DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.21580

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem related to classifications of emotions. Many famous philosophers including Aristotle, Descartes, Kant, Nietzsche and others paid attention to that issue. However, for many centuries emotional experience was viewed as part of cognitive activity but not autonomous expressions of human spirit. Philosophers cared more about the process of thinking rather than the process of feeling. That created obvious differences in interpretations of human and human mind. It can be believed that art covered that gap in philosophical and anthropological research. However, it is only the last decades that have shown the turn towards studying emotional but not cognitive activity of people. In his research Gurevich has used the methodology of philosophical anthropology. According to the author, the approach to the problem from the point of view of human nature may provide a better understanding of the problem. Psychologists divide feelings into basic and non-basic feelings. However, the range of emotions and feelings is quite different in different studies. Some researchers say there are 6 basic emotions, others speak aobut 7 basic emotions while it is almost impossible to actually count emotions. The author of the present article also discuss new classifications and gives a critical analysis of the above mentioned quantitative approach to studying the emotional world of human. For the first time in the academic literature the author emphasizes the conditional nature of the division of emotions into positive and negative ones. The author also focuses on such feature of emotions as their depth (intensity).   

Keywords: anger, surprise, interest, soul, passion, cognition, range, experience, emotion, feeling

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.68582

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem related to classifications of emotions. Many famous philosophers including Aristotle, Descartes, Kant, Nietzsche and others paid attention to that issue. However, for many centuries emotional experience was viewed as part of cognitive activity but not autonomous expressions of human spirit. Philosophers cared more about the process of thinking rather than the process of feeling. That created obvious differences in interpretations of human and human mind. It can be believed that art covered that gap in philosophical and anthropological research. However, it is only the last decades that have shown the turn towards studying emotional but not cognitive activity of people. In his research Gurevich has used the methodology of philosophical anthropology. According to the author, the approach to the problem from the point of view of human nature may provide a better understanding of the problem. Psychologists divide feelings into basic and non-basic feelings. However, the range of emotions and feelings is quite different in different studies. Some researchers say there are 6 basic emotions, others speak aobut 7 basic emotions while it is almost impossible to actually count emotions. The author of the present article also discuss new classifications and gives a critical analysis of the above mentioned quantitative approach to studying the emotional world of human. For the first time in the academic literature the author emphasizes the conditional nature of the division of emotions into positive and negative ones. The author also focuses on such feature of emotions as their depth (intensity).   

Keywords: anger, surprise, interest, soul, passion, cognition, range, experience, emotion, feeling

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.21796

Abstract: In his research Paleev talks about development of laws and regulations during the Reformation. Academics often underline that the Reformation was the Protestantism. Max Weber believed the Reformation to be the movement that resulted in the origin of the Capitalism. Religious beliefs that contributed to the origin of the Protestantism also formed a new economy and style of life. At the same time, it also had an effect on legal concepts of the European civilization. In fact, the development of new legal views and concepts was quite more dramatic than it seems. Weber's interpretation of the Reformation is often reviewed by today's researchers, however, the latter pay too little attention to so-called counter-reformation movements. The Reformation was not recognized by everyone. Religious movements created new interpretations and concepts of law. That, in its turn, created a complex psychological situation and disagreements oif values. There were social and religious passions around the legal culture. Paleev bases his research mostly on the principle of historicism which allowed to show the influence of Max Weber's ideas not only on the economy and religious beliefs but also development of new legal views of the Christian civilization. In his article Paleev focuses on a difficult situation in Europe when the Reformation created numerous anti-reformation movements and social passions. The author of the article analyzes debates round the religious category of 'salvation'. Martin Luther's concept was often critisized by anti-reformation movements. The author also raises a question about individual behavior that goes beyound the law and religious standards and discuss the idea of Christianity returning to its initial purity as a true essence. The author also emphasizes the need to distinguish between law and religion and proves the independent role of the law. 

Keywords: anti-reformation movements, social passions, salvation, law, psychological motives, rationalist principles, reformation, psychology, management, philosophy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.68583

Abstract: In his research Paleev talks about development of laws and regulations during the Reformation. Academics often underline that the Reformation was the Protestantism. Max Weber believed the Reformation to be the movement that resulted in the origin of the Capitalism. Religious beliefs that contributed to the origin of the Protestantism also formed a new economy and style of life. At the same time, it also had an effect on legal concepts of the European civilization. In fact, the development of new legal views and concepts was quite more dramatic than it seems. Weber's interpretation of the Reformation is often reviewed by today's researchers, however, the latter pay too little attention to so-called counter-reformation movements. The Reformation was not recognized by everyone. Religious movements created new interpretations and concepts of law. That, in its turn, created a complex psychological situation and disagreements oif values. There were social and religious passions around the legal culture. Paleev bases his research mostly on the principle of historicism which allowed to show the influence of Max Weber's ideas not only on the economy and religious beliefs but also development of new legal views of the Christian civilization. In his article Paleev focuses on a difficult situation in Europe when the Reformation created numerous anti-reformation movements and social passions. The author of the article analyzes debates round the religious category of 'salvation'. Martin Luther's concept was often critisized by anti-reformation movements. The author also raises a question about individual behavior that goes beyound the law and religious standards and discuss the idea of Christianity returning to its initial purity as a true essence. The author also emphasizes the need to distinguish between law and religion and proves the independent role of the law. 

Keywords: anti-reformation movements, social passions, salvation, law, psychological motives, rationalist principles, reformation, psychology, management, philosophy

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.21458

Abstract: The article considers the problem of formation of the Russian psychology in the XIXth - early XXth centuries. The authors analyze approaches of Russian researchers in the history of psychology to studying the structure of psychology in Russia during the aforesaid period. The authors note that there is no common terminological field and understanding of the content of areas in the psychological science. The traditional classification which distinguishes an experimental, empirical and religious-philosophical psychology is insensitive to those scientists and their concepts who worked in several directions or held certain views in the declared positions, but in their works used other ideas. The authors propose their own classification of directions of psychology in Russia in the XIXth - early XXth century based on the dominant method for obtaining psychological knowledge (speculation, introspection, experiment and measurement): speculative psychology, introspective psychology and experimental psychology. The authors examine only speculative and introspective psychology because there is the greatest uncertainty and ambiguity related to these directions, their representatives, concepts, and methods (speculation and introspection). The methods of historical and psychological research include structural-analytical method and method of analysis of the framework of categories and concepts. This theoretical study is methodological, approaches of representatives of speculative and introspective psychology are analyzed by the authors in terms of the subject and method of psychology. The authors have developed their own classification of directions of Russian psychology in the XIXthe – early XXth century offering a new basis, the method of obtaining psychological knowledge (speculation, introspection, experiment). In each direction the authors have defined two vectors corresponding to a particular conception of the nature of the subject of psychology: substantial psychology (soul as an independent substance) and functional psychology (psyche as a function of the brain and nervous system). The final classification is as follows: 1) speculative substantial psychology and speculative functional psychology; 2) introspective substantial psychology and introspective functional psychology; 3) experimental substantial psychology and experimental functional psychology.

Keywords: experimental psychology, introspective psychology, speculative psychology, classification, subject of psychology, method of psychology, Russian psychology, history of psychology, soul, psyche

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.68584

Abstract: The article considers the problem of formation of the Russian psychology in the XIXth - early XXth centuries. The authors analyze approaches of Russian researchers in the history of psychology to studying the structure of psychology in Russia during the aforesaid period. The authors note that there is no common terminological field and understanding of the content of areas in the psychological science. The traditional classification which distinguishes an experimental, empirical and religious-philosophical psychology is insensitive to those scientists and their concepts who worked in several directions or held certain views in the declared positions, but in their works used other ideas. The authors propose their own classification of directions of psychology in Russia in the XIXth - early XXth century based on the dominant method for obtaining psychological knowledge (speculation, introspection, experiment and measurement): speculative psychology, introspective psychology and experimental psychology. The authors examine only speculative and introspective psychology because there is the greatest uncertainty and ambiguity related to these directions, their representatives, concepts, and methods (speculation and introspection). The methods of historical and psychological research include structural-analytical method and method of analysis of the framework of categories and concepts. This theoretical study is methodological, approaches of representatives of speculative and introspective psychology are analyzed by the authors in terms of the subject and method of psychology. The authors have developed their own classification of directions of Russian psychology in the XIXthe – early XXth century offering a new basis, the method of obtaining psychological knowledge (speculation, introspection, experiment). In each direction the authors have defined two vectors corresponding to a particular conception of the nature of the subject of psychology: substantial psychology (soul as an independent substance) and functional psychology (psyche as a function of the brain and nervous system). The final classification is as follows: 1) speculative substantial psychology and speculative functional psychology; 2) introspective substantial psychology and introspective functional psychology; 3) experimental substantial psychology and experimental functional psychology.

Keywords: experimental psychology, introspective psychology, speculative psychology, classification, subject of psychology, method of psychology, Russian psychology, history of psychology, soul, psyche

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.21099

Abstract: This article is devoted to investigation of the importance of shame in clinical work. The author singles out two main forms of shame: humanizing shame and toxic shame. Kilborne writes about important difference between shame and guilt in connection to the threat to internal orientation. He writes that the subject of shame and trauma has been seriously neglected in the media and in the major psychoanalytic journals. According to him, the trauma of neglect and mother’s non-responsiveness (as well as the trauma of physical abuse) have devastating effects on both sensory and psychic organization, on body image and psychic structure. He discusses the interrelations between hubris, shame and trauma. In the course of investigation Kilborne singles out different aspects of shame. He explains why Freud and others have focused on guilt at the expense of shame, and why recognizing shame can be difficult. He gives examples of toxic shame and its great destructiveness, writes about the importance of attunement of mother and her child in connection with the themes of shame, trauma and development. As the result of his investigation, Kilborne comes to the conclusion that in its toxic forms shame leads to serious distress and despair both in patients and in therapists; it can be passed from generation to generation in the form of narcissistic preoccupations that negate the feelings of connection in children; it can be related to trauma not responded to and to intolerable feelings of rage, mistrust, and isolation. By contrast, in its humanizing forms, shame can be one of the most powerful therapeutic resources we have.

Keywords: non-responsiveness, development, neglect, destructiveness, intolerance, psychoanalysis, trauma, guilt, shame, hubris

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.68585

Abstract: This article is devoted to investigation of the importance of shame in clinical work. The author singles out two main forms of shame: humanizing shame and toxic shame. Kilborne writes about important difference between shame and guilt in connection to the threat to internal orientation. He writes that the subject of shame and trauma has been seriously neglected in the media and in the major psychoanalytic journals. According to him, the trauma of neglect and mother’s non-responsiveness (as well as the trauma of physical abuse) have devastating effects on both sensory and psychic organization, on body image and psychic structure. He discusses the interrelations between hubris, shame and trauma. In the course of investigation Kilborne singles out different aspects of shame. He explains why Freud and others have focused on guilt at the expense of shame, and why recognizing shame can be difficult. He gives examples of toxic shame and its great destructiveness, writes about the importance of attunement of mother and her child in connection with the themes of shame, trauma and development. As the result of his investigation, Kilborne comes to the conclusion that in its toxic forms shame leads to serious distress and despair both in patients and in therapists; it can be passed from generation to generation in the form of narcissistic preoccupations that negate the feelings of connection in children; it can be related to trauma not responded to and to intolerable feelings of rage, mistrust, and isolation. By contrast, in its humanizing forms, shame can be one of the most powerful therapeutic resources we have.

Keywords: non-responsiveness, development, neglect, destructiveness, intolerance, psychoanalysis, trauma, guilt, shame, hubris

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.21533

Abstract: The subject of the research is a number of conceptual configurations in Viktor Frankl's philosophy. The author of the article pays attention to the spiritial unconcious as an in-depth part of the human psyche with all the essential desires such as love, freedom and responsibility. The author also focuses on the fact that alienation from one's spiritual unconcious leads to the loss of the meaning of life and existential vacuum. The term 'meaning' is viewed as the core that brings together a broken human being and unites body, spirit and soul. The author also touches upon such issues as 'God' and 'faith' that have a special meaning in Viktor Frankl's philosophy. In this research the author has used the principle of historicism as well as methods and approaches of philosophical anthropology. In the course of the research the author reveals new sides of the problem of existential vacuum and outlines positive ways for overcoming existential vacuum. The author also defines conceptual configurations that play an important role for a better understanding of human nature as well as describes so-called 'anti-meanings' that are usually reflected in 'hyper' and 'pseudo' tendencies. 

Keywords: love, humanism, anti-meaning, spirit, God, faith, logotherapy, existential vacuum, spiritual unconscious, meaning

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.68586

Abstract: The subject of the research is a number of conceptual configurations in Viktor Frankl's philosophy. The author of the article pays attention to the spiritial unconcious as an in-depth part of the human psyche with all the essential desires such as love, freedom and responsibility. The author also focuses on the fact that alienation from one's spiritual unconcious leads to the loss of the meaning of life and existential vacuum. The term 'meaning' is viewed as the core that brings together a broken human being and unites body, spirit and soul. The author also touches upon such issues as 'God' and 'faith' that have a special meaning in Viktor Frankl's philosophy. In this research the author has used the principle of historicism as well as methods and approaches of philosophical anthropology. In the course of the research the author reveals new sides of the problem of existential vacuum and outlines positive ways for overcoming existential vacuum. The author also defines conceptual configurations that play an important role for a better understanding of human nature as well as describes so-called 'anti-meanings' that are usually reflected in 'hyper' and 'pseudo' tendencies. 

Keywords: love, humanism, anti-meaning, spirit, God, faith, logotherapy, existential vacuum, spiritual unconscious, meaning

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.21515

Abstract: In their research the authors focus on the regional aspect of personal-professional specification. They offer a general definition of the term 'regional specification' that reflects ethno-cultural, geographical and landscape peculiarities of corporate staff at the concrete level as some kind of an optimal structure of personal-professional qualities allowing an employee to perform his or her duties and to correspond to functional requirements of her or her profession. The authors analyze reginal specification as general and special qualities in verbal and cogitative, emotional-volitional, communicative and motivational spheres that constitute professional predictor modules. There are differences observed both in structures of personal qualities and systems of professional requirements. The authors also provide empirical data reflecting various forms of personal-professional specification under regional conditions. Specific regional features are proved through statistical procedures and criteria. The authors also apply procedures for defining statistically significant differences between groups in order to describe the main psychological indicators of the personnel in companies under research. By using the correlation analysis the authors also evaluate the relationship between experimental groups. As a result, the authors give the scientific and experimental substantiation of the term 'regional specifrication' that reflect ethno-cultural, geographical and landscape peculiarities of the staff. The authors clarify the structure of personal-professional qualities contributing to an efficient performance of labor functions in accordance with professional requirements in a particular region. They also prove and explain differences both in structures of personal qualities and systems of professional requirements discovered in the course of drawing mental graphs.The authors also view regional specification as a system of general and special qualities of the personnel in verbal and cogitative, emotional-volitional, communicative and motivational spheres that constitute professional predictor modules.

Keywords: boundaries of regional specifications, geographical features, ethno-cultural differences of regions, mental graph, job analysis, regional specification, personal-professional specification, concrete level of analysis, structure of professionally significant qualities, alteration of boundaries of specifications

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.68587

Abstract: In their research the authors focus on the regional aspect of personal-professional specification. They offer a general definition of the term 'regional specification' that reflects ethno-cultural, geographical and landscape peculiarities of corporate staff at the concrete level as some kind of an optimal structure of personal-professional qualities allowing an employee to perform his or her duties and to correspond to functional requirements of her or her profession. The authors analyze reginal specification as general and special qualities in verbal and cogitative, emotional-volitional, communicative and motivational spheres that constitute professional predictor modules. There are differences observed both in structures of personal qualities and systems of professional requirements. The authors also provide empirical data reflecting various forms of personal-professional specification under regional conditions. Specific regional features are proved through statistical procedures and criteria. The authors also apply procedures for defining statistically significant differences between groups in order to describe the main psychological indicators of the personnel in companies under research. By using the correlation analysis the authors also evaluate the relationship between experimental groups. As a result, the authors give the scientific and experimental substantiation of the term 'regional specifrication' that reflect ethno-cultural, geographical and landscape peculiarities of the staff. The authors clarify the structure of personal-professional qualities contributing to an efficient performance of labor functions in accordance with professional requirements in a particular region. They also prove and explain differences both in structures of personal qualities and systems of professional requirements discovered in the course of drawing mental graphs.The authors also view regional specification as a system of general and special qualities of the personnel in verbal and cogitative, emotional-volitional, communicative and motivational spheres that constitute professional predictor modules.

Keywords: boundaries of regional specifications, geographical features, ethno-cultural differences of regions, mental graph, job analysis, regional specification, personal-professional specification, concrete level of analysis, structure of professionally significant qualities, alteration of boundaries of specifications

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.21168

Abstract: In his article Brazhnikov proposes a model of the human mind that is developed on the basis of an analysis of a large number of existing theories and aims to provide a systematization of substantial part of empirical knowledge in the field of psychology. The author of the article deals with the human developmental psychology and provides a brief description of the sequence of formation of the human mind as a self-learning system. The author makes an attempt to combine many facts about the functioning of the brain into a single system. This facts were taken from different areas of psychology. In addition to recognized scientific models some controversial theories were also considered such as MBTI and DISK that could offer considerable empirical data as a result of their popularity. The research is based on the assumption that two brain hemispheres are formed in different ways, although substantially dependent on each other, due to the fact that universality of thought should be kept. The model covers eight possible stages for each brain hemisphere in good agreement with the existing classifications. Information processing ways of the hemispheres can stay in the process of formation at any of the eight stages that are relevant to the environment. In this article the author describes all possible cases of development of analysis methods at certain stages of adaptation. The development of the left hemisphere is supposed to be less consistent than that of the right hemisphere due to the fact that the activity of the left hemisphere depends on the experience of the the right one. Many studies show that the success of ontogenetic development is correlated with the features of thinking. The author of the research examines external reasons for various stages of formation of thinking ways. This has the effect of fixing various types of information processing. There are two types of external reasons for passing a stage: incentives and obstacles. The effect of the external influence depends on the stage of development of thinking ways. In addition, this method of studying the human mind may also explain possible cognitive causes of autism and schizophrenia.

Keywords: organization of mind, DISC, MBTI, autism, schizophrenia, typology, cerebral hemisphere’s operation, developmental stages, child development, temperament

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.68588

Abstract: In his article Brazhnikov proposes a model of the human mind that is developed on the basis of an analysis of a large number of existing theories and aims to provide a systematization of substantial part of empirical knowledge in the field of psychology. The author of the article deals with the human developmental psychology and provides a brief description of the sequence of formation of the human mind as a self-learning system. The author makes an attempt to combine many facts about the functioning of the brain into a single system. This facts were taken from different areas of psychology. In addition to recognized scientific models some controversial theories were also considered such as MBTI and DISK that could offer considerable empirical data as a result of their popularity. The research is based on the assumption that two brain hemispheres are formed in different ways, although substantially dependent on each other, due to the fact that universality of thought should be kept. The model covers eight possible stages for each brain hemisphere in good agreement with the existing classifications. Information processing ways of the hemispheres can stay in the process of formation at any of the eight stages that are relevant to the environment. In this article the author describes all possible cases of development of analysis methods at certain stages of adaptation. The development of the left hemisphere is supposed to be less consistent than that of the right hemisphere due to the fact that the activity of the left hemisphere depends on the experience of the the right one. Many studies show that the success of ontogenetic development is correlated with the features of thinking. The author of the research examines external reasons for various stages of formation of thinking ways. This has the effect of fixing various types of information processing. There are two types of external reasons for passing a stage: incentives and obstacles. The effect of the external influence depends on the stage of development of thinking ways. In addition, this method of studying the human mind may also explain possible cognitive causes of autism and schizophrenia.

Keywords: organization of mind, DISC, MBTI, autism, schizophrenia, typology, cerebral hemisphere’s operation, developmental stages, child development, temperament

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.21756

Abstract: The author studies the phenomenon of game in terms of anthropology. Philosophers and cultural researchers quite often appeal to the phenomenon of game as one of the most mysterious and at the same time important phenomena of human life. The author of the present article focuses on the grounds and importance of human game that allows an individual to escape from his or her everyday life into the fantasy world. The author analyzes the phenomenon of game as the way to enrich and expand the reality. Games are there in all the aspects of human life. The phenomenon of game is studies in terms of philosophical anthropology as well as psychology, aesthetics and cultural research. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author views the phenomenon of game from the point of view of modern tendencies such as pragmatism, hyperrealism, and consumer society. In a serious and business-life world human tries to escape to his or her fantasy world even more often than before. The author notes that such phenomena of human life as life, death and labour do not only have elements of game but start to be like a game themselves. The author also analyzes negative transformations of game, in particular, it acquires elements of everyday life, blends with reality and loses its distinctive nature. According to the author, modern game loses its sacred spiritual meaning. 

Keywords: anthropology, life, existence, culture, society, fantasy, reality, game, human, psychology

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2016.9.68589

Abstract: The author studies the phenomenon of game in terms of anthropology. Philosophers and cultural researchers quite often appeal to the phenomenon of game as one of the most mysterious and at the same time important phenomena of human life. The author of the present article focuses on the grounds and importance of human game that allows an individual to escape from his or her everyday life into the fantasy world. The author analyzes the phenomenon of game as the way to enrich and expand the reality. Games are there in all the aspects of human life. The phenomenon of game is studies in terms of philosophical anthropology as well as psychology, aesthetics and cultural research. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the author views the phenomenon of game from the point of view of modern tendencies such as pragmatism, hyperrealism, and consumer society. In a serious and business-life world human tries to escape to his or her fantasy world even more often than before. The author notes that such phenomena of human life as life, death and labour do not only have elements of game but start to be like a game themselves. The author also analyzes negative transformations of game, in particular, it acquires elements of everyday life, blends with reality and loses its distinctive nature. According to the author, modern game loses its sacred spiritual meaning. 

Keywords: anthropology, life, existence, culture, society, fantasy, reality, game, human, psychology