Abstract: The article is devoted to the ideal of human during the epoch of Romanticism. The author gives a detailed description of romantic views on human introduced by philosophers, poets and writers living back in those times.

Keywords: philosophy, romanticism, human, ideal, existence, East, Europe.

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Abstract: The article discusses the possibility of building an information and synergetic model of consciousness. The author introduces a principle of ontological reality of information – primary information in relation to material and energetic (or physical) reality and reality of meanings (or ideal reality). The author suggests a new approach to understanding an anthropic principle and interpretation of a philosophical category ‘consciousness’ as a concept of information reality theory.

Keywords: philosophy, consciousness, information, synergetics, reality, science, creativity, subjective, principle, physics.

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Abstract: The article expands the traditional interpretation of Hegel’s ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’. The author shows that this work is a ‘demonstration’ of fuller understanding of the universal spirit which has an effect on its history: it is becoming less spontaneous. Self-actualization of spirit is the process of history turning into actual, i.e. reasonable history which consists of planning and realization of plans. In other words, history becomes a purposeful activity. It is literally ‘made’ by human and becomes his culture. Therefore, this is where the traditional conception of history ends. Still, ‘the end’ of history can actually become a new stage of world culture just the way Hegel’s ‘Phenomenology of Spirit’ became the beginning of his career as the great and famous philosopher.

Keywords: philosophy, Hegel, phenomenology, consciousness, spirit, self-consciousness, history, world, creation, culture.

Abstract: The article studies the phenomenon of paradigm knowledge in political science that is based on the idea of the political unity and expansion of a political structure. The author of the article describes how particularly that kind of knowledge was formed as well as the role it plays for a political theory and its development. The study offers a new paradigm in political science which is based on the innovation approach to the study of the political content.

Keywords: philosophy, paradigm knowledge, paradigm, political science, political structure, political components, political unity, political content, forms of political existence, wholeness of a political theory.

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Abstract: The epoch of globalization is characterized by a paradox combination of the growth of multi-ethnocultural interactions, population and genetic shift of peoples and reinforcement of ethnic identity at the same time. However, there are still vivid debates around the terms ‘ethnos’ and ‘nation’ between primordialists and constructivists in Russian philosophy and ethnology. It also gave birth to a new interpretation anthropology which studies cultural differences and meanings of human activity and various social coalitions in comparison with discrete units of anthropological (ethnological) analysis and relations between them.

Keywords: philosophy, human, globalization, culture, ethnos, integrity, anthropology, self-consciousness, primordialists, constructivists.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the 70th anniversary of Dmitry Sergeevich Merezhkovsky’s death and describes his basic views and beliefs. The emphasis is made on Merezhkovsky’s original conceptions, in particular, his idea of the nature and historical orientation of Christianity, the role of gender and embodiment and the concept of the so-called ‘Third Testament’ which played an important role in Merezhkovsky’s so-called ‘new Christianity’.

Keywords: philosophy, new Christianity, personality, all-unity, freedom, religion, apocalypse, the Third Testament, gender, ‘mean banality’.

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Abstract: F. M. Dostoevsky’s views on human nature and personality can be viewed from the point of view of transfusion and interaction between European and Russian cultures. Integration of European metaphysical conceptions and Russian Orthodoxy allowed to create a conception of human as the phenomenon of godly absolute free of rational theomachy. Being part of the godly absolute, god-and-man is considered to be the next stage in the development of humankind. Based on such approach, personality is a phenomenon possessing an independent enternal value which is beyond the borders of a particular religion, on one hand, but closely connected with religion due to its spirituality, on the other hand. Dostoevsky’s works are analyzed from the point of view of the conflict between different Christian confessions and a traditional conflict between a religious society and a new world created by the technological progress. The conception of the unity of all humankind helps to better understand the principles of multiculturalism and cross-cultural communication. The results of this study can be used by researchers in order to better understand modern social processes and formation of human values. Further study and interpretation of M. F. Dostoevsky’s legacy may help to create new models of spiritual and moral development.

Keywords: philosophy, human, personality, absolute, ‘all humankind’, ‘god-and-man’, individuality, being, universal values, Christianity

Abstract: The article is devoted to the absurd, peculiarities of its perception and influence on human in the 20th century – an atheist and a hero of Sartre’s and Camus’ books. The author of the article makes a comparative analysis of their interpretations of the absurd and empathizes the resistance of consciousness towards a factual pressure of the absurd and initial autonomy of the absurd in the face of the integrated and whole consciousness. The author of the article reaches a compromise by extending the model of the absurd abandonment to the sad sides of modern life. According to the author, philosophy must come back to what it initially served for. It would make a certain contribution to fighting with the ‘disease’.

Keywords: philosophy, absurd, consciousness, subconsciousness, atheism, antinomy, paradox, attraction, abandonment, existence.

Abstract: The topic on human body is viewed from the point of view of new biotechnologies allowing to influence our lifespan and support biochemical processes and even change the body structure. The author of the article discusses the right of human to do with his body what he wants and proves that being a unique bearer of consciousness, our body is not our personal possession at all. The article discusses the ethics of limiting body reconstruction in order to preserve continuity of culture.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, ethic, body, consciousness, law, paternalism, liberalism, life, death.

Abstract: Philosophers have been debating whether there is a rational basis of morals for three centuries by now. The debates on this very important topic have not led to any results, which can be explained by the diversity of incompatible visions and approaches to this topic as well as uncertain interpretation of key terms and concepts and general uncertainty of the discussed issue. The main goal of the article is to clarify the meaning and general logic of the issue which is an essential condition for a productive discussion and solution. The article defends David Hume’s idea about nonderivability of statements about what we ‘ought’ from what there ‘is’, i.e. the idea that it is impossible to understand grounds of morals on the basis of knowledge about the world order. The article also contains a critical analysis of modern literature on philosophy and attempts to argue against this Hume’s statement or give a completely different meaning to it. The article is ended with the statement that a rational argumentation of fundamental morals is logically impossible and, moreover, completely useless from the practical point of view because these principles create a unified system of human values which are formed and internalized by the means of natural and social factors. In other words, people adopt these values disregarding the fact whether they have a rational basis or not.

Keywords: philosophy, morals, basis, explanation, belief, knowledge, values, norms, is (existing), ought (the must), imperative.

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Abstract: This article is devoted to modern views on the phenomena of profound communication. The author of the article considers a relevant existential conception introduced by James Bugental from the point of view of Batischev’s approach and analyzes how Batischev’s basic ‘universals of profound communication’ are embedded in a modern psychological theory. At the end of the article the author concludes that the culture of personal profound communication should be developed on the basis of modern knowledge and concepts including the concepts mentioned above.

Keywords: cultural studies, communication, view, Henry Stepanovich Batischev, James Bugental, conception, universals, theory, cogitation, creativity, time, positron, special dimension, superstring, electron.

Abstract: This is the description of Konstantin Dolgov’s life and work from the point of view of religion: the author of the article, hegumen Peter, talks about Dolgov’s talents grated by God, as well as his creativity as a realization of God’s beginning and purpose.

Keywords: philosophy, personality, religion, Christianity, gift, destination, Konstantin Mikhailovich Dolgov

Abstract: This article contains reviews of Gustav Shpet’s works ‘Philosophical Critics’ and ‘Philosophy and Science’ as well as his selection works ‘Gustav Shpet and his Philosophical Legacy’.

Keywords: philosophy, science, psychology, linguistics, esthetics, legacy, Gustav Shpet.