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Abstract: Everyone lives in the surrounding world and we can speak of an adequate adaptation to the reality, its peculiarities and characteristics only if all the specific features of the surroundings are taken into account. Based on their personal experience, knowledge and typical ways of activity, people build their own cognitive maps of reality (subjective image of the objective world). The most important characteristic of the latter is its usefulness in providing comfortable existence and life support of an organism.

Abstract: System approach is a methodological branch of science and social practice assuming objects to be researched as elements of a system. System approach is mostly oriented at finding relations between elements and maintaining ways of describing their behavior with the help of metapatterns (patters describing the nature of these relations instead of describing just separate elements).

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2024.1.43920

EDN: WMFRTA

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a scientific study aimed at determining the effectiveness of the synthetic concept of dreams when applied in the field of psychological psychotherapy (psychocorrection) and (or) in the field of personality development. Accordingly, the mental reality of the subjects is presented as an object of research, and as its subject of research – "transformation of the states and (or) personality characteristics of the participants in the experiment in the context of the use of a synthetic algorithm for working with dreams." The research was conducted in the form of an experiment, the participants of which, in interaction with the experimenter, who performed the function of interpreter and "guide", comprehended their dreams and carried out direct work with them. The main conclusions drawn on the basis of the results of the study were the confirmation of the effectiveness of the presented synthetic concept of dreams and, therefore, the idea of dreaming as a natural psychotherapeutic (psychocorrective) mechanism, as well as the material with which work contributes to the development of personality. Taking into account the high scientific interest and practical significance of studying the integral structure of a person's mental reality in the context of improving his psychological well-being in a stressful environment and, at the same time, the known complexity of the study of such a phenomenon as dreams, the work can claim the status of one of the steps to scientific discovery.

Keywords: Psychocorrection, Psychotherapy, Anxiety, Integration, Integrity, Development, Transformation, The dream, Personality, Archetype

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2020.3.33187

Abstract: This article touches upon one of the peculiarities of modern psychology – a shift away from the natural scientific paradigm and transition towards constructivist methodology. Constructivism in psychology is characterized by relativity of truth, prevalence of subjective over objective, conditionality of cognition of characteristics of a subject, activity of an individual in cognition and being, construction of own reality by an individual. The author addresses the problem of studying the unconscious and suggest applying the constructivist paradigm in the research. It is substantiated that constructivism is one of the most effective approaches towards studying the unconscious, as peculiarities of the unconscious comply with the provisions of constructivism: a crucial role on the unsconsious is played by fantasies, affinities and emotional processes; structure of the unconscious is inexact and cannot be reduced to specific elements; the unconscious is flexible and develops in accordance with its own logic. Analysis is conducted on foreign studies on the unconscious that are based on constructivism. The scientific novelty consists in substantiation of application of the constructivist approach in psychology towards examining the unconscious, as well as in carrying out an analytical review of modern foreign research dedicated to the problem of the unconscious, leaning on the provisions of constructivism. The author concludes on the prevalent trends in foreign constructivist psychology of the unconscious: the focus on irrational, non-objectivist theories in explaining the unsconsious; a desire to make psychoanalysis a general psychological theory; acknowledgement of the unsconsious side of mental activity as the leading, as it is capable of more effective information processing; the unsconsious mechanisms of communication and joint activity play a significant role in establishing an in-depth personal dialogue. Psychological practice assigns a leading role to the unconscious; moreover, this aspect becomes central in social and ethnological research. Based on the theoretical overview of foreign studies, the effectiveness of application of constructivism in psychology is underlined.

Keywords: unconscious thinking, methodology of psychology, psychoanalysis, foreign psychology, paradigm, constructivism, unconscious, theory of psychology, joint activity, art

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2021.2.33551

Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of the degree of defense mechanisms and their interrelation with the motivational orientation of corporate leaders at different stages of business development. The subject of this research is the motivational orientations and defense mechanisms of corporate leaders at different stages of business development. The aim goal consists in studying the interdependence of defense mechanisms and motivational orientations of the leaders of companies founded less than 3 years ago (crisis state) and over 10 years (sustainable development). The article employs cross-sectional method based on the questionnaire “Life Style Index” (LSI) developed by R. Plutchik, H. Kellerman, and H. R. Conte; the method of diagnostics of socio-psychological attitudes of the individual in the motivational and consumer sphere developed by O. F. Potemkina. The analysis of the acquired results with determination of statistically significant interdependences of psychological indicators was carried out by means of the method of mathematical statistics. The novelty of this work consists in examination of the impact of motivational orientations of corporate leaders upon manifestation of their defense mechanisms during the crisis stages of business development in accordance with the theory of psychoanalysis. Such research is carried out for the first time. The practical importance of the results lies in the application of knowledge of psychoanalytic concepts for revealing the latent pathogenic factors in the company that affect personnel’s behavior. This would allow the corporate psychologists to choose effective recommendations for balancing such factors. The conclusion is made that the protective mechanisms of the business owner and corporate leadership are interrelated with their motivational orientations; the degree of defense mechanisms of leaders of newly established companies and long established companies differ. The author's special contribution to this research consists in interpretation of the results through the prism of psychoanalytic approach.

Keywords: psychosexual development, unconscious motives, mature defense mechanisms, primitive defense mechanisms, lider, management group, business owners, organization's management, motivational orientations, defense mechanisms

Abstract: The article contains notes on the report at the 1st World Congress of Russian-speaking Psychotherapists ‘Languages of Psychotherapy’. The report covers how psychoanalysis is perceived in modern Russian and what attitude traditional clinical medicine has towards it.

Keywords: psychology, Freud’s complex, translations of Freud’s works, scientization, impersonal approach, ‘bad therapist’, clinical medicine, constitutional approach, characterology, historical point of view, psyche, psychoanalysis

Abstract: The author believes that existential tradition has a very long history. Long before existentialism appeared, Ancient Egypt faced the problem of creative transformation of the world. Based on ancient writings, human strove to experience the Universe. Prophets and magicians received esoteric knowledge from their secret sources, cosmic consciousness or collective unconscious.

Keywords: psychology, human, cognition, magic, archetype, witchcraft, the sacral, symbol, liturgy, conscience, unconscious

Abstract: The article stresses out the term ‘public subconsciousness’ although this term is not so well known in social and humanitarian studies. The author of the article underlines that this term must be distinguished from Jung’s term ‘collective unconscious’ which means the product of inherited brain structures. The author analyzes over two hundred of comments from social networks that talk about dreams in which an individual stays in the army or students’ dormitory. The author states that there is a certain matrix of perceiving and evaluating social realities that stands above individual subconsciousness. This layer of consciousness is represented in one’s dreams and provides grounds for understanding the realities of modern Russian society and its consciousness structures.

Keywords: psychology, subconsciousness, consciousness, unconsciousness, psychoanalysis, dream, army, dormitory, Freud, Jung.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2019.4.31301

Abstract: This article presents an attempt of scientific in-depth psychological interpretation of the perception of symbolics contained in horror movies, namely in the context of such occurrence as nightmares, sleep paralysis, etc. The relevance of this work is defined by acuteness of the problems related to destructive tendencies within the teenage and youth environments in Russia. Emphasis is made on interpretation of the essence of an object (horror movies) and subject (associates with them mental processes and phenomena) of research, and their correlation with developmental psychology overall, specificity of the age of adolescence in particular, as well as the audience for corresponding movies. The scientific novelty consists in “multidimensional” interpretation of the phenomena in question, considering the psychoanalytically oriented theories and authorial concept. The work particularly analyzes symbolics of the popular movie “It Chapter 2” and describes (including from axiological “reference point”) perspectives on the indicated problematic. Conclusions obtained in this research are valuable in the area of psychological education, psychological counselling and self-analysis, as well as in development of the theory of psychology in the corresponding segment.

Keywords: Drive, Destruction, Development, Co-Being, Unconsciousness, Psychic reality, Dreams, Nightmares, Horror Movies, Mortido

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2020.1.32332

Abstract: In modern practical psychology, the work with imagination as a whole, and night dreaming in particular, is of considerable importance. Various approaches offer different interpretation of the essence of night dreaming state, and thus, diverse techniques of working with a client. However, the demand for the universal synthetic approach within the framework of psychological aid (consulting psychology, correctional psychology, and (or) nonmedical psychotherapy) is highly relevant in both, theoretical and applied aspect. The author attempt to answer such request based on the experience acquired in the process of rendering practical psychological aid. The object of this study is psychical reality of the recipients of psychological services. The subject is the state of consciousness during sleep of the recipients of psychological services. The main conclusion consists in proving the efficiency of the synthetic approach towards work with night dreaming developed and tested by the author of the article. The scientific and applied novelty of this approach lies in the ability to overcome a range of difficulties faced by the practitioners in the area of depth psychology.

Keywords: Insight, Subpersonality, Personality, Image, Symbol, Depth psychology, Consciousness, Интерпретация, Dream, Unconsciousness

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.1.10594

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DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.1.63936

Abstract: The author of the article views dream images as a particular case of mental models. She establishes that the patterns and rules defined for dream images will apply to all mental models. It is assumed that the word plays a dual role for the psyche. On one hand, it is the element of the second signaling system. In this regard the word is viewed as the component of consciousness, a sign or a meaning. On the other hand, the word is the element of the first signaling system, i.e. the sound. It is assumed that the images of the highest order have the acoustic component that can be presented as the combination of incoherent sounds, generalized parts of words as well as words mechanically recorded by the memory with reference to the images of these phenomena. This is the element of the first signallig system. It is unconscious and does not relate to the meaning of words. The author analyzes over a hundred of lucid dreams described by the participants of the web community called ‘The Road of the Dream’. A lucid dream means a dream when we realize that we are asleep and therefore we can control some part of our dreams. The results of research show that the acoustic component can be present in the dream images both in active and passive forms. The active sound is associated with the dream images of the highest order (people, rarely animals and space-like formations). Passive vocalization is possible when a dreamer addresses a question to his dream image. Passive vocalization is possible for all kinds of images including images of inanimate objects. The author also studies the phenomenon of recollection of an image based on a word pronounced by the dreamer. Noteworthy that the recalled image can sound similar but have a completely different meaning than the word.

Keywords: psychology, images, dreams, lucid dreams, mental models, images of the highest order, signaling system, consciousness, words, meaning.