space, human, modern society, technique, border, Kapp, organ projection, transgression, power, body

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66617

Abstract: The subject of this paper is to study the concept of organ projection presented in Ernst Kapp’s “Principles of a philosophy of technology”, the book that has never been fully translated into Russian. The author of the article examines the foundations of Ernst Kapp’s concepts from the point of view of socio-cultural and technological dynamics of the modern society and pays particular attention to the phenomena of the body, power and transgression. Using the receptions of the idea of the organ projection presented in the works of Friedrich Nietzsche, Pavel Florensky, Ernst Cassirer and Marshal McLuhan, the author explicates its heuristic potential and significance for contemporary philosophy and culture. Along with the general scientific research methodology the author also uses dialectical, hermeneutic, psychoanalytic methods and the method of the comparative analysis of philosophical doctrines. The novelty of the research lies in the interpretation of organ projection as a transgressive process that leads to the blurring of the boundaries between the inside and the outside. Ernst Kapp’s concept of organ projection implicitly contains the ontology of transgression which will be developed further in the non-classical philosophy. As a result of transgression, the borders of human body expand beyond their own limits and extend its power to the external space, assimilating and absorbing it. The special contribution of the author consists in explication of the characteristics of the phenomenon of the body represented in the organ projection concept, in particular its gender characteristics.

Keywords: social space, human, modern society, technique, border, Kapp, organ projection, transgression, power, body

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.14583

Abstract: The article discusses the attitude of V. V. Rozanov to the classical Slavophilism that today grows important as an essential source of the original Russian philosophical tradition with its focus primarily on the philosophical-historical and anthropological issues. Special attention is paid to Rozanov's critical approach to their heritage as a result of Rozanov's antidogmatic philosophical thinking when Rozanov examines the same phenomenon from different angles. However, despite the criticism, the philosopher acknowledged the deep truth of the main ideas of the representatives of the "Moscow school", who in his opinion represented "the essence of Russia". The author also studies the hidden similarities in the works of Slavophiles and Rozanov, primarily related to the presence of the common key categories ("life", "faith", "love", "creativity", etc), as well as the common themes such as patriotism, family, Russian national character, asceticism and poverty as the main educational tool of the people, the hope for mercy, etc. but not juridism. When analyzing the heritage of Russian philosophers, the author of the article has applied the contextual analysis and personal approach assuming that philosophical theories, concepts, doctrines and ideas cannot be alienated and adequately understood outside the context of spiritual and practical life of their creators. When carrying out the review and analysis of Rozanov's philosophy of history and Slavophiles the researcher has used the dialogical paradigm that involves comparison of their ideas. Based on the analysis of the sources, the author concludes that the work of the representatives of the 'Moscow school' was an organic part of Rozanov's philosophical constructs. It is stated that although there were common categories and terms in the philosophy of Slavophiles and Rozanov's philosophy, those categories and terms were defined differently. The conclusion is that their common intellectual context allowed a continuous dialogue between Rozanov and Slavophiles where the ideas of the representatives of the 'Moscow school' were completed and adopted in accordance with the personal experience of the philosopher and in tune with the Silver Age. 

Keywords: Russian character, faith, Kireevsky, Homjakov, Rozanov, Silver Age, Slavophiles, 'Moscow school', life, gender

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66618

Abstract: The article discusses the attitude of V. V. Rozanov to the classical Slavophilism that today grows important as an essential source of the original Russian philosophical tradition with its focus primarily on the philosophical-historical and anthropological issues. Special attention is paid to Rozanov's critical approach to their heritage as a result of Rozanov's antidogmatic philosophical thinking when Rozanov examines the same phenomenon from different angles. However, despite the criticism, the philosopher acknowledged the deep truth of the main ideas of the representatives of the "Moscow school", who in his opinion represented "the essence of Russia". The author also studies the hidden similarities in the works of Slavophiles and Rozanov, primarily related to the presence of the common key categories ("life", "faith", "love", "creativity", etc), as well as the common themes such as patriotism, family, Russian national character, asceticism and poverty as the main educational tool of the people, the hope for mercy, etc. but not juridism. When analyzing the heritage of Russian philosophers, the author of the article has applied the contextual analysis and personal approach assuming that philosophical theories, concepts, doctrines and ideas cannot be alienated and adequately understood outside the context of spiritual and practical life of their creators. When carrying out the review and analysis of Rozanov's philosophy of history and Slavophiles the researcher has used the dialogical paradigm that involves comparison of their ideas. Based on the analysis of the sources, the author concludes that the work of the representatives of the 'Moscow school' was an organic part of Rozanov's philosophical constructs. It is stated that although there were common categories and terms in the philosophy of Slavophiles and Rozanov's philosophy, those categories and terms were defined differently. The conclusion is that their common intellectual context allowed a continuous dialogue between Rozanov and Slavophiles where the ideas of the representatives of the 'Moscow school' were completed and adopted in accordance with the personal experience of the philosopher and in tune with the Silver Age. 

Keywords: Russian character, faith, Kireevsky, Homjakov, Rozanov, Silver Age, Slavophiles, life, gender

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.11468

Abstract: The subject of the present research is the problem of freedom in the information society. The space of freedom that is being formed under the conditions of global information constructs has a number of peculiar features that change the traditional philosophical concept of freedom. In her article Omarova analyzes the problems of existential and social freedom in the network society. According to the author, the concept of freedom is dehumanized and replaced with the terms 'efficiency' and performance results in the network (information) society. The key problem of the modern society is the globalization of information systems and associated fragmentation of human mind taking human away from real freedom. The present article provides the analysis of information society and the problem of the narrowing space of freedom from the point of view of philosophy. The target of the article is to analyze existential and social 'shifts' in the space of freedom of a modern human. The author of the present article makes an attempt to show the relation between the objective and subjective in the problem of human freedom unde the conditions of information society. The information (network) structure of a new civiliztion narows the subjective space of freedom up to the 'escape from the reality' as a result of digital technologies constraining intellectual and emotional dominants of human activity. 

Keywords: globalization, technosphere, virtual world, freedom, network, society, information, computerisation, sociality, value

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66619

Abstract: The subject of the present research is the problem of freedom in the information society. The space of freedom that is being formed under the conditions of global information constructs has a number of peculiar features that change the traditional philosophical concept of freedom. In her article Omarova analyzes the problems of existential and social freedom in the network society. According to the author, the concept of freedom is dehumanized and replaced with the terms 'efficiency' and performance results in the network (information) society. The key problem of the modern society is the globalization of information systems and associated fragmentation of human mind taking human away from real freedom. The present article provides the analysis of information society and the problem of the narrowing space of freedom from the point of view of philosophy. The target of the article is to analyze existential and social 'shifts' in the space of freedom of a modern human. The author of the present article makes an attempt to show the relation between the objective and subjective in the problem of human freedom unde the conditions of information society. The information (network) structure of a new civiliztion narows the subjective space of freedom up to the 'escape from the reality' as a result of digital technologies constraining intellectual and emotional dominants of human activity. 

Keywords: globalization, technosphere, virtual world, freedom, network, society, information, computerisation, sociality, value

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.14329

Abstract: In her article Nikonova discusses the problems associated with the idea of the dialogue of cultures in the modern world. These problems are associated with the origin of the idea of the dialogue of cultures from the foundations of modern European individualism and subjectivist conception of cognition. Western European way of thinking is characterized by internal contradictions. According to the author, development of the humanistic ideal and recognizing the value of a unique human being according to the structural conditions of its formation have depersonalization, dehumanization and violence as its reverse side. On the basis of a number of papers presented at the XIV International Likhachev Scientific Conference, an overview of the different positions in relation to the possibility of the dialogue between cultures is provided. The author analyzes the changing views on the dialogue of cultures in the light of the growing tension in modern society, and also examines the philosophical foundation of the current situation. As a result, the dialogue of cultures in the modern world is shown as the possibility that is still to be opened which causes the extreme urgency of the ongoing philosophical debate on this topic.

Keywords: dialectic, subjectivism, New European cultural project, Me and the Other, culture, conflict, contradiction, humanism, dialogue, secularization

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66620

Abstract: In her article Nikonova discusses the problems associated with the idea of the dialogue of cultures in the modern world. These problems are associated with the origin of the idea of the dialogue of cultures from the foundations of modern European individualism and subjectivist conception of cognition. Western European way of thinking is characterized by internal contradictions. According to the author, development of the humanistic ideal and recognizing the value of a unique human being according to the structural conditions of its formation have depersonalization, dehumanization and violence as its reverse side. On the basis of a number of papers presented at the XIV International Likhachev Scientific Conference, an overview of the different positions in relation to the possibility of the dialogue between cultures is provided. The author analyzes the changing views on the dialogue of cultures in the light of the growing tension in modern society, and also examines the philosophical foundation of the current situation. As a result, the dialogue of cultures in the modern world is shown as the possibility that is still to be opened which causes the extreme urgency of the ongoing philosophical debate on this topic.

Keywords: dialectic, subjectivism, New European cultural project, Me and the Other, culture, conflict, contradiction, humanism, dialogue, secularization

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.15089

Abstract: The present article is the continuation of the research of the anthropological meaning of the 'living metaphor' in the heritage of a great French philosopher. The subject under review is the paradoxical nature of the 'living metaphor' which anthropological role is being interpeted in terms of the historically presented time 'intrigue' in Paul Ricoeur's most fundamental and largest work 'Time and Narrative'. Special attention is also paid to the development of the general definitions of such terms as mimesis and poesis wherefore the intrigue of the living metaphor receives a better anthropological evaluation with reference to its development in the author's work. Therefore, in his article Cholanyuk makes an attempt to describe the anthropological meaning of the 'living metaphor' through recognition of implicated images in Paul Ricoeur's discourse during which the historical and poetic intrigue is assigned by a person who does the interpreting. Methodological and theoretical grounds of this research consist of the provisions of philosophical hermeneutics just like the grounds of the previous research. Thus, the main research method is the hermeneutic method that involves anthropological and philosophical interpretation of additional meanings of a text with reference to the ‘living metaphor’ described by Paul Ricoeur. The scientific novelty of the research and the main theoretical concept thereto are based on the following provisions: 1) the present research is the first one in Russian philosophy to trace back the development of the anthropological definition of the phenomenon of the ‘living metaphor’ in Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutics; 2) the researcher establishes to which degree the intrigue of the 'living metaphor' relates to the historico-philosophical and anthropological focus of Paul Ricoeur's works  and constitutes an promising approach to understanding the time-related and narrative identity of human being; 3) the researcher analyzes the theoretical basis of the philosophico-historical and popular scientific literature that can be related to the intrigue of the ‘living metaphor’ in Paul Ricouer's 'Time and Narrative' from the point of view of modern anthropology; 4) the researcher also makes his own attempt to study the time-related intrique of the 'living metaphor' taking into account the anthropological meaning thereof; 5) the researcher provides philosophical grounds for the creative constituent of the metaphoric activity and describes the progressive role of the metaphor in the development of the society.  In this article the researcher comes to the conclusion about the compositional constituent of the 'living metaphor' as an inovative metaphoric activity that was the attribute of the French philosopher disregarding the imitative function of human creativity generally implied by Paul Ricoeur in his 'Time and Narrative'. Paul Ricoeur creates a new language model through structurally relating interpretation of historical facts to the living metaphor, thus giving to a reader to 'think more' based on the 'here and now' way of thinking.  Critical anthropological evaluation of such a model of reenactment of historical events does not assume that metaphoric description is nothing else but the reflection of famous peoples of the past. Being a mean of expression and distribution of an idea in general anthropological terms, the historical intrigue described with the help of the 'living metaphor' contains the reference of the author that encourages the continuation of the metaphoric communication.

Keywords: living metaphor, modus operandi, modus vivendi, poesis, mimesis, peripatetic peripeteia, place of time, artistic place, metaphorical light, tightening

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66621

Abstract: The present article is the continuation of the research of the anthropological meaning of the 'living metaphor' in the heritage of a great French philosopher. The subject under review is the paradoxical nature of the 'living metaphor' which anthropological role is being interpeted in terms of the historically presented time 'intrigue' in Paul Ricoeur's most fundamental and largest work 'Time and Narrative'. Special attention is also paid to the development of the general definitions of such terms as mimesis and poesis wherefore the intrigue of the living metaphor receives a better anthropological evaluation with reference to its development in the author's work. Therefore, in his article Cholanyuk makes an attempt to describe the anthropological meaning of the 'living metaphor' through recognition of implicated images in Paul Ricoeur's discourse during which the historical and poetic intrigue is assigned by a person who does the interpreting. Methodological and theoretical grounds of this research consist of the provisions of philosophical hermeneutics just like the grounds of the previous research. Thus, the main research method is the hermeneutic method that involves anthropological and philosophical interpretation of additional meanings of a text with reference to the ‘living metaphor’ described by Paul Ricoeur. The scientific novelty of the research and the main theoretical concept thereto are based on the following provisions: 1) the present research is the first one in Russian philosophy to trace back the development of the anthropological definition of the phenomenon of the ‘living metaphor’ in Paul Ricoeur’s hermeneutics; 2) the researcher establishes to which degree the intrigue of the 'living metaphor' relates to the historico-philosophical and anthropological focus of Paul Ricoeur's works  and constitutes an promising approach to understanding the time-related and narrative identity of human being; 3) the researcher analyzes the theoretical basis of the philosophico-historical and popular scientific literature that can be related to the intrigue of the ‘living metaphor’ in Paul Ricouer's 'Time and Narrative' from the point of view of modern anthropology; 4) the researcher also makes his own attempt to study the time-related intrique of the 'living metaphor' taking into account the anthropological meaning thereof; 5) the researcher provides philosophical grounds for the creative constituent of the metaphoric activity and describes the progressive role of the metaphor in the development of the society.  In this article the researcher comes to the conclusion about the compositional constituent of the 'living metaphor' as an inovative metaphoric activity that was the attribute of the French philosopher disregarding the imitative function of human creativity generally implied by Paul Ricoeur in his 'Time and Narrative'. Paul Ricoeur creates a new language model through structurally relating interpretation of historical facts to the living metaphor, thus giving to a reader to 'think more' based on the 'here and now' way of thinking.  Critical anthropological evaluation of such a model of reenactment of historical events does not assume that metaphoric description is nothing else but the reflection of famous peoples of the past. Being a mean of expression and distribution of an idea in general anthropological terms, the historical intrigue described with the help of the 'living metaphor' contains the reference of the author that encourages the continuation of the metaphoric communication.

Keywords: living metaphor, modus operandi, modus vivendi, poesis, mimesis, peripatetic peripeteia, place of time, artistic place, metaphorical light, tightening

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.15415

Abstract: The article conciders the processes taking place in the European culture of the second half of XIX — early XX centuries. Particular attention is given to the various manifestations of the crisis of the old system of art forms and gradual search for other ways except for established ways of reality transmission. Impressionist painters, French writers and poets developed a new understanding of art and its role in human life. During that period aesthetic appreciation and creative intuition rose to the level of the leading means of knowledge of reality. The present study has been carried out through successive selection of various cultural phenomena that allowed to describe changes not only in the arts but also in philosophy as artistic creativity of that period was closely related to the interest demonstrated by philosophers towards consciousness, intuition and new understanding of the category of time. The novelty of this study is caused by the fact that the researcher has identified what caused the failure of the previous model of reality perception when reality lost its unchanging and solid status and the boundary between the internal feelings and external reality increasingly blurred. From this point of view, philosophical concepts of Ernst Cassirer and Maurice Merleau-Ponty can be considered as the final stages of the process that orignated from the «impressionist» vision of the world.

Keywords: poetry, intuition, impressionism, realism, philosophy of culture, art, European culture, synthesis of the arts, subjectivization, philosophy of life

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66622

Abstract: The article conciders the processes taking place in the European culture of the second half of XIX — early XX centuries. Particular attention is given to the various manifestations of the crisis of the old system of art forms and gradual search for other ways except for established ways of reality transmission. Impressionist painters, French writers and poets developed a new understanding of art and its role in human life. During that period aesthetic appreciation and creative intuition rose to the level of the leading means of knowledge of reality. The present study has been carried out through successive selection of various cultural phenomena that allowed to describe changes not only in the arts but also in philosophy as artistic creativity of that period was closely related to the interest demonstrated by philosophers towards consciousness, intuition and new understanding of the category of time. The novelty of this study is caused by the fact that the researcher has identified what caused the failure of the previous model of reality perception when reality lost its unchanging and solid status and the boundary between the internal feelings and external reality increasingly blurred. From this point of view, philosophical concepts of Ernst Cassirer and Maurice Merleau-Ponty can be considered as the final stages of the process that orignated from the «impressionist» vision of the world.

Keywords: poetry, intuition, impressionism, realism, philosophy of culture, art, European culture, synthesis of the arts, subjectivization, philosophy of life

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.11567

Abstract: The article is devoted to the Latin hymn Te Deum ('Ambrosian Hymn', the IVth century) that is still often used by composers as the source for creating concert adaptations (at the present time there are over thousand of versions of Te Deum). Despite the fact that each adaptation of Te Deum presents a composer's interpretation and has its own features that reflect the composer's style and epoch in general, genre archetypes and signs of Te Deum remain to be general features uniting similar compositions disregarding the time when they were created. In order to demonstrate genre archetypes and signs of Te Deum based on the analysis of its adaptations written at different historical periods, the author has applied the historical and comparative methods as well as the methods of analysis and synthesis, modelling, extrapolation and abstraction. In his article Trubenok has viewed the two genre archetypes of Te Deum, textual and melodic archetypes, and genre signs of 'icon', 'index' and 'symbol' acording to the theory of signs of Charles Pierce. Archetypes are often met in many leading genres of church music, however, Te Deum is unique because its textual archetypes combine themes from both the Old and New Testaments (unlike the Mass that appeals only to the New Testament). That feature is most likely to define the unique and original nature of the 'Ambrosian Hymn' and is the reason why composers have been creating new adaptations of Te Deum throughout seventeen centuries. 

Keywords: Te Deum, hymn, 'Ambrosian Hymn', textual archetype, melodic archetype, Pierce's theory of signs, genre signs, 'icon' sign, 'index' sign, 'symbol' sign

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66623

Abstract: The article is devoted to the Latin hymn Te Deum ('Ambrosian Hymn', the IVth century) that is still often used by composers as the source for creating concert adaptations (at the present time there are over thousand of versions of Te Deum). Despite the fact that each adaptation of Te Deum presents a composer's interpretation and has its own features that reflect the composer's style and epoch in general, genre archetypes and signs of Te Deum remain to be general features uniting similar compositions disregarding the time when they were created. In order to demonstrate genre archetypes and signs of Te Deum based on the analysis of its adaptations written at different historical periods, the author has applied the historical and comparative methods as well as the methods of analysis and synthesis, modelling, extrapolation and abstraction. In his article Trubenok has viewed the two genre archetypes of Te Deum, textual and melodic archetypes, and genre signs of 'icon', 'index' and 'symbol' acording to the theory of signs of Charles Pierce. Archetypes are often met in many leading genres of church music, however, Te Deum is unique because its textual archetypes combine themes from both the Old and New Testaments (unlike the Mass that appeals only to the New Testament). That feature is most likely to define the unique and original nature of the 'Ambrosian Hymn' and is the reason why composers have been creating new adaptations of Te Deum throughout seventeen centuries. 

Keywords: Te Deum, hymn, textual archetype, melodic archetype, genre signs

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.15091

Abstract: The subject under research of the present article is the problem of free will. The author of the article presents a critical review of one of the most important modern arguments against compatibilism in the free will debate, Derk Pereboom's 'Manipulation Argument'. The Manipulation Argument is built upon the analogy between external manipulation of the agent's actions and causal determination. Based on that analogy, Pereboom concludes that agents who act in a situation of causal determination do not feel moral responsibility. The author of the present article suggests that we should extend the borders of Pereboom's mental experiment. In the course of his research the author comes to the conclusion that the Manipulation Argument does not prove the incompatibility of determinism and moral responsibility. In the author's opinion, Pereboom's argument only proves that moral responsiblity requires an integrated personality and sequential personal history. The method of the present research is the conceptual analysis mostly used in analytical philosophy. The author also conducts mental experiments to illustrate and prove his point of view. The main conclusion of the present research is the author's proof of the failure of Peterboom's manipulation argument. The author of the article shows that the manipulation argument does not prove the statement that determinism and moral responsibility are incompatible. According to the author, Pereboom's argument only proves that moral responsiblity requires an integrated personality and sequential personal history. 

Keywords: free will, freedom of the will, moral responsibility, Derk Pereboom, compatibilism, Manipulation Argument, four-case argument, determinism, philosophy of freedom, incompatibilism, Michael McKenna

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0757.2015.6.66624

Abstract: The subject under research of the present article is the problem of free will. The author of the article presents a critical review of one of the most important modern arguments against compatibilism in the free will debate, Derk Pereboom's 'Manipulation Argument'. The Manipulation Argument is built upon the analogy between external manipulation of the agent's actions and causal determination. Based on that analogy, Pereboom concludes that agents who act in a situation of causal determination do not feel moral responsibility. The author of the present article suggests that we should extend the borders of Pereboom's mental experiment. In the course of his research the author comes to the conclusion that the Manipulation Argument does not prove the incompatibility of determinism and moral responsibility. In the author's opinion, Pereboom's argument only proves that moral responsiblity requires an integrated personality and sequential personal history. The method of the present research is the conceptual analysis mostly used in analytical philosophy. The author also conducts mental experiments to illustrate and prove his point of view. The main conclusion of the present research is the author's proof of the failure of Peterboom's manipulation argument. The author of the article shows that the manipulation argument does not prove the statement that determinism and moral responsibility are incompatible. According to the author, Pereboom's argument only proves that moral responsiblity requires an integrated personality and sequential personal history. 

Keywords: free will, freedom of the will, moral responsibility, Derk Pereboom, compatibilism, Manipulation Argument, four-case argument, determinism, philosophy of freedom, incompatibilism, Michael McKenna