Psychology and Psychotechnics - rubric Person and personality

Abstract: The authors of this article present results of their research that was aimed at analyzing personal aspirations of different kinds of awareness in relation to kinds of life strategies used by young people. Personal aspiration is defined as a set of one's goals and motivation to achieve a personally acceptable target in certain life spheres that are important for an individual, or life in general. The authors of the article describe kinds of personal aspirations (global and partial). Life strategy is defined as a multi-component personality complex, personal style of life that helps an individual to express his or her individuality in certain living conditions. Depending on the criterion of a dominating personal life motive and preferred way of life management, the authors describe kinds of life strategies used by young people. Using the Locus of Control Inventory (developed by Julian Rotter and adapted by E. Ksenofontova) as well as the inventories developed by the authors (S. Janerian, A. Kim) themselves, in particular, the life strategy and motivation inventory, questionnaire and drawing test to analyze personal aspirations, the authors have discovered that global and emotionally important kinds of aspirations prevail in each life strategy while partial aspirations prevail in a group of respondents with different life strategies. Respondents with internal and external vital strategies demonstrate similar kinds of aspirations but different level of awareness of these aspirations. Respondents with internal and external sociolitary strategies have different kinds, contents and awareness of aspirations. Respondents with internal and external egometary strategies have a high level of awareness of their personal dispositional aspirations, each of these aspiration having its own variable individual content.

Keywords: the contents of personal aspirations, employed young individuals, kinds of personal aspiration, partial aspirations, global aspirations, a personal aspiration, topology of life strategies, components of a life strategy, types of life strategies, a life strategy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2020.4.34025

Abstract: The goal of this research is to examine the ways of organization of life used by modern men and women, and to determine personal characteristics that are associated with biological age of a person and reduce personal aging markers. The object of this research is the personality and life path, while the subject is the correlation between life organization strategies and rate of biological aging. The following methods were applied in the course of research: life path survey, self-assessment, determination of biological age. The study involved 987 respondents (575 women) aged 35 to 70, from different regions of the Russian Federation. Independent variable implies relative biological aging of the body (biological age –proper biological age); dependent variable– characteristics of life path. The scientific novelty consists in description of the ways of organization of life used by modern men and women. For men is typical: career building, work orientation, unhealthy lifestyle orientation towards family, self-fulfillment; while for women: career building, being a role model, work orientation, unhealthy lifestyle, choice between children and work. It is also proven that biological aging is delayed by the indicators included in most strategies: types of professions “Man – Nature”, “Man-Man”, “Man-Artistic Image”, “Man – Technology”, “Man – Symbol”, and style of cooperation. Biological aging can be accelerated by such indicators as: aggressiveness, overeating, smoking, living in a large city, career. The conclusion is made that personality traits that correlate with biological do not depend on just one life path strategy, however by one or two suit for most of them.

Keywords: biological age, life path, life perspective, life position, life line, personal organization of time, personality, biological aging, ife strategies, professional types

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2018.3.27139

Abstract: This article presents the results of the study of psychological determinants (personality traits and features of the situational states of the subjects) of the content of voluntary imagination in given situations of frustration of the needs of university students - boys and girls. The content of imagination is considered as represented (in a conceptual and figurative form) by a personality any phenomena of reality in different spheres of life (leisure, family, profession, “self”), actualized under the influence of verbally defined uncertain situations that frustrate the respondents' biological, social and personal needs. Research methods: psychological testing; the projective method of unfinished sentences; content analysis of the results of verbal completion by the respondents of unfinished sentences; method of expert assessments of category referents; nonparametric methods, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality criterion for general sets with corrected Lilliefors probabilities for sample observations; multiple linear regression analysis. The study found that psychological determinants of the similarly imaginative response of students - boys and girls - with frustration of their biological and social needs in the areas of family, profession and "I" differ depending on the nature of the frustrated needs and gender of students. With the frustration of biological needs, psychological determinants of the content of the students' imagination are the features of their situational states (level of social frustration, direction of reaction in situations of frustration). With the frustration of social needs of female students, the psychological determinants of the content of their imagination are their personality traits (the level of perfectionism aimed at themselves), and the male students their situational states (level of social frustration). The expressiveness of an imaginative response aimed at transforming a frustrating situation is mediated by the nature of the frustrated need and the sex of the respondents.

Keywords: imaginative response, personality needs, social needs, biological needs, types of frustrating situations, determinants of the imagination, imagination, students, men and women, psychological features

Abstract: The article deals with authoritarianism as a personality characteristic. The authors bring forward arguments proving that as a set of personality traits, authoritarianism may include ‘positive’ and socially important qualities. The article supports a hypothesis that there is a certain connection between authoritarianism and self-regulating qualities, the latter being the result of interiorization of hierarchic relations of power.

Keywords: psychology, authoritarian personality, conventionalism, aggression, interiorization, submission, stereotype, personality, emotions, will

Abstract: The author of the article agrees with the established provision that one’s fate is formed by his parents’ genes and socio-cultural environment. Moreover, based on the author, the main factors of personal formation include love and creative activity. The article is generally devoted to the factors of hominization of a person. Much attention is also paid at eastern teachings.

Keywords: psychology, human nature, self-regulating personality, multiple birth of a person, biological energy, love, passion, self-fulfillment, the feeling of self dignity, social buffering capacity.

Abstract: The author of the article views the culture in a narrow meaning of the word – as a system spiritualizing human. According to the author, there is no any abstract ‘world culture’ because it consists of a number of ethnocultures forming a well organized system. Traditional (ethnical) culture needs preservation as a social technology enabling achievement of personal integrity while globalization, being a typical feature of our modern civilization, gives birth to eclectic spiritless mass cult.

Keywords: psychology, human nature, ethnoculture, world culture, conservatism, social progress, social technology, personal development, national nihilism, spirituality.

Abstract: article is devoted problems of psychology of aging. In article research of interrelation of structure of psychological well-being and individually-typological features of people of late age is presented. Age changes in structure of psychological well-being, properties of temperament and valuable sphere are described.

Keywords: psychology, an old age, aging, well-being, temperament, development, values, the individual, interrelations, structure.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2020.4.34432

Abstract: This research is dedicated to the problem of examination of psychological determinants of longevity and aging, in the context of seeking correlation between the meaningful relationships in life of a person and the rate of biological and psychological aging. The article analyzes the current state of the problem including a summary of biological and socio-psychological factors classified as the determinants of aging. It is noted that in modern research dedicated to longevity and aging, the priority of biological sciences is fading away due to accumulation of important data on the social and psychological factors of aging. Based on correlation of various theories of aging, the authors substantiate the possibility of determining interpersonal relationship as an important resource of life expectancy. Emphasis is placed on the basic (child-parent, family) and meaningful relationships of a person (friends, colleagues, neighbors, likeminded people). The conducted empirical research allowed revealing a number of essential correlations of satisfaction in basic and meaningful relationships with the parameters of biological and psychological age, as well as rate of biological and psychological aging. Biological and psychological aging is more apparent for people who consider relationships with parents and friends an important value, while experience lots of dissatisfaction in relationships with siblings, neighbors and like-minded individuals. The article reveals the pattern of dependence between the quality of relationship with the father and psychological and physiological aging rate: father’s involvement in child’s life may contribute to longer preservation of physical and psychological forcefulness, preventing premature aging.

Keywords: father, relationships, aging, psychologica, biological, age, factors, longevity, sexuality, satisfaction

Abstract: The article highlights the issues of a re-socialization of convicted juveniles in the aspect of psychological and educational work with the individual during adolescence. The article reflects the importance of the legal mechanism of socialization and re-socialization of juveniles serving their sentences in a juvenile correctional institution. Author discusses the importance of psychological and educational work in the institution and the subsequent work to support adaptation of persons outside of it. The article marks personal characteristics necessary for the re-socialization of convicted juveniles, lists the main task of adults-psychologists: the focus on the development characteristic of adolescence. The articles gives the objectives of development during adolescence, on which a program of the re-socialization of convicted juveniles can be constructed.

Keywords: psychology, personality, re-socialization, development, society, adaptation, a convict, a person, juvenile, right.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2017.3.24179

Abstract: The subject of the research is particularities of relations between structural components of professional identity at different stages of learning at a University. The authors of the article analyze roles of substantial characteristics demonstrated by students at different stages of their learning and define significant correlations between structural components of their professional identity. The authors offer a theoretical substantiation of professional identity components based on the idea of professional identity as a structural formation. They pay special attention to describing the results of their empirical research and particularities of developing professional identity of medical students at different stages of their learning. The research methods include modified psychosemantic multiple identification inventory (offered by V. Petrenko), self-actualisation test (adapted by L. Gozman), morphological life values test (by V. Sopov and L. Karpushina), attractiveness factor inventory (by V. Yadov), aspiration level test (by V. Gerbachevsky), emotional tension test (developed on the basis of N. Peysakhov's and G. Gabdreev's inventory in 1988), Life Style Index (by Plutchik, Kellerman, & Conte) and Coping Strategy Indicator (by James H. Amirkhan). The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors demonstrate how personal identity is presented in continuous dynamics of identification processes (self-concept) that relates to personal ability to preserve the integrity and fullness of his or her Self (emotional-value attitude to himself or herself as an actor) as well as to achieve his or her life goals.

Keywords: professionalization, professional becoming, self-concept, self-consciousness, professional identity, education in a high school, professional development, identification process, medical students, professional activity

Abstract: Viewed as the form of personal organization of life activity, self-organization of life time can be considered to be a personal resource. The author of the article defines the main forms of self-organization of life time such as: reflective or axiological; critical and rigid. The author also provides their definitions. He proves that the reflective form of self-organization of life time is the best personal resource of stress coping behavior and mean an actual opportunity to cope with a number of personal and life problems. Critical and rigid forms of self-organization of life time mean a deficit of inner resources and a weak capability to fight with life difficulties. People who mostly use critical and rigid ways of self-organization of life time more often use such defense mechanisms as avoidance, aggressive and asocial actions when coping with stress.

Keywords: psychology, personality, crisis ways, self-organization, time, life, stress coping, behavior, resource.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of coping behavior of pregnant women with cancer. It is found that pregnant women with cancer use passive ways of coping with life difficulties more often than conventionally healthy pregnant women. It is established that there is a certain dependency between coping behavior of pregnant women with cancer and their personal traits as well as features of their social and family functions.

Keywords: psychology, cancer, pregnancy, personality, coping behavior, stress, adaptation, family functions, social contacts, relations.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2019.3.30494

Abstract: The goal of this research is the peculiarities of personal organization of the way of living affecting the development of cardiovascular diseases among various types of personality in senior age. The research method consists of the diagnostic of personality traits, questionnaire on the way of living, analysis of medical documents, expert assessment. The dependent variable includes: personality traits, such as aggressiveness, activeness, outgoingness, optimism, thoughtfulness; and peculiarities of the way of living, such as career, hobby, bad habits, etc. The independent variable includes the level of cardiovascular pathology. The additional variables include professional types, gender and age. Statistical method in form of dispersion analysis ANOVA was used in the course of research. The results demonstrate that the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases among senior citizens is increased by aggressiveness, professional activity in the sphere “man-technology”, psychological addictions (alcohol consumption, smoking, compulsive eating); while reduced by optimism and presence of hobbies. Among the senior citizens of work and technical specializations, the risk of cardiovascular diseases was also enhanced by outgoingness, activeness and determination, career growth; while reduced by the presence of hobbies. Among the senior population of human-oriented professions, the risk was reduced by the presence of sport hobby. Among office employees, the risk was reduced by professional activity and career growth, while increased by other types of activity; social interactions are also considered as favorable. The conclusion is made that alongside the general factors, there are individual prerequisites for the emergence of cardiovascular diseases depending on professional type of a person. Validation of the acquired results require additional research.

Keywords: elderly age, psychological addictions, communication, professional types, psychological types, life path, personality, cardiovascular diseases, Personal resources, Hobby

Abstract: The article determines the main components of civic consciousness and reveals correlations between personal traits of a teacher and his civic consciousness components. The author describes the results of the correlation analysis proving the regular patterns of development of a teacher’s civic consciousness.

Keywords: psychology, civic consciousness, levels of civic consciousness, affective component, understanding of behavior motivations, estimated result, socially effective activity.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2019.4.31085

Abstract: This work reveals theoretical positions that define the content of technology of psychological correction of the state of addicts. A significant methodological principle consists in the differentiation of the tasks of the process, defined by subject’s readiness to education, reflection, and goal setting. In accordance with definition of the subject of technology as a change in mental states, the result of the interaction between client and psychologist is recognized in presence of changes in perceptive system, and high level of client’s involvement into the activity on elimination of destructive influence of the mental states. The work outlines the classification characteristics of the technology of psychological correction of mental states of individuals with addictions of non-pathological nature. The modular technology, developed on the basis of the principle of systematicity, is presented as a type of concentrated influence, in which the logically completed stage of corrective work is characterized by the client’s readiness to new action, expressed in realization of goals of the preceding stage. The scientific novelty of this research consists in substantiation of the technological approach towards organization and content of psychological correction of mental state of individuals with addictions of non-pathological nature, the conceptual foundation of which is represented by a modular structure of psychological help.

Keywords: task differentiation, systems approach, situation management, reflective process, addictive behavior, mental states, modular technology, psychological correction, resource, destructiveness of states

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2017.1.22407

Abstract: The author focuses on the problem of influence of the personal «image of the world» on the perception and categorization of other people. The purpose of this theoretical research was to analyze interconnections between 'friends' and 'aliens' metaphors and the phenomenon of the 'image of the world'. 'Friends' and 'aliens' metaphors and characteristics of different types of a personal 'image of the world' are the subject of this theoretical research. Results of the empirical research of 'friends' and 'aliens' metaphors in various interpretative repertoires of their perception are demonstrated. The author of the article has used such methods as categorical analysis of metaphors, narrative analysis, and methods of mathematical statistics. For the first time in the academic literature the author conducts a comparative analysis of interconnections between different interpretative repertoires of perceptions of 'friends' and 'aliens' and personal 'images of the world' of various types. The model of metaphors of various types in interpretative repertoires of perception of 'friends' and 'aliens' as representations of personal 'images of the world' has been explored on the base of the cognitive conception of a metaphor. The results of this research can be of use in solving the applied tasks in psychology of the social cognition, in researches about mechanisms and process of the construction of the images of partners of communication as 'friends' and 'aliens' by an individuals and a group.

Keywords: interpretative repertoire, narrative, representations, friend, enemy, aliens, friends, metaphors, 'image of the world', perception

Abstract: Human rises above the animal world because he’s conscious. There are different levels of human conscious depending on the type of thinking. There is a certain difference between reason (which is based on formal logical, linear type of thinking) and sense (which is based on dialectical, non-linear type of thinking). Western civilization is based on mathematics (i.e. reason). It did not adopt dialectical logics and this is why it is rational but not sensible. It substituted the social progress with the technological development and eventually came to the deadlock.

Keywords: human nature, self-improvement, concrete thinking, linear thinking, sense, non-linear thinking, image thinking, dialectical thinking, mind, constructive thinking, civilization.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2019.4.31397

Abstract: The study of the concept of “money” is of utmost relevance in the conditions of development of modern society. Money is an important part of economic and social relations, a phenomenon that incorporates the economic and psychological aspects. Firstly, money is an indicator of invested labor, as well as time and intellectual resources; and secondly, money allows fulfilling requirements, create motivation, and determine the level of personal ambitions. The object of this research is the student youth of Zabaykalsky Krai. The subject is the psychological and economic aspects of the stance on money among students of Zabaykalsky Krai. The goal of this work is to analyze the psychological and economic aspects of the stance on money among students of Zabaykalsky Krai. The respondents view money as means of power and superiority over other people, express worry regarding their financial state, as well as prefer making economically sound decisions in spending their finances and planning expenses. Irrationality in making purchases is also be observed: respondents can purchase they do not need, and display great generosity in presence of other people explained by their desire to seem better and more influential in the eyes of their peers. Money does not play the dominant role in the life of the young generation, rather represents the means for achieving desires, a certain positive resource that should be spent wisely.

Keywords: entertainment, power, enterprise, planning, thrift, psychological and economic aspects, students, money, costs, comfort

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2018.3.26765

Abstract: The article presents the results of an empirical study of the question of whether personal internality is a quality associated with significant situational differences in such procedural parameters of personal choice as the subjective quality of design and the structure of its argumentation. Methodologically, the goal of the article is to designate a promising direction for the study of personal internality, understood not as a self-existent phenomenon, but as a specific qualitative aspect of the personal process that characterizes a person’s ability to master his own behavior. Such an approach to the study of internality requires taking into account the context of the actually realized activity, in particular, on the implementation of personal choice. The study was carried out on a sample of 166 people, during the analysis of the choice made by them of the psychological direction of training for admission to the university. To study the structure and quality of the argumentation of a personal choice, an original questionnaire is applied. Also used methods for measuring the subjective quality of choice (SLE) and various aspects of personal internality (test LSS and ROKO-26). As a result of data clustering, two qualitatively different groups of respondents were discovered, a generalized sign of the differences of which is personal internality. It is determined that such specific procedural features as a comprehensive choice of arguments, the prevalence of semantic type arguments in the argumentation structure, a high degree of thoroughness, emotional conflict-free and autonomy in making choices, as well as high satisfaction with its result, considered in aggregate, are empirical signs of actual internality of implementation personal choice. В статье представлены результаты эмпирического исследования вопроса, является ли личностная интернальность качеством, ассоциированным со значимыми ситуационными различиями таких процессуальных параметров осуществления личностного выбора, как субъективное качество конструирования и структура его аргументации. В методологическом плане цель статьи – обозначить перспективное направление исследования личностной интернальности, понятой не как самосущий феномен, а как специфический качественный аспект личностного процесса, характеризующий способность человека к владению собственным поведением. Такой подход к изучению интернальности требует учета контекста актуально реализующейся деятельности, в частности, по осуществлению личностного выбора. Исследование выполнено на выборке 166 человек, в ходе анализа осуществленного ими выбора психологического направления подготовки при поступлении в ВУЗ. Для изучения структуры и качества аргументации личностного выбора применена оригинальная анкета. Также использованы методы измерения субъективного качества выбора (СКВ) и разных аспектов личностной интернальности (тест СЖО и РОКО-26). В результате кластеризации данных обнаружены две качественно отличные группы респондентов, обобщенным признаком различий которых является личностная интернальность. Определено, что такие специфические процессуальные признаки, как развернутость аргументации выбора, преобладание в структуре аргументации аргументов смыслового типа, высокая степень основательности, эмоциональной бесконфликтности и самостоятельности при осуществлении выбора, а также высокая удовлетворенность его результатом, рассмотренные в совокупности, являются эмпирическими признаками фактической интернальности осуществления личностного выбора.

Keywords: motivation based on meaning, construction of choice, causal orientations, choice argumentation analysis, subjective quality of choice, situation of choice, personal choice, internality, self-orientation, set-semantic regulation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.1.62137

Abstract: The author of the article views the culture in a narrow meaning of the word — as a system spiritualizing human. According to the author, there is no any abstract ‘world culture’ because it consists of a number of ethnocultures forming a well organized system. Traditional (ethnical) culture needs preservation as a social technology enabling achievement of personal integrity while globalization, being a typical feature of our modern civilization, gives birth to eclectic spiritless mass cult.

Keywords: psychology, human nature, ethnoculture, world culture, conservatism, social progress, social technology, personal development, national nihilism, spirituality.

Abstract: Unlike Freud, Fromm came to the conclusion that it is the society but not a patient which needs to be cured. The article is mainly pointed at describing what healthy society is. According to the author, healthy society is based on healthy human needs. The author also analyses the ‘human situation’ as it was described by Erich Fromm. Significant attention is given to the term ‘social character’.

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, the unconscious, revolution, society, humanism, social personality, communitarian socialism

Abstract: There are many variants of modern comprehension. It is realized not only in philosophy, psychology, religion and teaching. There are many interesting works in the sphere of legal science, too. In particular, this article analyzes the opportunities of legal anthropology.

Keywords: psychology, philosophy, legal consciousness, anthropology, law, human, personality, mind, spirituality, death penalty, disposition.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2020.1.31116

Abstract: This research is aimed at examination of objective meaning of the value of health, as well as such personal meaning instilled into this value and projection of the value of health into surrounding reality in form of actions, aimed at preservation of own health. The subject of this research is the value attitude towards health from the perspective of representation in person’s consciousness of the value of health at the level of objective meaning, subjective meaning, and sensual fabric of personality seeking self-development. The following conclusions were formulated in the course of this work: 1) personality with high and average level of psychological well-being, the value of health is on the level objective meanings, subjective meanings, and sensual fabric; 2) harmonious presence of three interconnected forms pf existence of the value of health in students’ consciousness – level of objective meanings, subjective meanings, and sensual fabric of the image testifies to the fact that the value of health manifests as psychological means of personal development; 3) young people, whose value of health is in all three levels of consciousness, constantly seek personal growth, open to new experience, as well as demonstrate readiness to encountering unfamiliar circumstances, independence of opinion, self-confidence, and orientation towards their inner world.

Keywords: sense, meaning, psychological structure of consciousness, self-development of personality, attitude to health, value of health, health, sensory tissue, psychological well-being, health value structure

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.1.9943

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.1.63937

Abstract: The authors of the article present a correlation research of personality features in accordance with the two levels of processing of social information by an individual: explicit (central) and implicit (associative) levels. 152 University students participated in the research. The researchers studied the Big Five of personality features from the point of view of the paradigm of multivariate analysis. Explicit features were measured based on the Big Five Inventory questionnaire and the implicit features were measured by the means of the Implicit Association Test. Implicit feature tests had a greater intra-method correlation than the explicit features. Moreover, the inter-scale and intermethod correlation of personality features was significantly low compared to the intra-method correlation factor but only in case of implicit features. The 1–fator model of the implicit features proved to be practically applicable which allowed to support the hypothesis about the general personality factor at the implicit level. The 1–factor model of explicit features proved to be not applicable. The level of extraversion had a better coherence of the explicit and implicit levels. It has been stated that at the first stage of testing the implicit features, individuals had a good control of their emotions which was expressed in better and more socially desired reactions.

Keywords: personality features, implicit social cognition, Big Five, multivariate analysis, openness to experience, Implicit Association Test, extraversion, friendliness, fidelity, neuroticism.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.1.13526

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.1.66084

Abstract: In this article Schebetenko offers a definition of the ‘reflected attitude to personality feature’ as an individual opinion on what his significant others view as a positive or negative personality feature. In terms of the five-factor model of personality (McCrae & Costa, 1996, 2013) this construct is viewed as a particular case of typical metacognitive adaptations. The latter represent the ‘thoughts about features’, i.e. the element of personality structure being monitored by an individual. 1030 university students participated in the research of how a reflected attitude to a personality feature may predict the academic success taking into account the statistical control of a particular personality feature and other metacognitive adaptations. This is a correlational research. The researcher has studied the Big Five of personality traits and metacognitive adaptations including dispositional efficiency, attitude to a feature, reflected feature and reflected attitude to a feature. The following indicators of academic success have been studied: results of the Russian language and mathematics USE and quarterly academic records. The main hypotheses have been proved by the means of correlation and hierarchic multiple regression analysis. Schebetenko has discovered that reflected attitudes to friendliness, diligence and neuroticism can make additional contribution to academic success, even after the statistical control of a personality feature and other metacognitive adaptations associated with it. The researcher proves that the particular influence of a reflected attitude to personality traits can make an individual to positively react to these features among other people, for example, students or lecturers. Generally speaking, this can lead to the formation of a certain environment around an individual which, in particular, can stimulate his academic activity.

Keywords: personality features, social attitudes, intersubjectivity, five-factor model, academic success, USE (Unified State Exam), friendliness, diligence, neuroticism, metacognition.

Abstract: The article discusses the results of the experiment on teaching how to read foreign texts on electronic and paper media. The author compares effectiveness of teaching ‘from electronic to paper texts’ and vice versa

Keywords: teaching, electronic (digital) media, reading skills, key elements of a text, reading strategy, transferability of skills

Abstract: The article is devoted to the types of personality based on their level of reflexion. Based on the author, only people who are able to do philosophical reflexion can actually search for the truth and work on their self-improvement. The author gives examples of historical personalities, literary characters and modern people who are deprived of psychological, social and spiritual health.

Keywords: psychology, open personality, self-improvement, feeling of self-dignity, inferiority complex, marginal, deformed personality, narcissism, tyranny.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2020.4.34626

Abstract: This article presents the results of research on the establishment of correlation between empathy and various types of reflection. The author believes that examination of such correlation would allow to better understand the phenomena of empathy and reflection, as well as the possibilities for their development. For verification of the hypothesis on correlation between the discussed phenomena, was conducted an empirical study with application psychodiagnostic techniques aimed at determination of the overall level of development of empathic abilities and the overall level of development of reflexivity, as well as at detection of the type of reflection. Processing of the acquired data was carried out using the statistical package SPSS Statistics 23.0. As a result, the author established correlations (on the high and moderate level of significativity) between the level of empathy and the level of reflexivity, systematic reflection, and the level of development of quasi-reflection; thus, it was established that the phenomena under review have direct correlation. This testifies to the fact that both, empathy and reflection, are attributed to the psychological mechanisms of perception and understanding of oneself and others. The results clarify the relevant scientific representations on the peculiarities of person’s empathy and reflection along with the factors promoting their development, and can be taken into account in arranging effective exercised and recommendations for the development of these phenomena. This may broaden the perception of other people and contribute to better self-understanding, as well as improve the quality of interaction with each other and oneself.

Keywords: the level of development of empathy, quasi-reflection, introspection, differential type of reflection, the level of development of reflection, reflection, empathic abilities, empathy, systemic reflection, self-understanding

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2024.1.40986

Abstract: The subject of the study is individual-psychological features of patriotism and value orientations of Russian students. The authors consider patriotism in the context of A.I. Krupnov's system-functional approach. In this case, patriotism acts as a personality property consisting of eight components. Each of the components is represented by harmonic and anharmonic variable. The features of the relationship between patriotism and personality factors and the structure of value orientations are investigated in detail. The authors used the form test of patriotism research "Patriogram" (S. I. Kudinov, A. V. Potemkin); Five-factor personality questionnaire NEO FFI (Costa, McCray) in the adaptation of M. V. Bodunov and S. D. Biryukov; Diagnostic personality questionnaire NEO FFI (Costa, McCray). D. Biryukov; Diagnostics of the real structure of value orientations of personality (S. S. Bubnova). An important result of the study is the revealed statistically reliable features of Russian students' patriotism, as well as the correlations of this property with personality factors and value orientations. The obtained results make it possible to say that patriotism of students of modern Russian universities is characterized by socially significant orientation, aenergy, stenichnost, internality, sociocentricity, meaningfulness and dominant difficulties of operational content in the process of realization of this property of personality. It is also revealed that conscientiousness, openness to experience and extraversion are important personality factors that facilitate the process of student's manifestation of patriotism. In turn, neuroticism aggravates operational and personality difficulties accompanying the realization of patriotism. It was revealed that the values of love and health are interrelated with a stable and emotionally positive manifestation of patriotism, and the value in recognition and respect correlates with sociocentric motivation in the context of the realization of this personality property.

Keywords: anharmonicity, harmony, personality trait, system-functional approach, value orientations, personality factors, patriotism as personality trait, patriotism, values-ideals, the components of personality traits

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.2.18541

Abstract: The article is devoted to oniomania demonstrated by adolescents. Teenagers who have a disposition for oniomania are likely to avoid important life issues because of their individual peculiarities and projection of the control image. The authors analyze predisposition to shopping addiction demonstrated by high school students and how it is predetermined by social factors such as mass media and socio-cultural environment. The authors emphasize that adolescence is a risk factor for the development of addictive and deviant behavior, as it has a number of individual and social factors contributing to this. In their research the authors have used retrospective, dialectical approaches and methods of statistical analysis including comparative and correlation analysis based on Spearman r-criterion and non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors make a hypothesis about dependence of the disposition to oniomania on ideological values of the modern consumer society that have a certain impact on the development of personal traits of high school students provoking adoption and reproduction of addictive and deviant behaviors of the youth. The authors have identified direct and inverse correlations between particular scales of personality tests and predisposition to oniomania demonstrated by adolescents.

Keywords: deviant behavior, asocial phenomenon, addiction, teenagers, older students, oniomany, shopping addiction, predisposition to oniomania, personal features, compulsive buying

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.2.67763

Keywords: deviant behavior, asocial phenomenon, addiction, teenagers, older students, oniomany, shopping addiction, predisposition to oniomania, personal features, compulsive buying

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.2.14246

Abstract: The author examines such themes as the impact of self-determination on self-realization and the nature of this influence. The process of self-determination is a complex personality formation that provides a person with the freedom to choose the path of development (Dacey, Ryan) and the ability to act independently from external circumstances and unpredictable for outside observers but following his own logic and beliefs. The modern person each day faces increased requirements at work or school and at the same time has the freedom and a large variety of life paths and strategies. He can maximize his potential and live a creative life and express his inner world. One's self-determination influences the ability to choose one's own path of development, to resist external distractions from his main goals in life and, therefore, to strive for self-realization. The following methods were used to study parameters of self-determination: «Test of life orientations» by Dmitry Leontiev (the scale «general indicator of life meaningfulness»), the test «The ability to self-regulation» by Peysakhov (the scale «general indicator of the ability to self-regulation»), «The test of self-determination» (the scales «autonomy» and «self-expression»). The author also used the overall rate for the study of self-realization («Questionnaire of self-realization» by Kudinov). The study revealed that such parameters of self-determination as the ability to self-regulation, autonomy and self-expression have a positive effect on self-realization if they have mean values, i.e. the driving force of self-realization is the harmonious development of self-determination and external determination and meaningfulness of life is the foundation for these processes.

Keywords: autonomy, determination, self-determination, the meaningfulness of life, self-expression, self-determination options, development, self-development, self-realization, the ability to self-regulation

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.2.66259

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.3.18807

Abstract: Individual life expectancy is viewed by the author as a psychogenetic attribute. In her research Berezina analyzes the influence of heredity and environment on life expetency. Berezina emphasizes that both factors have the influence on life expectancy and provides the results of the analysis of academic literature proving the influence of heredity and environment. The main proof of the great role of heredity on life expetancy involves: pre-programmed amount of cell divisions, so called 'death genes', 'biological clock' and etc. The main proof of the great role of the environment on life expectancy includes: life expectancy of laboratory animals influenced by the environmental factors, non-genetic aging causes, phenomenon of 'reverse aging' demonstrated by some living creatures, etc. The author also provides the results of her own empirical research using the classical twin method. 100 monozygotic twins and 70 dizygotic twins living in the Russian Federation in the XXth - XXIst centuries were studied. Based on the results of the research, the mean difference in life expectancy was 9,4 years for monozygotic twins and 12,3 for dizygotic twins. The results of the correlation analysis provide the correlation of individual life expectancy being 0,91 for monozygotic twins and 0,73 for dizygotic twins. Based on the results of the research, the author concludes that the overall and proximate environment has had the dominating effect on individual life expectancy in our country during the period of time under review.

Keywords: personal organization of time., theories of aging, environment, heredity, dizygotic twins, monozygotic twins, twin method, individual life expectancy, psychogenetics, psychology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.3.67869

Keywords: personal organization of time., theories of aging, environment, heredity, dizygotic twins, monozygotic twins, twin method, individual life expectancy, psychogenetics, psychology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.4.62638

Abstract: ‘Transition rituals’ or rites of initiation mean special procedures that exist in a traditional society in the form of religious and social practices. These procedures denote the transfer of a person from one status (social, spiritual and etc.) to a higher status. In other words, transition rituals or rites of initation lead to transformation of personal and social identity. The three most important functional components of initiation (death, transition and birth) reflect a unique logic of discrete cogitation, in accordance to which identity transformation is not a gradual process but an immediate shift from one form of self-perception (Self conception) to another. Such a transit must be necessarily accompanied with the altered state of consciousness (trance, loss or break of consciousness and etc.). Otherwise, one’s experience of the Self remains continuous and consecutive. There are the following methods to create the liminal (‘transitory’) feelings: usage of psychoactive substances of vegetable and animal origin, trance dances, starvation, breathing techniques, tortures, deprivation of sleep, sensor deprivation and so on.

Keywords: psychology, transition, initiation, identity, Self-conception, liminality, consciousness, discretion, continuity, trance.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.7.20854

Abstract: The subject of the present research is peculiarities of the subjective well-being. Special attention is paid to the category of subjective well-being, theories of subjective well-being in Russian and foreign psychology, components of subjective well-being and psychological features of subjective well-being of young men and women inclined to antisocial behavior. In order to carry out detailed analysis of the research subject, the authors conducted an empirical research with the hypothesis that the general level of subjective well-being demonstrated by young men considerably differs from the general level of subjective well-being of young women, in particular, the level of subjective well-being for young women is higher and has its own psychological peculiarities. For their empirical research the authors have used the Subjective Well-Being Scale adapted by N. Fetiskina and V. Kozlov, and The Psychological Well-Being Scale by Carol Ryff. The results of the research show that both young men and women inclined to antisocial behavior demonstrate deficiency in close and trustful relationships with others as the general level of their subjective well-being decreases. The scientific novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the authors study subjective well-being of young men and women inclined to antisocial behavior and define their psychological peculiarities. Practical importance of the research is caused by the fact that the results of the research demonstrate that there are differences in subjective well-being of young men and women, thus different forms of assistance are needed for men and women during preventive measures against antisocial behavior. By using mathematical statistics methods the authors have defined significant differences in the general levels of subjective well-being, the level of subjective well-being was higher for a group of young men compared to a group of young women. As a result of the correlation analysis carried out, the authors have also defined the following peculiar relationships between subjective well-being and psychological well-being in groups of young men and women. Young men inclined to antisocial behavior demonstrate the inverse relationship between the level of tension and requirements of everyday life, psychoemotional symptoms and the level of psychological well-being. In other words, the higher tension and sensibility indicators are, the lower ability to perform everyday activities is, and aggravation of psychoemotional symptoms decreases the general level of psychological well-being. The group of young women demonstrated the dependence of their subjective well-being on mood changes.

Keywords: psychological well-being, tension, sensibility, self-concept of health, satisfaction with everyday activity, independence, personal growth, life purposes, antisocial behavior, subjective well-being

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.7.68316

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.9.9323

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.9.63228

Abstract: The article focuses on the sense of the alienation and manifestations of the social maladjustment among young people in Poland. The scientific literature describes many sociological and psychological theories and concepts of alienation. One of the possible explanations of the severity of maladaptive behaviour among young people is the theory proposed by M. Seeman. He defines the alienation as a phenomenon occurring in the five dimensions: powerlessness, meaninglessness normlessness, isolation, self-estrangement. The aim of the research is to examine the sense of the alienation and manifestations of the social maladjustment among pupils of the technical and vocational schools. The research was carried out in Cracow among 205 male pupils. The summary contains suggestions for the future research in this area.

Keywords: Melvin Seeman, alienation, anomie, powerlessness, meaninglessness, isolation, self-estrangement, the social maladjustment, pupils of the technical school, pupils of the vocational school.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.9.16060

Abstract: The article taps into an approach integrating the dispositional and social cognitive paradigms of personality under a unified umbrella. The key element of the dispositional approach to personality is the concept of traits, i.e. individual combinations of motives and patterns of behavior that describe and allow to predict one's actions. On the contrary, cognitive theories of personality emphasize the crucial role of situational and contextual factors. For this purpose, a construct of trait efficacy is introduced being referred to as an aspect of a trait which underscores that an individual may identify her or his skills and habits to respond adequately to situations which exert cues relevant to the given trait. It is assumed that in certain cases trait efficacy more adequately describes invidual's behavior including academic success and achievements. 1030 students from a Russian university filled in the Big Five Inventory that measures personality traits (the so called five-factor model) and the modified version of the Inventory designated to measure the dispositional efficacy. The researchers measured the two types of academic achievement, university success at the end of academic terms and Unified State Exam scores (Russian and math subtests). The traits were shown to correlate strongly with respective trait efficacy; meanwhile, in terms of mean differences, each trait was found to differ substantially from its trait efficacy counterpart. Academic achievement indicators correlated weakly with personality traits. Dispositional efficacy reproduced those correlations but obtained effects were higher except for the correlation between diligence and university success. In five cases out of seven personality traits related indirectly to academic achievement indicators. In other words, these links were mediated by respective trait efficacy. Theoretically, compared to personality traits dispositional efficacy is a more changeable construct that involves acquisition of personal behavioral schemes and identification therewith. Being a personality trait, dispositional efficacy is, psychometrically, a product of autobiographic memory. The findings obtained and corresponding theorisations promote a further opportunity to contemplate the construct of personality trait in a way of its inner structural differentiation.

Keywords: personality traits, five-factor model, integrative frameworks, congitive theories of personality, academic achievement, the Big Five, self-efficacy, autobiographical memory, questionnaires, Big Five Inventory

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.9.67111

Keywords: self-efficacy, the Big Five, academic achievement, congitive theories of personality, integrative frameworks, five-factor model, personality traits, autobiographical memory, questionnaires, Big Five Inventory

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.12.20527

Abstract: Growing hostility, aggression and cruelty of modern teenagers are often viewed by psychologists from the point of view of personal traits interacting with social stimula. However, external determination of aggressive behavior is not always the leading one. The subject of the present research is the phenomenon of the dark traid of personal traits in a group of conditionally healthy teenagers viewed by the authors as one of the main intrapsychic factors of antisocial behavior. The concept of the Dark Triad was introduced by Paulhus and Williams in 2002. The components of the Dark Triad (subclinical forms of narcissism, machivellianism and sociopathy) interact with one another yet remain independent. The purpose of the present article is to study the relationship between components of the Dark Triad in a group of conditionally healthy teenagers, to define the leading personal traits closely connected with the Dark Triad, and development of a structure model of the phenomenon based on the authors' emperical data. The research involved 30 school students aged from 13 to 15 who did not have difficulty with their adaptation. The psychological tests included NPI-40, Lichko's pathological invesntory, machivellianism scale offered by R. Crhistie and F. L. Geis. Statistical analysis of the results was based on the exploratory factor analysis and structure modelling. The results of the research demonstrated that components of the Dark Triad were relatively independent from one another. Using the factor analysis, the authors defined 5 facors that described the Dark Traid in the best way: Aggression/sadism, suspicion/rancor, vanity, affectability and irritancy. The structure modelling showed a relative independence of components of the Dark Triad. The authors believe that these results can be used for further recognition of personal traits and character accentuations related to the Dark Triad showed by mentally healthy teenagers in order to define groups of children that tend to develop antisocial behavior, and to conduct preventive measures with them.

Keywords: structure modeling, factor analysis, behavioral disorders, teenagers, pathological personal traits, psychopathy, sociopathy, Machivellianism, Narcissism, dark traid

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.12.68646

Keywords: structure modeling, factor analysis, behavioral disorders, teenagers, pathological personal traits, psychopathy, sociopathy, Machivellianism, Narcissism, dark traid

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.11.16884

Abstract: In connection with the development of the Internet and ubiquitous gadgets it became popular to be friends in virtual reality. This phenomenon is poorly studied in science. Virtual friendship (online friendship, friendship in social networks) is defined in the article as a kind of interaction on the Internet, when people are on the list of friends, but do not perform selfless close personal relationships. In their study the authors used questionnaires, testing, observation; the experiment was also conducted, during which they registered a non-existent teenager with minimal data about his biography and social preferences, with different pictures in one of the social networks. It was diagnosed who and how people make friends with an unknown man. It was revealed that over a half of teenagers add a stranger to their friend lists, the authors have also described other oxymorons of online friendship. It is determined that internet friendship is closely connected with sympathy, but weakly associated with Internet communication. Virtual friendship should be classified more as acquaintance. Virtual friendship is a powerful tool of teenage socialization.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2015.11.67216

Keywords: virtual friendship, online friendship, virtual communication, online communication, psychology of social networks, Internet addiction, communication psychology, psychology of friendship, adolescence, teenage years, teenager

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.12.8878

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2013.12.63712

Abstract: The author of the article offers a theoretical analysis of mechanisms of academic activity performed by primary school students. The author analyzes different approaches to the terms “activity” and “active attitude”, defines an important role of the leading activity in the process of formation of integrated individuality and its place in the process of personality development of a primary school student. The role of activity in formation of integrated individuality is presented as a measure of interaction between a subject and a surrounding world as well as a form of self-expression and independent existence of personality due to which a person can become an integrated, independent and developing subject. The author of the article also describes the structure of activity in academic activity that includes: activity potential, regulatory element expressing the relation between deliberate self-regulation (based on one’s will) and indeliberate (based on one’s emotions) self-regulation, dynamic element (pace, intensity and energy) and results of one’s activity. The author also describes the leading styles of mental activities at primary school including meta-target oriented, target oriented and intellectual (disadaptive) styles. The author defines the system-forming, harmonizing and compensating functions of the academic activity style in the process of formation of integrated personality. The author also describes the important influence of the teaching environment on mental activity at primary school age.