Psychology and Psychotechnics - rubric Horizons of psychology

Abstract: Review: the author analyzed all conceptions of nanopsychology in our country. There is quite a wide range of those, from totally unscientific to the conceptions closely related to psychology. The most serious approaches seem to be the quantum theories of the mind and the approach which considers nanopsychology as a part of engineering psychology, viewing the relationship between a man and a machine. The author suggested her own approach to the problem as well. In particular, she talked about influencing nanotechnological processes through odorants, - chemical substances evolved by a human being in the form of fragrances when he changes his functional status

Keywords: psychology, fragrances, smell, nan psychology, emotions, nanotechnologies, consciousness, engineering psychology, quantum effects, studies of virtual world

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2019.1.29133

Abstract: In the theoretical section of the article the authors examine such aspects of the topic as unique psychotherapeutic relations as an indicator of psychotherapy efficiency. They touch upon the issues relating to peculiar algorithms of self-help programs that create conditions for independent perception of the living environment and development of new behavioral strategies without a psychotherapist. The authors give a detailed description of the research subject, i.e. cognitive schemes used by self-help program participants to develop new behavioral patterns. The authors focus on the analysis of restructuring of dysfunctional cognitive constructs when respondents interacted with psychological simulators. The empirical section of the article presents the results of the research that involved 44 respondents (males and females aged 25 - 55 years old, with vocational training or higher education that had been interviewed by a psychiatrist and had submitted an official document proving that they had no mental disorders). The respondents were divided into two groups, equal in number, experimental and control groups. The experimental group of respondents demonstrated significant changes in their cognitive and affective schemes after participation in psychological programs. The rationale of the analysis of such self-help tools is caused by the tendency towards the increase of the number of borderline disorders. Thus, when such psychological projects as described herein prove to be efficient, a promising area for psychotherapy arises.

Keywords: depression, interventions, cognitive schemes, cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy, ego, self-help programs, introjection, psychotherapeutic alliance, psychology, information technologies

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2022.2.37620

Abstract: The subject of the author's scientific analysis is the theoretical and methodological foundations of modern historical and psychological research of the development and organization of domestic psychological science. The article substantiates the role of the history of psychology in the development of psychological knowledge and practice, determining the place of psychology in the life of modern man and society. A brief description of its cognitive, reflexive, axiological, social, organizational-scientific, integrative and prognostic functions, the function of stimulating the progressive development of psychological science is given. Based on the views of V.A. Koltsova, the object and subject of the history of psychology are determined. As the main direction of the historical and psychological search, the author suggests a systematic interdisciplinary study of the personal, social, subject-logical and procedural aspects of psychological cognition. Presents the preliminary results of a comprehensive study of the organization of the work of the first research teams of Soviet psychologists, conducted under her leadership using methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of biographies of scientific supervisors and employees, data on their scientific activities and bibliographic analysis of lists of works. The author connects the possibilities of analyzing the activities of scientific collectives for the reconstruction of the history of Soviet psychology with the socialist orientation of scientific policy and the introduction of collective ways of organizing activities during this period. The data of the conducted historical and psychological research allow us to draw conclusions relevant to the organization of psychological science in modern Russia. In particular, about the importance of a supportive scientific policy, consideration by researchers of the social order in relation to psychology; practical orientation and continuity in the development of a research program, the dependence of the implementation of methodological guidelines of a leading scientist on the presence of a research team; about the importance of the availability of opportunities to realize the research potential of scientists in terms of teamwork, as well as organizational, mental, creative, pedagogical and moral and ethical abilities of the head of the research team.

Keywords: scientific team, domestic psychology, soviet psychology, social psychology of science, history of psychology, history of soviet psychology, abilities of a scientific supervisor, methodology of the history of psychology, organization of science, scientific school

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2020.1.27200

Abstract: The object of this research is attention, while the subject is the peculiarities of selective attention to various facts presented in forensic problem. A hypothesis is advanced that there is a dependence between attention to the fact, reflected in the amount of its interpretations in a written solution of the problem by the examinee on the one hand; and number of subsidiary elements specifying its separate sides, task conditions in the task on the other. In other words, if the text is a hierarchical structure illustrating the act of narration from general to specific, the fact that is not just mentioned, but described in details, attracts attention only due to the amount of defining subsidiary elements, regardless of content of the fact itself. Research methodology includes theoretical analysis of literature on the factors affective selectiveness of attention; experiment – a solution of forensic problems by examinees of different gender; surveying with open-ended questions. The novelty consists in identification of the previously unstudied factor influencing the “noticeability” of fact in the text for a reader: its position within the hierarchical system of facts. The conclusion is formulated that the biggest role in attraction of attention to the fact is played not by the overall number of subsidiary element, but rather their number at the closest level of hierarchy.

Keywords: number of interpretations of fact, criminalistics problem solving, perception of text, selective attention features, hierarchical structure of text, attention to fact, criminalistics problem, attention selectiveness, attention, perception of fact

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.1.10703

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.1.63933

Abstract: Modern philosophical anthropology tends to combine paleoanthropological and socio-biological data with the latest information technology. The main purpose of the article is to analyze this tendency. Based on that, the author of the article interprets the nature of human society as the form of global community of people living in the synergetic society that exists for the purpose of mutual help without the need for the state government and armed forces. Unlike the modern homo sapiens, the new human is called homo intelligens. Great achievements of the information society raise lots of questions for the humankind. Will the longing for knowledge remain the undeniable impulse for creative activity? What will the survival instinct be like? To what degree will we be able to stay biological creatures? The methods of the research include comparison of the classical model of homo sapiens with the homo intelligens. The author also uses the hermeneutic approach in order to create a new appearance of philosophical anthropology. The results of the research show that information processes of the global world cannot be studied without applying the integrated theory of philosophical anthropology. When touching upon the ‘global human’ and the problem of self-identification in the society of ‘real virtuality, we cannot follow the logic of computer technologies or impersonal information environment.

Keywords: philosophical anthropology, human, society, information environment, self-identification, technology, hermeneutics, intellect, paleoanthropology, technology.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2019.4.31238

Abstract: This article employs a historical-psychological approach towards solution of the problem of interrelation between research and practical psychology in the Soviet Union. The author discusses the results of empirical research, with application of the methods of biographical and event analysis, slang analysis of headlines, qualitative and quantitative analysis of scientific and practice-oriented publications of the leading Soviet psychologists, as well as official documents that regulated the organization of psychological science and practice. The article is firs to offer periodization of evolution of relations between research and practical psychology in USSR; provides brief characteristics to each period. The importance of organization and regulation of science and practice on the state level, as well as self-organization of the psychologists is determined. A conclusion is made on the impact of fundamental changes in social conditions of the development of national psychology in the early and late XX century, particularly the revolution of 1917, “perestroika” and subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union, first and foremost upon the state of psychological practice. The author articulates the problem of succession in the development of research and practical psychology in Russia; underlines its correlation with solution of pedagogical tasks. The conducted analysis allows expanding the historiographical representations on regularities of development of interrelation between psychological science and practice in USSR, as well as trace the genesis of “schism” of research and practical psychology in modern Russia.

Keywords: continuity in the development of science, social demand, research psychology, practical psychology, Soviet psychology, history of psychology, science policy, institutionalization of psychology, periodization of the history of psychology, Russian psychology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.1.17193

Abstract: The object of study in this article is the ability to create a method for describing and measuring the information in natural language (including texts containing mathematical and the other formulas) that would allow: 1) to determine the amount of information in a speech or text; 2) to make more accurate pedagogical recommendations concerning the complexity of the studied materials; 3) to dose information for readability; 4) to explore the features of people's thinking, based on the information analysis of their speech or text. Creation of such a method was carried out by determination of the information units in a text as well as finding the ways of describing the relations between these units. The analysis of works written by predecessors had concluded that the solution of this issue was going in two ways: by production of the unit of description (especially visually presentable) and by presentation of information in a form of hierarchical structure. Failures in resolving this problem were caused by the fact that these two approaches have not been combined. With this in mind, the author offers an object-hierarchical method for description of amounts of verbal and textual information, which allows to dose the information and is a convenient tool for studies of the features of different people's thinking due to the structural analysis of their speech or text.

Keywords: modelling of text structure, unit of information, structure of a speech, structure of a text, information structure, verbal information, information modelling, description of information, measurement of information, description of text structure

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.1.67639

Abstract: This article describes concepts of self-organizing and self-developing systems in their dynamics in history. The author reveals the inter-disciplinary nature of the study and possibility of a transfer of methods from one sphere of science into another within the synergy approach. The article also points out the orientation of psychological and pedagogical studies of activity as a self-developing system.

Keywords: pedagogy, synergetics, self-organization, self-development, self-movement, system, activity, approach, formation, technologies.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2022.4.37859

Abstract: The subject of the study is the psychological mechanisms that produce a person's character. The classical ideas of character, reflected in its modern definitions and interpretations, are considered. The concepts of "intention" and "attitude" are compared. On this basis, the traditional understanding of character as an expression of the system of human relations to people, objects, etc. is transformed into considering it as an intentional "relief" of the subject. The psychological content of the relationship as a substitute for action (activity) is analyzed. The connection of character with the structure of human activity is substantiated. The idea of the imitation-activity nature of character is put forward. Based on the consideration of the types of intentions and relationships, an attempt is made to develop a basic typology of character. Examples illustrating the imitation-activity nature of character types are given. The advantage of the presented concept of the psychological nature of character is that, unlike existing approaches to character (character as accentuation, social character according to E. Fromm, etc.), it allows you to combine a descriptive approach to character with the possibility of analyzing its internal psychological mechanisms. In addition, since the structure of activity (means, function, etc.) correlates with the fundamental composition of these mechanisms, then our typology of characters is not one of the possible ones, but, as we believe, reflects the basic types of character.

Keywords: result, process, instrument, purpose, pseudo - activity, activity, intention, relationship, subject, personality

Abstract: The article is devoted to possibilities of diagnostics and psychological measurement of the level of personal psychological maturity. The authors suggest a new method of such measurement in the form of questionnaire and share the information about its validation

Keywords: psychology, maturity, psychological maturity, personality, psychological measurement, method, questionnaire, validation methods, expert assessment, self-assessment, level

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.2.18868

Abstract: The author of the article analyzes the problems of application of meditative methods for correction of psycho-emotional state in a stressful situation. The author reveals the specifics of using meditative techniques in psychological practice, provides an overview of the mechanisms of positive influence of such techniques on the psychological state. The object of the research is the use of meditative techniques in the educational environment, the subject of the research is the effect of meditation on psycho-emotional state of college students who are taking exams. The aim of the author is to draw the interest of Russian psychologists and psychotherapists to the use of meditative practices. Research methods include theoretical analysis of scientific literature on the problem under consideration; testing of students of at the techer training college; statistical methods (descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, Spearman's criterion). Statistical data processing was performed using the software package "SPSS 20". The main result of the research is the reduction of the level of situational anxiety experienced by college graduates when preparing for final state exams through using meditative techniques by the psychologist. The important conclusion is that the meditation seems to be a universal method of relieving emotional stress, in particular anxiety in a stressful situation. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author uses meditation as the means of anxiety reduction in conditions of the educational process.

Keywords: student, exam, anxiety, situational anxiety, meditation techniques, educational process, personal anxiety, meditation, persona, perception

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.2.67760

Keywords: student, exam, anxiety, situational anxiety, meditation techniques, educational process, personal anxiety, meditation, persona, perception

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.4.62641

Abstract: Under conditions of the information society, social experience cannot be conveyed only through traditional methods. From an early age a modern human has to emerge into computer- based interaction ongoing in the field of information reality created by modern computer systems. Thus, modern computer technologies are already used during the first stage of personal socialization (identification). The article describes possible negative consequences of such identification when social experience is conveyed not through a real socialization subject but through information quasi subjects created by modern computer and information systems.

Keywords: teaching, computer socialization, computer interaction, identification, information reality, scholar, computerized education, computerized teaching, computerized up-bringing, computer culture.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.4.10868

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.4.64216

Abstract: The author of the present research article develops the modal character typology (MCT) as one of the deductive character systems. ‘Deductive’ character mean the type of character that is being described based on logical conclusions disregarding whether this type of character has ever been observed in practice or not. The author suggests to base the deductive character typology on the theory of modalities. This is partly due to the increasing interest towards modalities in modern science and attempts to apply the theory of modalities to creation the typology of world outlooks and mental disorders. MCT is based on the theory of modalities offered by A. J. Greimas and the hypothesis about the relation between empiric characters and modalities introduced by V. Rudnev. The author describes the four basic types of characters and introduces the concept of the four-dimensional modal character map. The author also shows that MCT allows to describe empiric characters using the set (vector) of four modality coordinates. This allows to formalize the qualitative approach offered by V. Rudnev and to create the qualitative approach to diagnostics of human character. Clinical types of characters are associated with particular vectors within modality coordinates which allows to prove graphically that clinical characters are close to each other logically. The author also offers a new quantitative feature of the empiric character called ‘modal activity’.

Keywords: psychology, deduction system, diagnostics of character, qualitative criteria, modalities, psychological diagnostics, theory of modalities, typology, character, character analysis.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.5.15028

Abstract: Advertising, promotion, marketing effect a potential buyer more and more subtly, not just motivating him but invading the deep layers of his self-concept. The present research is dedicated to the analysis of what features of the self-concept respond to the marketing impact. According to the authors, the consumer self-concept is a structural layer of the general self-concept which becomes activated when you use the product and is always bonded with the product. In her article Posypanova has researched psychological features of the consumer self-concept, in other words, those that provide a subjective control over shopping and buying products: consumer self-analysis and reflection, awareness, predicting ability, goal-setting ability, crisis manifestation, personality externalization, self-realization, terminality, internality and complexity of the personal structure of values and motives. The author has also described marketing features of the consumer self-concept, in other words, those that provide active response to external sales stimulus and thus influence the consumer objectivity: dualism with the goods, reactivity, sensitivity, dependence on advertisements and the seller, mental passivity, symbolism and plasticity. It was determined that the consumer self-concept has the following functions: regulatory, restrictive, antimanipulational functions, the function of self-determination in the world of things and the function of the acceleration of consumption.

Keywords: objectivity, subjectivity, marketing features of self-concept, psychology in marketing, self-concept, self-image, consumer behavior psychology, consumer psychology, economic psychology, psychological features of self-concept

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.5.66551

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.6.12164

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.6.65044

Abstract: The subject under review is the consciousness and consciousness phenomena. As they are given to us, consciousness phenomena are complex systems of meanings and direct perceptions. Socialconstructivistapproach represents that outside of social consciousness the aforesaid phenomena wouldn’t have been perceived as meaningful. Phenomenologist Alfred Schutz says that each person comes to the word that has been already established, created by the society and ‘illuminated with meanings’. Psychologists trace back the development of cogitation and child’s perception of the world and note that a child cannot establish the world of meaningful phenomena without adults. Research methodology combines historical genetic method and the method of theoretical reconstruction, on one hand, with the critical analytical method on the other hand. Theauthor also uses phenomenological methods and interdisciplinary approach to studying consciousness phenomena. Studies of consciousness and consciousness phenomena have a number of methodological difficulties that may turn into real philosophical issues. Theauthorofthepresent article shows that the social constructivism approach to consciousness phenomena is one of the attempts to provide the solution of the aforesaid issues. The author analyzes such solutions using psychological and social research data as well as phenomenological methods.

Keywords: philosophy, consciousness, consciousness phenomena, phenomenology, social constructivism, psychology, social studies, sociality, a priori, transcendentalism.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.7.12139

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.7.65234

Abstract: The article is devoted to the phenomenon of ‘friends and foes’ developed by a person in his biographic narrative. Both Russian and foreign psychologists have analyzed the process of self-identification of a hero of a narrative through his interactions with other characters and have described how the others are perceived either as Friends or Foes, ‘us or them’ depending on the ‘Self’ image. The subject under research is a personal development of the ‘Friendor- Foe’ phenomenon in the free narrative genre. Nevertheless, the ‘us or them’ phenomenon in the free narrative is understudied by Russian psychology. The purpose of the present research is to define the contents of the ‘us or them’ category in biographical narrations of different genres. The subject matter of the present research is the peculiarities of the plot and characters in biographical narratives written by psychology students. In her research the researcher uses qualitative methods (interpretation and narrative analysis, i.e. discovery of the structural components of the text and time-space relations based on William Labov; and determination of a narrative genre). The author of the present article is the first one to show that in biographies the accent is made on the pole ‘ours’ in the binary opposition of ‘us or them’ while in fairy tales, love novels, novels about everyday love and essays the accent is made on ‘them’. The researcher is also the first one to offer the empirical support of the hypothesis that the contents of the ‘friends or foes’ category in the biographic narrative may depend on particular features of a plot and characters. The results of the research contribute to the novelty of the research and can be used to analyze the generation mentality as well as in psychotherapy.

Keywords: narrative, ‘friend-foe’, narrative approach, narradigm, narradigmal approach, biographical chronicle, fairy-tale short novel, essay, love roman, novel about everyday life.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.8.9425

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.8.63111

Abstract: The role of psychology is considerably changing in the modern world. The birth of the new civilization creates numerous problems which cannot be understood or corrected without psychology. Extraordinary pace of social and cultural transformations, inability of many people to adjust to new realities, disintegration of identity (i.e. one’s ability to form a correct image and perception of himself), discovery of new anthropological (i.e. typical for only human) features — all that brings psychology to the forefront of modern humanitarian science. We are witnessing some kind of a psychological boom. The number of psychology books being published is constantly increasing. The scope of psychological science is expanding, too. Today psychology is taught at all state and private universities. Nowadays, psychology is needed in the spheres of business and management, politics and environmental protection, economics and sport, law and advertising, education and up-bringing. Transpersonal (integral) psychology is developing fast. Political psychology, psychology of extreme situations, economic psychology and sport psychology are making themselves known, too. Standards of psychological education don’t catch up with the rapid expansion of the scope of psychological science.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, psychoanalysis, integral psychology, psyche, personality, knowledge, practice, mind, psychological boom.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.11.22329

Abstract: The article is devoted to the empirical experimental comparison of characteristics of the process of allocating roles in the teams created by means of alternative technologies of teambuilding. The subject under research is the two most developed approaches to teambuilding, typological and role-playing. The results of the study demonstrate the specificity of each approach in relation to the number of issues of team roles. In particular, the author considers such issues as consistency and stability of the process of role allocation, ease of role behavior categorization, and participants’ attitudes to the team processes. The author also discusses the changes of these indicators depending on the three most relevant and naturally successive conditions of joint activities. The first condition is the interaction of team members in the context of low awareness about the features of role behavior of each other, in other words, at the very first stage. The second condition of the joint activity involves the accumulation of experience of team interaction, while the third condition models the operation in terms of that long-functioning a team inevitably has to face. The study shows that the application of the typological approach leads to more intense processes of role allocation initially generating mutual illusions of the participants regarding one another. The time factor and the conditions of change promote active and constructive restructuring of the system roles. At the same time, the introduction of a role-playing approach involves slow and rather accurate formation of the system which, however, appears to be less resistant to stressful conditions of environment.

Keywords: intellectual role, psychological type, role repertoire, role allocation, role-playing approach, typological approach, recruitment, team building, team, team role

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.11.68632

Keywords: intellectual role, psychological type, role repertoire, role allocation, role-playing approach, typological approach, recruitment, team building, team, team role

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.12920

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.65787

Abstract: The subject of the research is the phenomena of the human world (anthropocosm) and wild life as an example of such a phenomenon. Anthropocosm is studied as a transcendental field where these phenomena occur. Within the framework of the present article, wild life is analyzed as a phenomenon of anthropocosm that has a high level of complexity and can be described from different points of view: science, everyday life, art and philosophy. Complexity of wild life as an anthropocosmic phenomenon means inclusion of the unexplored into the structure of wild life. Being part of the human life phenomena, the unexplored becomes a subject of the present research as well. Methodology of the present article includes the analysis of the definition of anthropocosmos and conduction of the interdisciplinary research of the mind and science and determination of connections between them using phenomenological methods. The term ‘anthropocosmos’ is offered by the author. Morkina believes this term to have a heuristic meaning for the phenomenological research of the human world. Anthropocosmoc includes conceptualization of the human world understood as the entire humanity. The author shows that taking into account the fact that consciousness of the humankind consists of individual consciousnesses of all people as empiric subjects, we can say that anthropocosm of the present time will include all the phenomena created by the minds of all people at the present time. The author describes how anthropocosm changes with time as our views and perception of the world are hanged and, consequently, so re the phenomena constituted by the human mind (in general transcendental meaning). For the first time in the academic literature the author shows that science obtains the ‘incomplete phenomenon’ because it does not take into account the irrational component of the human mind.

Keywords: anthropocosm, complexity, interdisciplinarity, phenomenon, cognition, unexplored, rationality, irrationality, science, biology.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.12.10051

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.12.63709

Abstract: Ethno-psychological researches carried out over the previous years and the author’s field work in 15 African countries (1962–2010) provide more and more evidence of space-and-time knowledge being a fundamental feature of human neuropsychic activity. Space-and-time environment is where virtual reality as a cognitive algorithm of human perception of the surrounding world is evolving into real virtuality of social and interpersonal relations involving structures of developing institutions. The primary authority was based on the cult of wise ancestors complemented with ancient traditions based on which population was ruled by the seniors of the tribe who did not have to provide for their living. It was caused by a need to distribute responsibilities within the area in order to perform community service, ritual events and military activities aimed at protecting and creating environmental and social grounds for production, life activities and sustainable development of a society.