Abstract: The subject of the research is the value added tax revenues in the federal budget of the Russian Federation. This tax is received only at one budget level, thereat particular regions become the source of the taxation base. The purpose of the research is to relate socio-economic indicators of regions to amounts of VAT revenues for a particular constituent. To achieve this goal, the authors of the research make mathematical models of VAT revenues depending on the tax potential and elements of the tax. Nizhni Novgorod Region has been chosen as an example to draw one-factor models based on the analysis of the Federal Tax Service and Rosstat data. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors have performed mathematical selection of the most important factors to be used in regression equations of VAT revenues in the federal budget. As a result of the research, the authors suggest that we should use six important factors that have the greatest influence on the development of VAT revenues.

Keywords: simple regression, Kayser's criterion, correlation, federal budget, tax revenues, sign factor, econometric forecasting, factor model, value added tax, modeling of budget incomes

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.67954

Keywords: simple regression, correlation, federal budget, tax revenues, sign factor, econometric forecasting, factor model, value added tax, modeling of budget incomes

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.19444

Abstract: It is impossible to talk about the modern type of corporate tax, its drawbacks and benefits and the role for the Russian Federation budget system without knowing the history of how that tax was created. Development of the tax relates to the evolution of taxes in the sphere of entrepreneurial activities and direct taxation in general. The given research is devoted to the analysis of corporate tax revenues into the Consolidated Budget of the Russian Federation as well as Belgorod, Voronezh and Lipetsk Regions over the period from 2013 to 2015. The subject of the research is the economic relations in the sphere of taxation and peculiarities of calculating the share of corporate tax revenues in the Russian Federation budget. The methodological basis of the research involves fundamental concepts represented in Russian and foreign researches as well as legislative and regulatory acts of state authorities, federal laws and materials of research and practice conferences on taxation matters. The authors of the research article have applied abstract-logical, statistical-economic and other research methods. In their research the authors provide their evaluation of today's level of tax burden on Russian companies which proves a difficult financial situation of the actual economic sector of the Russian Federation. Summarizing the results of these statistics, the authors state that among the Central Black Earth Regions, Belgorod, Lipetsk and Voronezh regions are the first ones to collect the largest amounts of taxes. The analysis of corporte tax revenues into the budgets of different levels demonstrates that corporate tax is one of the main three taxes in the Federal Budget and the main tax in the Consolidated Budgets of the Russian Federation constituents.

Keywords: federal taxes, budget system, tax debt, tax revenues, federal budget, consolidated budget, income tax, regional taxes, local taxes, CCHR

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.67955

Keywords: federal taxes, budget system, tax debt, tax revenues, federal budget, consolidated budget, income tax, regional taxes, local taxes, CCHR

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.19663

Abstract: Low fiscal significance of tax on property of individuals and land tax in local budgets along with gradual transition to taxation of immovable property in the Russian Federation based on cadastral value have defined interest to depiction of the factors of growth of these taxes. The subject of the research is taxation of immovable property of individuals. The object of the research is influence of the decisions made at federal level in relation to these taxes on the sustainability of local budgets. Legislative acts of representative bodies of municipalities and laws of cities of federal importance Moscow and St. Petersburg, which set new rules of collection of tax on property of individuals, data of statistical reportings of tax authorities and results of control actions in respect of land tax served as the methodological basis of the research. The author of the research used the following research methods: observation, analysis, comparison and generalization. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author creates the mechanism for taxation of immovable property of individuals on the basis of cadastral value with the use of defined and not fully used factors of growth. The special contribution made by the author is the grounding and proposal of change of the current approach to the establishment of tax deductions and tax benefits/exemptions.

Keywords: incomes of local budgets, tax credits, cadastral value, tax benefits, tax administration, tax rates, land tax, taxation of individuals, liabilities, immovable property

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.67956

Keywords: incomes of local budgets, tax credits, cadastral value, tax benefits, tax administration, tax rates, land tax, taxation of individuals, liabilities, immovable property

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.18725

Abstract: The subject of the research is the economic relations arising in the process of tax accounting of corporate fiscal effects. According to the authors, it is necessary to acknowledge the independent rights of accounting and fiscal (tax) accounting. It should be also noted that tax accounting is aimed at providing relevant information for both consumers and state authorities. The main objective of the accounting policy for taxation purposes should be to create an adequate system of tax accounting which would consider technological parameters of an enterprise. The methodological basis of the research implies fundamental concepts represented in Russian and foreign researches, legislative and regulatory acts of state authorities, federal laws, Decrees of the President and Government Resolutions as well as materials of research and practice conferences. In their research the authors have applied abstract-logical, monographic, statistical-economic and other methods of economic research. The main conclusions of the research provide an overview of tax accounting policy based on the two aspects. On the one hand, it is a system of tax accounting methods applied by an enterprise, on the other hand, it is a document containing the desciption of this system. This creates alternative versions of tax accounting and the need to choose particular methodological approaches to accounting process. The authors describe the main principles of developing tax accounting policy such as the accounting continuity and the accrual principle (temporarily determined business operation items).

Keywords: tax subjects, accounting policy, tax control, principles, accounting, tax accounting, taxation, tax code, profit tax, fiscal effect

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.67957

Keywords: tax subjects, accounting policy, tax control, principles, accounting, tax accounting, taxation, tax code, profit tax, fiscal effect

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.19465

Abstract: The subject of the study is to assess the impact on the choice of the excise taxation of tobacco products system. The object of the study are the factors that influence the choice of the excise tax system. It is proved that the choice of the excise rate depends on characteristics of the goods: a) the production of goods is carried out by several companies that are relatively easier process control and collection of the state tax; b) the demand for this product is relatively inelastic - tobacco users are addicted to this product, and therefore not susceptible to price changes; c) the product is a commodity of prime necessity, and d) negative externality of consumption goods.In this paper, using econometric and statistical methods studied acting tax administrations of foreign countries' legislation with regard to the excise tax, and it is proved that the specific excise duties entail lower tax burden on the brand premium compared to cheaper brands. Since the specific excise duties do not depend on changes in the price, they provide a steady stream of revenue to the state budget. Ad valorem excise taxes provide the same tax burden for brands in all price categories. Proceeds from the ad valorem excise duties depends on the price and can change over time depending on the behavior of consumers and producers. It is proved that the levels of excise taxes and cigarette prices tend to be higher in countries applying specific or mixed taxation system, which relies largely on the specific component. Prices of cigarettes higher in countries that rely more heavily on specific excise duties. Levels of tax and lower prices by using hybrid systems, based largely on the ad valorem excise duty, and even lower in those countries that use pure ad valorem system. Noteworthy that the lowest level of prices is noted in countries which do not levy excise duties. It is also clarified that country, is charged exclusively specific excise duty on cigarettes or relying more heavily on specific components of the mixed system of taxation, have the highest average taxes and cigarette prices, and those who charge only ad valorem excise or rely more on the ad valorem component of the mixed system of taxation. They have the lowest taxes and prices.

Keywords: ad valorem excise duty, specific excise duty, excise tax system, fiscal stability, taxation, system of taxation, tobacco products, excise, tax policy, tax administration

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.67958

Keywords: ad valorem excise duty, specific excise duty, excise tax system, fiscal stability, taxation, system of taxation, tobacco products, excise, tax policy, tax administration

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.19733

Abstract: The subject of the present research article is the process of differentiating cases of interdependence depending on their degree of impact on transation terms and economic performance of related parties. According to the author, the arm's length principle needs to be limited in cases when companies' intergration does not have the purpose to avoid taxes. In this regard, the author offers to differentiate cases of relationship depending on the degree of impact of one party on decisions made by the other party, and to define the grounds for taxation of a group of related parties (enterprises) as the single taxpayer. In his research Kamenkov has mainly used: 1) Aristotelian method that has allowed to define differences between relationship cases and to describe the features of the single consolidated taxpayer; and 2) comparative law method that has allowed to compare foreign and Russian approaches to the matter under research. The author of the article offers his own approach according to which related parties can be divided into the three groups depending on their degree of impact: 1) one of the parties can directly influence decisions of the other party (the 'red' light); 2) one of the partices can influence decisions of the other party unless the contrary is proved (the 'yellow' light); 3) one of the parties cannot influence decisions of the other party unless the contrary is proved (the 'green' light). Depending on the degree of impact of one party on the other party's will, the burden of the proof of related influence on business transactions and economic results of the consolidated taxpayer can be distributed. The author of the article also offers his approaches to fixing the single consolidated taxpayer for a group of companies participating in the same operating procedures.

Keywords: income tax, traffic light principle, arms length principle, economic base, transfer pricing, single taxpayer, tax consequences, related parties, consolidated group of taxpayers, associate company

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.67959

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.19639

Abstract: The author considers Russian transfer pricing rules entered into force from the 1st January 2012 from the perspective of their accordance to the balance of private and public interests principle. The author analyses the overall compliance of the forced tax base adjustment by the tax authorities to this principle as well as specific aspects of the issue (the transaction definition for the transfer pricing tax control purposes, the tax authorities’ power in the related parties’ transactions audit). The author applies theoretic approaches to the “balance of private and public interests” term to the current transfer pricing tax control rules in Russia, analyses court and administrative practice. The main conclusion of the article is that the tax base adjustment under the transfer pricing tax control rules does not violate balance of private and public interests principle by itself. It does not provide creation of the tax base in the transaction between related parties, but “requalification” of the accounted, “hided” at the another entity profit to the tax base of the entity which shall account it. The principles of the parity, substance over form, fair tax base maintenance and double taxation avoidance, economic substantiation and fair taxation are the base for the considered rules. However, some rules of the Russian Tax Code require changes. Hence, Art.105.7 p.11 of the Russian Tax Code regulation significantly decreases the certainty and predictability level between tax authorities and taxpayers and therefore cannot be considered as commensurately limiting taxpayers’ rights. The “deal” term used in the Section V.1 of the Russian Tax Code is narrower and less precise than the efficient transfer pricing tax control requires. It violates balance of private and public interests principle as does not allow to control relationships, which shall be controlled (labor relationships, novation, etc.), and at the same time formally controls relationships, which cannot be controlled. The Section V.1 of the Russian Tax Code requirements does not limit transfer pricing tax control by the local tax authorities within the tax audits, thus it puts taxpayers to the unequal status depending on the transactions they enter. Key words: transfer pricing, the arm’s length principle, balance of private and public interests principle, the related parties’ transactions audit, the Russian Federal Tax Office, OECD Guidelines, the tax audit, the territorial tax authority, transaction, tax base adjustment, related parties.

Keywords: transfer pricing, the arm's length principle, balance of interests, Russian Federal Tax Office, OECD Guidelines, tax audit, local tax authority, transaction, tax base adjustment, related parties

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.19985

Abstract: At the moment, due to the entering into force of the Russian transfer pricing rules from 1st January 2012, the practice on their application is developing and questions on their interpretations arise. As the Russian transfer pricing rules are based on the recommendations of OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations, the issue on their applicability in Russia appear. In this article the author analyses court and administrative practice on the issue and forms a self consistent approach to this problem. The Author concludes that OECD Guidelines may be applied as proceeding, elaborating, developing and filling the gaps in the Russian regulation in case of similarity of logic and goals of the transfer pricing control in OECD Guidelines and the Russian Federation Tax Code.

Keywords: transfer pricing, arm’s length principle, tax control, cost sharing, OECD Guidelines, tested party, portfolio approach, related parties, group of companies, Russian Federal Tax Office

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.19713

Abstract: The subject of the research is the system of financial relations on the issues of the origin, formation and distribution of tax flows in the tax system of Russia. The object of research is the tax system of the Russian Federation. The author of the article discusses modern trends and problems of functioning of the Russian tax system. The conclusion is that improving the efficiency of the tax system of the Russian Federation is only possible with the modern scientific concept of improvement of tax legislation based on a systematic approach taking into account the implementation of the basic law-making factors and create the optimal interaction of all parts of the tax system. Special attention is given to identifying the key problems of the domestic tax system in the budget deficit and the impact of economic sanctions. On the basis of the systems approach the author identifies problems and trends of modern tax system of the Russian Federation. As a result, the work revealed weaknesses in the Russian tax system. Convincingly concluded that the existing drawbacks of the Russian tax system is largely due to the fact that in developing the concept of its construction, not fully a comprehensive approach to the problem of taxation. Furthermore, not taken into account the complex interactions of all participants of social relations in the process of establishment and collection of taxes. The lack of an integrated approach in the formation of the Russian tax system exacerbates economic and social contradictions, shifting capital abroad, the development of the shadow economy. The author argues the conclusion that as a result of tax reform the tax system, while remaining a tool of redistribution of GDP, must become more neutral. Primarily redistributive methods of tax regulation of the market mechanism will cease to have a deterrent effect on the dynamic development of the national economy. The results of the study can be applied to Federal and regional authorities as a theoretical and methodological framework in the development of proposals for the development of the Russian tax system. The formation of an effective tax system involves the necessity of realization of complex of measures of economic, financial, legal, methodological and organizational plan for achieving the projected goals of social and economic development of the Russian Federation which is a necessary condition for economic growth in the country, improving the welfare of Russian citizens.

Keywords: budget reallocation, tax burden, shadow economy, tax rate, tax base, tax exemptions, tax administration, tax legislation, tax system, budget deficit

DOI: 10.7256/2454-065X.2016.7.67960