DOI: 10.7256/2454-0617.2024.1.69609

EDN: QDUTGW

Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of the Kurdish issue from the perspective of its development prospects in the geopolitical aspect. The material contains the author's analysis of possible solutions to the Kurdish issue from the perspective of different states and supranational blocs, as well as factors that contribute to and hinder the resolution of the Kurdish issue in the foreseeable future. The material contains information about what factors influence the positions of the largest regional and international players on the analyzed issue. The creation of a Kurdish state seems unlikely; the alternative is, at a maximum, granting Kurdish communities maximum autonomy, at a minimum, changing their legal status in countries, primarily in Turkey, where their position is most vulnerable. The constant deterioration of the situation of the Kurds and their exclusion from the legal agenda in Turkey is called a possible cause of the civil war. The Kurdish issue cannot be resolved militarily, and possible solutions are individual for all affected countries, which, however, themselves suffer from internal crises (Syria, Iraq), and Iran, which lives under Sharia law, also suffers from sanctions pressure. In addition, there is no unity within the Kurdish communities themselves, which further complicates the political struggle. At the moment it is possible to distinguish long-term and short-term prospects for resolving the Kurdish issue, both from the position of the people themselves and other interested actors. The authors also analyze the complicating circumstances, which include the interest of external actors (such as the United States and NATO as a whole) to use the Kurds to solve their own geopolitical problems in the region; internal contradictions among the Kurdish leaders themselves, which does not allow reaching a consensus on a number of organizational issues, and a difficult economic situation.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0617.2024.1.69620

EDN: EUSWYC

Abstract: The article is devoted to the scientific consideration of foreign researchers' views on the issues and prospects of military-political, trade-economic and socio-cultural relations of the Russian Federation with the countries of the Middle East during the presidency of V.V. Putin and D.A. Medvedev from 2000 to 2023. The paper aims to identify the main points of view of foreign researchers on the issues and prospects of military-political, trade, economic, social and cultural relations of the Russian Federation with the Middle East countries during the presidency of V.V. Putin and D.A. Medvedev in 2000-2023. The purpose of the work is to highlight the main points of view on Russia's Middle East policy and identify the key areas of interest among foreign researchers. The object of the study is to examine the geopolitical significance of the region and the ways in which this significance is reflected in the studies of foreign scholars. The subject is the views of foreign researchers on Russia's policy in the Middle East. The article analyzes the differences and similarities in the interpretations of the effectiveness and consequences of Russia's actions in the region. The study is based on the principles of objectivity, systematicity and consistency. The main conclusions of the paper are that foreign researchers have different attitudes towards Russia's policy in the Middle East. Some see this policy as a constructive approach to developing relations with all countries in the region, while others point to Russia's desire to strengthen its influence and interests in certain countries and, at the same time, Russia's attempt to upset the already fragile balance of power in the region, which is considered one of the most tense and unstable in the world.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0617.2024.1.69877

EDN: IHQGKQ

Abstract: The subject of the study is the modern regional integration of India on the example of the associations I2U2 and IMEC. The aim of the research is to identify successful methods and approaches of India, which it uses in integration efforts in the Asia-Pacific region. India's successful approaches to the process of adapting to new challenges against the background of China's strengthening in the region are being studied. The basis of the work is a systematic approach and analysis of statistical data, as well as event analysis and content analysis of official documents, Internet sources, historical and institutional methods, induction and deduction methods are used, theories of new regionalism and transregionalism, as well as the theory of regional security blocks are applied. The relevance of the study is determined by the complicated geopolitical situation in which Russia needs to apply more effective practices for rapid integration in this region. The scientific novelty consists in applying theoretical developments to a practice-oriented study of empirically observed regionalization processes in the Asia-Pacific region. In the context of a changing world order, India uses the new opportunities through new region building, applies the approaches of cooperative regionalism and transregionalism, and cooperates on all inter-regional platforms. It finds new partners and markets for its products, participates in integration associations and puts forward its own transport and logistics projects. This helps the country consolidate its leading position. India's integration experience plays a significant practical role for Russia and for other countries striving for development and leadership.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0617.2024.1.69730

EDN: YNKFLM

Abstract: The author examines the influence of the North Caucasian diaspora (Muhajirs) on the relations of the Ottoman Empire, and later Turkey with Russia in the context of the creation of the Union of Highlanders of the North Caucasus and Dagestan in the region of the same name during the conflicts – the Civil War in Russia and the War of Independence of Turkey. The end of the First World War was marked by the fall of the largest European empires, including the Russian and Ottoman empires. These cataclysms have led to an increase in conflict in the region. In addition, these processes contributed to the growth of national consciousness of the peoples who were part of these states. At the same time, the social upsurge took place not only in the country of origin, but also in the diaspora, which, using its social position in the receiving country, tried to influence foreign policy in order to realize its historical "myth". In turn, the diaspora simultaneously acted as an informal "instrument" in relations between Russia and Turkey. The research used general scientific methods such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, the unity of historical and logical. A wide source and historiographical base was used. The study revealed that representatives of the diaspora had a double identity: on the one hand, they retained the "myth" of their historical homeland, on the other, they considered themselves loyal subjects of the Ottoman state. Based on their dual self-identification, their activities and the policy of the Turkish state in the Caucasus resulted, forming a kind of symbiosis, so the foreign policy interests of the state were intertwined with the desire of the muhajirs to return to their homeland. At the same time, the country of origin, although actively cooperating with the diaspora, also pursued its own interests. However, as the revolutions in Russia and Turkey faded and the state apparatus of the two countries strengthened, the diaspora factor began to decrease – national interests prevailed over the interests of individual ethnic groups.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0617.2024.1.70157

EDN: HLRRGE

Abstract: The article examines the political and ideological narratives in the scientific research of British authors devoted to the Second World War. The purpose of this publication is to study the works of British authors as a tool of information and psychological warfare aimed at promoting a certain ideological agenda in Russian society. In the course of the study, some recommendations were formulated that can contribute to strengthening state policy in the field of preserving historical memory. The subject of the research is the scientific research of such authors as: E. Beevor, M. Hastings, T.Ripley, K.Aylesby, S. Crawford, N. Cornish, S.Hart, R. Hart and M. Hughes. The object is political and ideological narratives aimed at promoting the pro-Western agenda in the information and educational field, as well as in the publishing sphere. The research methodology was subordinated to the goals and objectives of the work, directly reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of the topic under study. To identify the main narratives in the works of foreign authors, a qualitative content analysis was conducted aimed at reflecting the main plots, images and their political and ideological content. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that the distortion and manipulation of historical memory in the research of British authors is aimed at promoting a certain ideological and political agenda. This process is carried out using a one-sided selection of facts in the description, certain events and the placement of narrative accents, as well as in the dehumanization of the Red Army and the Soviet Union. The narrative constructed by Western authors is aimed at both the internal audience and the younger generation within our country, in order to involve them in the areola of Western information policy. Today, the narrative of the Second World War is used by modern researchers and politicians of the Western world as a tool to promote the anti-Russian agenda. In order to counteract the Western policy of distorting historical memory, it is necessary to take a number of the following measures: the promotion of popular scientific journals on history, the return of editorial edits and articles from the editor when publishing research by Western authors, the return of printing memoirs of Red Army soldiers and the restriction of publication of memoirs of the German military.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0617.2024.1.69538

EDN: GKMOYL

Abstract: The subject of this article is the narratives of the conflict between the Chinese and British empires in the XVIII-XIX centuries and about the Korean War of 1950-1953. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze stable narratives and cliches about these conflicts, to show their genesis, transformation and target groups. As the analyzed material, the diplomatic correspondence given in A. Toynbee's "A study of History" and in G. Kissinger's "On China" are compared; additional updated sources are considered. The identified inconsistencies in key issues are analyzed by comparing, as well as the situational and historical context of the appearance of these texts and their interpretations. The Cold War narrative about the Chinese delegation to Moscow in 1949-1950 has also been disassembled and deconstructed. The methodological basis of linguistic research of texts consists of content analysis, intent analysis, discourse analysis, narrative analysis. The results revealed distortions of the analyzed narratives about the conflict between the Chinese and British empires in the XVIII-XIX centuries; about the negotiations between the PRC and the USSR in 1949-1950. The primary sources that deserve attention and further research are indicated. Parallels have been drawn between the events under study, which were not previously considered in this way; an analysis has been carried out in the light of the identification of these correlations. The ambiguity and tendentiousness of many theses of Kissinger's work are substantiated. The reasons and the probable target group for which these narratives were created are analyzed. In conclusion, China's declared vision of the development of international relations in connection with the historical context is analyzed. A thesis is put forward on the applicability of the data obtained to predict the current conflict between China and the United States over Taiwan.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0617.2024.1.69915

EDN: GMAYZS

Abstract: The object of this study is the role models that can be chosen by the participants of the confrontation within the framework of bullying, the subject of the study was social consequences of the application of specific behavioral scenarios in the conflict. These consequences are manifested through the results of the confrontation and the impact of these results on the statuses and positions in the educational environment at different levels, changes in the structure of factions, and interaction between them. Among the applied research methods are comparison, generalization, and synthesis. In the context of conflict methodology, the work is based on the consideration of the theories of conflict functions of Lewis Ñoser and the conflict of Ralph Darendorf. The innovative aspect of the research consists of a comprehensive understanding and analysis of Western experience in the field of pedagogy and the development of new conceptual models. It should be emphasized that few studies of bullying in Russian pedagogical conflictology have been carried out. Western researchers often consider the victim of bullying as a passive participant deprived of subjectivity. The authors propose to perceive bullying as a conflict and consider it not only as bullying but also as a situation of negative leadership. The new models considered in our study highlight victim role scripts and assimilation/accommodation of behaviors within the aggressor/victim dichotomy. In addition, the novelty of the study is manifested in the introduction of the concept of role (emotional) benefit and a comprehensive consideration of the aspects of benefit that a "victim" receives in a conflict. The authors propose a system of scenarios and sub-scenarios of victim behavior, taking into account the assimilation/accommodation of certain behavioral patterns when subjects are included in a bullying situation.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0617.2024.1.69808

EDN: GXBCAZ

Abstract: The object of this study is the role models that can be chosen by the participants of the confrontation in the framework of bullying. It should be noted that the authors of the study consider bullying as a form of pedagogical conflict, which can significantly affect the educational process and mental health of students. The relevance of the study is also revealed through the perception of bullying not just as bullying, but as a conflict, where the parties are involved in a confrontation and have subjectivity. The subject of the research is the social consequences of following behavioral scenarios in conflict. Such consequences are revealed through the result of confrontation, as well as the impact of the result of such confrontation on changes in statuses and positions within the educational environment at different levels, changes in distribution, emergence, change, fragmentation, and disappearance of factions within the educational environment. The methodological basis of this study is the analysis of a wide range of scientific sources: scientific and practical pedagogical, psychological, sociological, conflictology literature, and periodical scientific publications. Among the applied methods of scientific research are: comparison, generalization, and synthesis. In the context of conflict methodology, this work is built around the theory of conflict functions Lewis Kozer, and Ralph Darendorf's theory of conflict. The novelty of the study is revealed through a comprehensive analysis of the experience of Western researchers in the field of pedagogy, as well as the development of new conceptual models. Western researchers assign a passive role to the victim of bullying, thereby depriving her of subjectivity. The authors propose to perceive bullying as a conflict, and bullying not only as bullying but also as a situation of negative leadership.