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DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.1.7088

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Abstract: the article about addictability is based on the attempt to understand what “promiscuity” actually is and what gap in his psychic reality a person tries to cover by entering more and more sexual relations. As the result, quite unexpectedly for the author himself he has created this article, some kind of a “universal theory of additions” where promiscuous behavior is viewed as one of the evolutionary grades of the overall “addictive development”. In other words, this article is one more attempt to describe the mechanism of generation and evolution of “binding ties” and “freeing relations”.

Abstract: According to the author, Russian literature mostly describes the psychological aspect of the oral structure bearers. As for sexual feelings of an oral individual, the author believed the theme to be not fully discussed. The present article is devoted to describing the peculiar sexuality of the oral woman.

Keywords: the unconscious, psychology, character, personal development, sexuality, oral character, formation, character analysis, formation

Abstract: the article contains a critical overview of the stereotype theory by an American journalist and sociologist Walter Lippman. The author analyzed the historical background for that conception, underlined the role of a stereotype in mass ideological processes and pointed out the danger of massification of society.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, public mind, stereotype, information, public opinion, propaganda, rationality, fact, ideologization

Abstract: translated chapter of “Public Opinion” by Walter Lippman in which an American sociologist and journalist explicitly described his theory of stereotypes, their formation and influence on social and individual minds.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, stereotype, public opinion

Abstract: Abstract: translated chapter of “Public Opinion” by Walter Lippman in which an American sociologist and journalist explicitly described his theory of stereotypes, their formation and influence on social and individual minds.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, stereotype, public opinion

Abstract: Abstract: The article is devoted to a psychoanalytical session as a dialogue between an analyst and a patient. The author showed that only a dialogue could be the ground for a successful session. The author also described the dialogism conception as the basis for a psychoanalytical session.

Keywords: psychology, dialogue, psychoanalytical session, encounter, responsiveness, conversation, borders of “empathy”, talk, the unconscious

Abstract: Review: the magic of a myth works through the symbols. Symbol is some kind of a trigger starting and directing the power of a myth. Mythological world systems include numerous totally universal symbols which raises a question, why? How does a universal symbol influence these or those tendencies within the nation?

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, symbol, myth, mythology, psyche, Ego, introjection, imprinting

Abstract: The dialogue covers various problems arising when studying a child’s mind by psychoanalytical methods. In particular, it analyzes the first impressions of a child when he sees his reflection in the mirror, potential dangers of meeting with his own reflection in the mirror and the process of formation of the body image. Based on concrete examples the authors of the dialogue demonstrate the depth and power of the first impressions (visual and acoustic) which are left in a child’s mind for a long time or even for a lifetime. Special attention is paid at the ability of a psychoanalyst to listen to his patient and to conduct an honest conversation with him.

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, child, childhood, mirror, body, substitution, phobia, castration.

Abstract: All Karen Horney’s theoretical developments are based on the concepts of the unconscious and conflicting nature of relations between society and a personality. Neo-Freudians already tried to explain the social order of people’s lives on the ground of the basic ideas of her philosophy. The article shows that Horney’s representation of Freud’s ideas were not always adequate and unprejudiced. Her conclusions about self-analysis seem rather controversial. According to the author, she had serious difficulties in her clinical practice, too.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, culture, tradition, personality, spiritual progress, society, sex, neurosis

Abstract: Today, when such terms as social constructivism, perspectivism and intersubjectivity are becoming popular in psychoanalysis, the concept of objectivity loses its importance. Nevertheless, the author of the given article believes that the concept of objectivity has a rather important meaning or psychoanalysis and psychoanalysis can and must survive the opposition between modernistic and post-modernistic points of view. Very often researchers underestimate the relation between the term ‘objectivity’ and the term ‘object’. Position of an analysist as an object exterior to consciousness or patient’s subjectivity is a very comfortable position. Patient’s unconscious motivations are usually more accessible when an analyst studies the patient’s reaction towards the ‘object’. And even though an analyst cannot go beyond the borders of intersubjectivity, part of such intersubjectivity creates a perspective outside the patient’s intersubjectivity.

Keywords: psychology, p sychoanalysis, o bjectivity, i ntersubjectivity, m entalization, r eflexive p roperty, t ransference, countertransference, perspectives, object relations.

Abstract: The article shows the relation between the Universe and sexual and other human instincts which gives birth to Antique fate with her many faces. Fate becomes the harmonizing force of the Universe which restores the universal order on the account of its guilty part, — descendent of the family who committed a crime. Being a form of unconsciousness, a soul becomes a prototype of the Universe, an ideal of mental health.

Keywords: psychology, instincts, emanation, cosmos, fate, consciousness, energy, Ananke, Alastor.

Abstract: Female homosexuality usually presents itself during the period of sexual maturity and caused by the Oedipus complex and difficulties during infanthood. The author of the article defines the two main factors causing female homosexuality: denial of heterosexual relationships due to the castration complex and attraction to a mother due to early fixations. Woman’s denial from heterosexual relations is the regression which actualizes the experience of early relations with a mother. Female homosexuality is archaic, ambivalent and intense. It actualizes specific behavioral patterns, fears and conflicts of early period of child’s development.

Keywords: psychology, homosexuality, libido, regress, fixation, disappointment, frustration, hostility, perversions, object relations.

Abstract: This is the translation of a clinical case described by a famous American psychoanalyst and Freud’s follower M. Brunswick. In the final part of her description M. Brunswick speaks of the three paranoiac episodes the patient goes through during the psychoanalytical therapy.

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, paranoia, delusion of jealousy, sexuality

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2021.1.34828

Abstract: This article is dedicated to examination of the specificity of assessment of the individuals with different type of life scenario. Having compared the patterns of worldview and manifestations of life scenario of the individual, the author considers the latter as a component of in-depth structures of worldview, reflected on the level of semantic structures associated with the implementation of scenario in form of the specificity of assessment of respondents. One of the manifestations of life scenario of the individual in semantic structures is the specificity of assessment of their lifestyle. Since lifestyle represents a system of activities the person is engaged in, and life scenario by definition is related with saturation of subjective time with different ways of pastime, the process of realization of life scenario depends on the specifics of the content of lifestyle as a system of activities. The empirical research is conducted on the basis of specifically developed questionnaire; the three groups of respondents with different type of life scenario were formed. The respondents were offered to assess their lifestyle using a specialized semantic differential. The obtained data was processed via the method of semantic universals. The acquired results indicate that the descriptors included in the semantic universals of the assessment of lifestyle correspond to the type of life scenario of the individual. The groups of respondents with different type of life scenario demonstrate a various degree of in-group similarity in assessments of their lifestyle. Therefore, the specificity of lifestyle assessment is one of the manifestations of life scenario of the individual.

Keywords: semantic structures, image of the world, meaning, psychology of subjective semantics, psychosemantics, lifestyle, type of the life script, life script, semantic universalities, semantic differential

Abstract: Wilhelm Reich’s life is full of dramatic and tragic episodes. His biography, written by the psychoanalyst himself, is of great interest in this regard. In his biography Reich’s does not only touch upon some facts of his life but also reveals some aspects of psychoanalysis.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, culture, autobiography, psychology, passion, hatred, gnosis, unconscious, desire

Abstract: This is the translation of a clinical case described by a famous American psychoanalyst and Freud’s follower M. Brunswick. In the first part of her description M. Brunswick speaks of the infantile sexual tendencies of the patient suffering from the delusion of jealousy.

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, paranoia, delusion of jealousy, sexuality

Abstract: The article contains a review of various psychoanalytical theories on female development and reveals the author’s point of view on this topic.

Keywords: psychology, development, femininity, primary, psychoanalysis, ego-ideal, bisexuality, sex, gender, self-identifi cation

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issues connected with the analysis of the phenomenon of creativity, in particular, the insight act. The main results of cognitive processing of information are provided by unconscious processes (the stage of the idea incubation). However, since the unconscious is not controlled by the conscious mind, it is impossible to receive any introspective knowledge here. Consequently, it raises the task of developing such a model which would allow to view the reality depending on the observer’s position. In this case we shall see that the ‘unconscious’ processes are a quite familiar part of our everyday experience.

Keywords: psychology, creativity, philosophy, human, insight, experience, reality, ideal worlds, creation, self-cognition

Abstract: The author makes a suggestion that an analyst’s fear causes variety and abundance of the theories about transference. The author describes how the Freud’s conception developed from the very beginning when transference was viewed as a form of resistance, and to the moment when it was used as the basic method of therapy. Traditional and later views of the author on transference and its management are studied in the context of general conceptions existing in other schools and branches of psychology. The article also covers concepts of a negative transference. The article describes a few cases when an analyst responds to a patient’s transference by struggling with his own feelings of countertransference. The author underlines the importance of a proper training of a psychoanalyst and his experience in overcoming regressive attacks of parental projections without appealing to theoretical and technical means of defense. As the author assumes, transference is not a resistance on its own although it can be actually used in this quality. An analyst should not interpret a growing internal response to a patient’s regressive feelings just to avoid the feeling of anxiety. At the end of the article the author underlines the important of intuition, countertransference and sublimated projective counter identification.

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, unconsciousness, analyst, transference, countertransference, resistance, sublimation, fear, fantasies.

Abstract: The author analyzes different conceptions according to which myths are born in the sphere of the unconscious. It is shown that Freud exaggerated the role of unconsciousness and dreams in the process of myth making and underestimated the role of consciousness. It is also defined that Jung excessively archaized the process of myth making and should not have excluded consciousness from the process of formation of the unconscious.

Keywords: psychology, cultural studies, myth making, unconsciousness, consciousness, dreams, image, symbol, archetype, referent, interpretation.

Abstract: The article reveals the phenomenon of feminity (Z. Freud’s, M. Klein’s, F. Dolto’s, K. Deutsch’s and S. Rado’s ideas), peculiarities of a psychosexual development of a girl and the problems of attainment of feminity.

Keywords: psychology, feminity, sexuality, the Oedipus complex, delight, attachment, desire, phantasies, narcissism, envy

Abstract: Psychoanalysis has taken the history of philosophical anthropology to a completely new stage. According to the author, contribution of the psychoanalytical theory to philosophical comprehension of human isn’t fully understood. Many ideas of Freud, Adler and Jung are not recognized as they should be because of the appearance of a new philosophical conception at the beginning of the last century. The author means German philosophical anthropology which appeared in the 20th of the last century. The author also makes an attempt to compare Freud’s and Jung’s views on philosophical anthropology

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, philosophy, philosophical anthropology, unconscious, collective unconscious, culture, myth, mythology, human nature

Abstract: The author of the article studies the duration of internal time during altered states of consciousness. The following temporary indicators were registered during the research: subjective duration of a time period, pulse and a task time. The ayuthor studied such states of consciousness as the active waking, auto-training state and some states of active imagination called by the author as the ‘cold image’, ‘hot image’, ‘quick image’ and ‘slow image’. It was shown that in some states the task time was much shorter compared to auto-training and active wakening. The author also described a few mechanisms of the described phenomenon such as speeding up of the internal time, occurrence of additional time and transfer to the ‘out of time’ state of mind.

Keywords: psychology, internal time, psychological time, biological time, cogitation, subjective time, imagination, active imagination, auto-training, altered state of consciousness.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.1.13808

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DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.1.66083

Abstract: The present research article is devoted to the theories of sleep and dreaming created by the Russian psychologists, philosophers and theologians at the end of XIX – beginning of XX century. The authors of the article set a goal to analyze how sleep psychology has been developing in Russian science and to explain why names of Russian scientists studying sleep and dreaming have been forgotten. According to the authors, sleep psychology is quite controversial because Russian psychology is quite ‘polyphonic’ in general. There have been the two approaches to studying sleep and dreaming, empirical approach and religious- philosophical (theological) approach. In their research Stoyukhina and Kostrigin have used the historical and psychological research methods including the categories/concepts analysis method and product analysis method. The research methodology involves the principle of the determinism of the development of psychology as a science and the principle of logical and historical unity (Koltsova, V. A., Oleynik, Yu. N.). The central issues studied by the pre-revolutionary Russian scientists were the definitions of sleep and dreaming, their sources, factors and classifications. One of the most controversial topics psychologists were concerned about at the turn of XIX – XX centuries was whether prophetic dreams actually existed. The novelty of research is in the description of the researches on sleep psychology at the turn of XIX – XX centuries which has been a missing element in the history of psychology till present. The results of research will allow to better understand the development trends of Russian psychology.

Keywords: sleep psychology, history of psychology, empiric psychology, religious and philosophical psychology, classification of dreams, sources of sleep, sleep theories, objectives of sleep psychology, pre-revolutionary psychology, social history of science.

Abstract: The author of the article tries to analyze how the unconscious have been viewed in the history of esthetics. The author shows the connection of this term with ‘the beautiful’ and other esthetical categories (such as the ugly and high-spirited). As illustration of her ideas, the author uses photographs bringing the additional meaning to understanding the category ‘ugliness’.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, esthetics, art, beautiful, ugly, creativity, pain suffering.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.2.62394

Abstract: The article describes the ideas of a famous psychoanalyst H. Deutsch about reproductive development of a woman and reveals woman’s emotional experience in the process of pregnancy based on D. Kestenberg, T. Benedek and M. Bonaparte and other authors. Pregnancy can be shown as a particular stage in female development accompanied with regressive and progressive tendencies and achievement of a certain social status, new objective relations and another level of gender identity. Pregnancy can be also viewed s the proof of femininity and her body’s functioning. Woman’s experience of pregnancy can provide new opportunities for studying feminine identity and a new access to unconscious conflicts, desires and fantasies.

Keywords: psychology, pregnancy, femininity, conflict, libido, narcissism, identification, labor, regress, desires.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.3.10618

Abstract: In this article Trunov describes the main historical models of the dreams concepts including metaphysical, natural-science and psychological models. According to the metaphysical model, the source of dreams is the other world and dreams are messages to a dreamer from that other world. Based on the natural-science model, dreams are a specific product of spontaneous activity produced by a sleeping mind and thus do not have any important meaning for a dreamer. Depending on the psychological model, the source of dreams is the mental sphere, namely, 'the unconscious', and dreams perform important psychological functions. The author of the article compares the aforesaid models based on the following criteria: the source of dreams, functions of dreams, reason of dreams, mechanism of dreaming and oneiropractices (dream interpretation practices). Description of the three main models and their criteria allows to analyze how these models are integrated in the individual consciousness. Our individual idea of what a dream is is based on the fragments of different models depending on the contents of a dream, our world view and other factors which allows us to create our own personal integrated model of dreams. 

Keywords: oneirotherapy, psychological model, natural-science model, metaphysical model, oneirocriticism, oneuropractice, oneirology, dream interpretation, theory of dreams, concepts of dreams, dreams

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.3.67868

Abstract: In this article Trunov describes the main historical models of the dreams concepts including metaphysical, natural-science and psychological models. According to the metaphysical model, the source of dreams is the other world and dreams are messages to a dreamer from that other world. Based on the natural-science model, dreams are a specific product of spontaneous activity produced by a sleeping mind and thus do not have any important meaning for a dreamer. Depending on the psychological model, the source of dreams is the mental sphere, namely, 'the unconscious', and dreams perform important psychological functions. The author of the article compares the aforesaid models based on the following criteria: the source of dreams, functions of dreams, reason of dreams, mechanism of dreaming and oneiropractices (dream interpretation practices). Description of the three main models and their criteria allows to analyze how these models are integrated in the individual consciousness. Our individual idea of what a dream is is based on the fragments of different models depending on the contents of a dream, our world view and other factors which allows us to create our own personal integrated model of dreams. 

Keywords: oneirotherapy, psychological model, natural-science model, metaphysical model, oneirocriticism, oneuropractice, oneirology, dream interpretation, theory of dreams, concepts of dreams, dreams

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.4.62640

Abstract: Sigmund Freud’s supposition about primitive people having high ambivalency is proved according to the traditions of the psychoanalytic concept. High degree of ambivalency correlates with the degree of social belonging to the culture of magic. Its conditions of existence tell about high ambivalency which, however, requires new, important for human evolution, qualities in the course of research. In history, the same dynamics of ambivalency are parallel to dynamics of religious and magic transformations in civilization. These relations can be explained from the point of view of Carl Jung’s theory of collective unconsciousness and a number of his concepts about the history of collective unconsciousness. However, the research results show that the concept of high ambivalency does not only answer the question about human descent but also plays an important role in the analysis of today’s major cultural cataclysms.

Keywords: psychology, ambivalence, unconsciousness, anthropogenesis, magic, psychoanalysis, evolution, religion, aspiration, energy.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.5.11970

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DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.5.64999

Abstract: The author of the article describes a psychoanalytical view on the personality development and life style of women who experienced the divorce of their parents when they were children. The author proves that triad relations plays a very important role in a child’s development starting from the first year of life. A father is always present in a child’s life, either physically when he plays or talks to a child and by doing so, helps a child to adopt the model of interaction with an object which is different from a mother’s model, or mentally through a mother’s image of her husband when she is satisfied with her family relations and therefore can focus on a child’s care, or traumatized by her relations and therefore focus only on her emotional state and family problems. A father is the figure who helps a child to go through the stages of separation and individuation. He acts as a mediator when a child understands the emotional constant of an abject and a father also plays an important role in a successful completion of a girl’s process of identification. Grown-up girls of divorced parents often suffer from depression. They act anxiously in their interpersonal relations and have difficulty managing their feelings of guilt and aggression. They mistrust men and at the same time they tend to idealize the image of a true man and romantic relations. As a result, they get disappointed in their partner and have a divorce in their family, too. Analysis of theoretical sources on the matter has also shown a lack of Russian researches in this sphere.

Keywords: psychology, family, parents’ divorce, children of divorced parents, triad, objective relations, separation, individuation, depression, psychoanalysis.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.6.15111

Abstract: The object of the research is the three-level structure of human offered by the Russian philosopher Irina Beskova in her book 'The Nature of Dreams'. The subject of the research is the representation of the conscious, subconsious and unconscious experience ranged from the point of view of the hypothesis of the 'anthropological border' and their conceptualization in associated information units. In his article Nilogov examines such aspects as individual objective reality, individual language, status of human-existence, suggestion and language of dreams. Special attention is paid to the ontological status language and antilanguage units that represent sensory channels of obtaining information. In his research Nilogov has the following research methods: problem method, analogy, hermeneutical method, antilanguage method (discovery of classes of antiwords), comparison, sythesis, analysis, conceptualization, reconstruction and interviewing.  The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the researcher uses the antilanguage methodology to verbalize information coming from many systems and subsystems of human (sensory organs) in the form of special classes that code signals by the means of antiwords. The researcher reconstructs antilanguage aspects and provisions described by a number of researchers which provides enough grounds to substantiate a new philosophical and linguistic method.   

Keywords: dreamlike experience, class of antiword, suggestion, individual objective reality, unconscious, philosophy of antilanguage, Beskova, antilanguage methodology, anthropological border, language of dreams

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.6.66637

Abstract: The object of the research is the three-level structure of human offered by the Russian philosopher Irina Beskova in her book 'The Nature of Dreams'. The subject of the research is the representation of the conscious, subconsious and unconscious experience ranged from the point of view of the hypothesis of the 'anthropological border' and their conceptualization in associated information units. In his article Nilogov examines such aspects as individual objective reality, individual language, status of human-existence, suggestion and language of dreams. Special attention is paid to the ontological status language and antilanguage units that represent sensory channels of obtaining information. In his research Nilogov has the following research methods: problem method, analogy, hermeneutical method, antilanguage method (discovery of classes of antiwords), comparison, sythesis, analysis, conceptualization, reconstruction and interviewing.  The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the researcher uses the antilanguage methodology to verbalize information coming from many systems and subsystems of human (sensory organs) in the form of special classes that code signals by the means of antiwords. The researcher reconstructs antilanguage aspects and provisions described by a number of researchers which provides enough grounds to substantiate a new philosophical and linguistic method.   

Keywords: dreamlike experience, class of antiword, suggestion, individual objective reality, unconscious, philosophy of antilanguage, Beskova, antilanguage methodology, anthropological border, language of dreams

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.12.23178

Abstract: The subject of the research is the lexical analysis of human speech as well as literary texts from the point of view of the psychoanalytical approach. The author of the article bases his research on the concept of unconcious offered by Freud. The author makes a hypothesis that if the major part of our activity is defined by unconscious elements, then words said or written should be the brightest manifestation of our motives and desires. The author offers to use psycholinguistic categories and concepts (indexation of key words, set of key words and etc.) to carry out a psychoanalytical analysis of speech and texts. Our unconscious speaks itself through speech and creative writing despite critics of our conscious. The author gives examples of such unconscious words that may be used to create a psychological portrait of a person. With time, psychoanalysis has defined wide and deep connections with other research methods such as natural science observation, physical check-up, psychological experiement, anthropological field researches and historical researches. Psychoanalysis cn be also completed with the method of the lexical analysis of speech and texts that are found in all the elements of the psychoanalytical session triad: therapeutical contant, conceptual project and systemic self-analysis. The main conclusion of the research is that the lexical analysis of speech and texts can define words that come from the depth of our unconscious and these are not just slips of the tongue described by freud but also unconsciously said words that characterise one's true motives, desires, thoughts and actions. Such unconscious key words may describe not only one individual but also define psychological states of a certain nation or ethos.   

Keywords: keyword, psycholinguistics, Non-verbal, Verbal, unconscious, psychoanalysis, dominant, lexical analysis, slip, universal-subject code

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.12.68645

Abstract: The subject of the research is the lexical analysis of human speech as well as literary texts from the point of view of the psychoanalytical approach. The author of the article bases his research on the concept of unconcious offered by Freud. The author makes a hypothesis that if the major part of our activity is defined by unconscious elements, then words said or written should be the brightest manifestation of our motives and desires. The author offers to use psycholinguistic categories and concepts (indexation of key words, set of key words and etc.) to carry out a psychoanalytical analysis of speech and texts. Our unconscious speaks itself through speech and creative writing despite critics of our conscious. The author gives examples of such unconscious words that may be used to create a psychological portrait of a person. With time, psychoanalysis has defined wide and deep connections with other research methods such as natural science observation, physical check-up, psychological experiement, anthropological field researches and historical researches. Psychoanalysis cn be also completed with the method of the lexical analysis of speech and texts that are found in all the elements of the psychoanalytical session triad: therapeutical contant, conceptual project and systemic self-analysis. The main conclusion of the research is that the lexical analysis of speech and texts can define words that come from the depth of our unconscious and these are not just slips of the tongue described by freud but also unconsciously said words that characterise one's true motives, desires, thoughts and actions. Such unconscious key words may describe not only one individual but also define psychological states of a certain nation or ethos.   

Keywords: keyword, psycholinguistics, Non-verbal, Verbal, unconscious, psychoanalysis, dominant, lexical analysis, slip, universal-subject code

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.11.10071

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DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.11.63520

Abstract: In his article Michael Billing shows that Lacan made the distinction between “mirror stage” facts and his own theoretical interpretation of those obvious facts. Billing focuses on facts. According to the author, when facts generate doubts, theoretical interpretation of these facts becomes weak, too. This is quite a typical approach in psychology. Psychological ideas must be based on observations of human actions and should not be based on pure theory. However, Lacan was rather critical about that approach. He started his theory about the splitting of the ego feeling quite confident that was what a child actually did in front of the mirror. In other words, Lacan’s theory about the “ideal reflection” is based on Lacan’t confidence that his interpretation of observed actions were absolutely correct. At the same time, Lacan did not provide any evidence of the mirror reflection giving to a child his idea image. Lacan’s beliefs are not convincing and neither is his statement about what is actually going on in a child’s mind when he sees his reflection in the mirror. Michael Billing establishes that today many cultural theorists use Lacan’s conception so that their reasoning, at its best, becomes purely metaphorical or, at its worst, has no evident retain to actual human behavior. Michael Billing proves that Lacan’s concept of the relation between language and unconsciousness had an overly general nature and therefore does not help us to understand what people say and what they do when they say it. Moreover, the author provides proof that Lacan’s reputation does not allow to develop the critics of his theory even despite the fact that Lacan’s theory has more unclear provisions than clear ones.

Keywords: psychology, Lacan, unconsciousness, mirror stage, language, reflection, Ego, Self, estrangement, child.