DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.13706

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.65930

Abstract: Editor-in-chief analyzes Jean Piaget’s epistemological concept. He uses it to provide a modern interpretation of perception as a psychological concept. For a long time psychologists have believed that perception is a passive process, i.e. the external environment is perceived through sense organs and create an image of the reality in the mind of an individual. However, psychologists have failed to explain why not only different people but even one person may have different pictures of the reality. Piaget was the first one to emphasize the role of intelligence in the processing of information received from the external world. Therefore, Piaget gave the idea of the active role of perception. At the same time, it also became obvious that recognition of the active role of an individual still did not provide a complete solution of the problem. In his article Gurevich has used the method of historical analysis and techniques of the phenomenological analysis of a problem. He has also compared the traditional and new interpretations of activity/passivity of perception. The novelty of the article is in the criticizing of the Cartesian model of perception which identifies an individual with cogitation. Modern psychologists take into account philosophical critic of the Cartesian approach to human. The cognitive psychology model of perception and information processing is, in fact, an interactionist concept of cognition, its genesis and development in terms of causation interaction between the organism and environment. Cognitive processes are explained in terms of the interaction between the brain and the part of the environment that can be captured by the brain. The conclusion made by Gurevich is that modern psychology has all potentials to create a broader model of perception which would involve other people and more objects surrounding us.

Keywords: perception, intelligence, passive, active, external environment, sense organs, Piaget, decentration, cognition, psyche, mind.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.13257

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.65931

Abstract: In this article the author examines the phenomenon of a philosophical movement ‘conservative revolution’ which started in Germany during the first third of the last century and made a great influence on the political and intellectual development of Germany. Parkhomenko proves that conservative revolution reflected peculiarities of German mentality which, on the one hand, estranged it from classical Western ideology of liberalism and individualism and, on the other hand, brought it closer to the Russian tradition of sobornost (national unity) and collectivism. The research methodology has involved the study of original texts in German as well as scientific literature that has been published in our country lately. Parkhomenko describes the main peculiarities of the philosophical and political movement of conservative revolution in Germany. Those peculiarities influenced the unique adoption of Western liberal ideas of Anglo-Saxons in Germany and led to the development of their own concept of freedom. In addition, the author of the article reveals specific features of German mentality and compares German mentality to Russian mentality.

Keywords: conservative revolution, Germany, Russia, freedom, collectivism, mentality, liberalism, nationalism, individualism, politics.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.13347

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.65932

Abstract: In her article Ignatenko reconstructs evolutionary grounds of Freud’s metapsychology as the synthesis of Darwin’s and Lamarck’s theories combined with the Haeckel-Muller law of ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny. The researcher also traces back the process of development of evolutionary issues in the works of Freud’s followers such as Melanie Klein and Jacques Lacan. Ignatenko discovers that the interest towards phylogenetic development had a tendency to decline (in Klein’s researches). Further the ideas of ontological development was criticized by Lacan which, however, was quite extreme and did not find support of the majority of analysts of those times for whom ontological development remained of the fundamental concepts in the psychoanalytical theory. In addition, the researcher also examines the development of the interdisciplinary branch of psychoanalysis and linguistics which was based on the thesis about phylogenetic development moving towards the increasing ability for symbolization. Ignatenko has used the method of ontoepistemological reconstruction allowing to view any concept (even a concept refusing ontology as it is) as containing systems features of a philosophical theory which can be discovered and reconstructed. Based on a number of researches about the influence of Darwin’s and Lamarck’s evolutionism, the researcher has also carried out her own research in search for similar ideas in Melaie Klein’s, Jacques Lacan’s, Green’s, Bion’s, Michel Foucault’s, Gilles Deleuze’s works, etc. Ignatenko concludes that Freud’s followers gradually lost their interest in evolutionary issues. The researcher explains it with the fact that epistemology of those times was experiencing the shift from realism to constructivism and from positivism to instrumentalism. That shift was reflected in psychoanalysis, too, and changed the concept of the Oedipus complex as a fundamental concept of psychoanalysis.

Keywords: evolutionism, interdisciplinarity, psychoanalysis, linguistics, ontoepistemology, philosophy, post-modernism, structuralism, Lamarckism, the Oedipus complex.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.13492

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.65933

Abstract: Contemporary social and psychological researchers believe justice to be one of the most important topics of human life ontology. The author of the present research have tried to prove the following hypotheses: 1) justice is a socially determined phenomenon; 2) ‘equality of all’ is one of the key elements in the social image of justice; 3) the social image of extremism is structured around the elements that have moral and legal connotations. Gayvoronskaya has decided to apply the psychosemantic approach to studying social images of justice because this approach allows to discover the hidden (unconscious) processes driving human behavior. Psychosemantic methods, in particular, microsemantic and prototypical analysis, allow to solve the following problems: to define the connection (relationship) between the studied definition of justice and other definitions or systems of definitions; to define and analyze the most significant connections and, finally, to reconstruct the model of justice. Conclusions: 1. Justice is a socially determined phenomenon that is based on moral principles regulated by the law. 2. The structure of social images of justice is defined by the peculiarities and specific features of the phenomenon. In particular, there is a steady core (execution of laws, honesty and equal rights) which is organized around the leading value – ‘equality of all’. 3. Categorization levels which have been defined in the course of interpretation and analysis bear a relationship to significant topics of images and create a probability model of this phenomenon, i.e. justice is understood as ‘equality for all’ and performance of moral actions, as a punishment/reward or denial of justice at all.

Keywords: justice, social image, psychosemantic approach, microsemantic analysis, prototypical analysis, hidden (unconscious) processes, categorization levels, reconstruction, interpretation, probability model of justice.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.13439

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.65934

Abstract: The author of the article studies cognitive functions of a subject as the part of the evolutionary Universe. Lasitskaya offers new evolutionary epistemology definitions of knowledge, subject and subjective activity from the constructivist point of view. She describes critics of the weak points of evolutionary epistemology which can be overcome by applying the constructivist principles. Lasitskaya also emphasizes that in evolutionary epistemology the cognitive process involves the elements of constructing, transformation, trivialization and complication and conditioned by biological and trans-biological determinants. Evolution of a subject is related to the growth of his constructivist activity. The subject does not just blend into mesocosm but actively constructs his life world. In her research Lasitskaya has applied evolutionary epistemological, constructivist and activity approaches. The subject is viewed from the point of view of his activity in the environment and active creative position in the cognitive process. Lasitskaya has also reconstructed the basic principles of the evolutionary theory of knowledge based on constructivism by applying the ideas of interactive constructivism, neurophysiologic constructivism, second order cybernetics, Autopoiesis theory, radical constructivism and Ron Amundson’s concept of constraint. Evolutionary epistemology describes constructive activity in cognition as the practice of self-fulfillment of subjectivity in one’s relations with the other world.

Keywords: adaptation, perception, knowledge, constructing, cognition, practice, self-fulfillment, subject, subject, subjective activity, evolution.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.12969

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.65935

Abstract: In this article Korniliev focuses on studying representations of pathology on the graph of movements of mental intentions. The purpose of the research is to analyze the relation between dynamics of mental skills and the influence of external factors bringing an individual into a state of pathology, in other words, the graphic presentation of the influence of external factors on the qualitative and quantitative features of mental skills. The other purpose of the research was to define whether neurotic factors have a complex or fragmentary influence on human as well as the possible influence of internal human factors on the process in general. Finally, Korniliev examines whether the frequency of fluctuations of a mental intention has a governing meaning. The main method used by the author is the psychological modeling aimed at studying representations of human pathological states and its passive characteristics. As a result, the researcher has proved the graphic representation of all the variety of mental states to be possible. The influence of neurotic factors has been defined through their antagonistic orientation at the nature of human development and further blocking of the spheres of mental time. In addition, Korniliev has defined the two psychological types, ‘alternatively oriented’ and ‘conservatively oriented’ types to show the level of resistance to the complex influence of neurotic factors. The frequency of fluctuation of a mental intention is supposedly connected with the degree of the intensity of human interactions with his inner and outer worlds.

Keywords: psychological type, neurotization, mental future, fluctuation, fluctuation frequency, mental past, alternatively oriented type, conservatively oriented type, mental skills, mental resources.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.13582

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.65936

Abstract: The article is devoted to the basic areas of scientific research of the mysticism phenomenon. The growing interest towards mystical teachings in the 20th century can be explained by the spiritual and cultural crisis and attempts to overcome it. Comparative religious studies and phenomenology of religion view mysticism as a complex phenomenon where the universal beginning combines with individual features of mystical traditions of the world. The present research of mysticism as a phenomenon has the following objectives: to study 1) the essence of mysticism; 2) universal features of mysticism; 3) individual features of mysticism in mystical traditions of the world; 4. the essence of the phenomenon of pseudo-mysticism in modern culture. The research methodology is the comparative religious studies. Zhirtueva has also used such research methods as the comparative-analytical method, individualization and generalization. She defines mysticism as the illusion of human mind and a essential core of religion. The universal beginning of mysticism is the striving for getting ‘united’ with the Absolute reality where egocentric consciousness is overcome as a result. Individual features of the world mystical traditions depend on the solutions of the issues regarding the essence of the Absolute and the balance between the material and ideal existence as well as methods of mystical psycho-practice. Unlike trans-egocentric mystical practices, pseudo-mystical teachings only try to satisfy the exaggerated human Ego.

Keywords: mysticism, mystical tradition, Absolute, universal features, individual features, pseudo-mysticism, egocentric consciousness, enlightened consciousness, psycho-practice, mystical experience.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.13460

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.65937

Abstract: The topic under review of the present research article is the processes of intermodal synthesis in a professional activity of a musician. During their professional training, musicians acquire a wide range of difficult and fine psychological skills which the author of the article considers to be the main professional resources in music performance. These skills include, first of all, intermodal connections, such as those between sight and motion, hearing and motion, and sight and hearing. Based on the author of the article, the level of the development of these skills has a direct influence on success and creativity of a musician. Within the framework of research, the main resources shall mean a sophisticated system of the musician’s professional reflection as well as the process of ideomotion and intermodal synthesis as the basic mechanisms of creating the comprehensive experience of a musician and an image of a music piece thereupon. The present research is based on the methodology of the systems approach because the given methodology is rather universal and allows to analyze complex fields and disciplines. When studying the phenomena and objective laws of music performance, Fedorova-Galbershtam appeals to a complex multi-level and multi-component activity structure. The author has also used the methodological principle of holism. When talking about polymodality and synesthesiability of musical consciousness, Fedorova-Galbershtam is based on the idea of the initial integrity of the world image in the human mind. The novelty of the present article is in the author’s statements about intermodal synthesis as the basic psychological resource in music performance. The researcher offers a new approach to viewing a sophisticated system of the musician’s professional reflection in terms intermodal connections and ideomotor training. In the course of the research Fedorova- Galbershtam makes a conclusion about the essential role of audiomotor connections and productive hearing (acoustic) representations of the musician. The researcher also shows the relation between the level of the development of ideomotor skills, operational level of professional reflection and possibilities of creating an integral image of a music piece.

Keywords: intermodal synthesis, ideomotion, music performance, synesthesia, reflection, musical consciousness, integral image, professionalism, skills, hearing representations.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.13630

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.65938

Abstract: The article is devoted to psychological features of the mind of a successful senior manager. The author of the article describes types of managerial thinking (socially determined, economic and innovative), objects typical for these types, particular features of the mind of a senior manager, etc. Nartsissova also provides arguments demonstrating particularities of the managerial thinking such as the ability to conduct a marketing research for the purpose of creating a small enterprise, to think through and plan a training program for future senior managers of innovative enterprises involving all managerial functions and associated modules (economic evaluation of investments, analysis and diagnostics of the financial and economic activity of an enterprise, intellectual property management and human resources management). The research methodology involves the dialectic approach to psychology, the principle of related cogitation and speech (Lev Vygotsky and Alexander Luria), the cognitive approach of the linguistic theory of argumentation offered by Baranova, the concept of thinking as a process and activity (Rubinshtein and Brushlinsky). When working on the article, Nartsissova has also analyzed statistical data provided by the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation and Russian courts regarding violations in the sphere of labor relations. She has also carried out the comparative analysis of monitoring data about innovative activity of universities when teaching senior managers. The researcher emphasizes the following activity-oriented aspects of thinking of a senior manager: creation of small innovative enterprises at universities and seeking for their support by the government, development and implementation of special programs for advanced training of senior managers, etc. Nartsissova emphasizes the following features typical for the mind of a successful senior manager: adequate and timely actions, ability to undertake responsibility and others. At the same time, the researcher notes that there is not enough effort put forth towards formation of the legal consciousness of a senior manager. Therefore, Nartsissova offers to pay special attention to developing the corporate culture. According to the researcher, the corporate culture should be viewed as a factor of raising the competitive ability of an enterprise. Nartsissova also pays special attention to the moral and psychological grounds of decisions to be made by a senior manager.

Keywords: types of managerial thinking, psychological features of thinking, managerial thinking, small innovative enterprise, innovative economy, managerial activity, argumentation, legal consciousness, activity-oriented aspects of thinking, corporate culture.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.13625

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.12.65939

Abstract: The author of the article emphasizes the fact that many scientific discoveries that have been made over the past decades still don’t have a substantive philosophical elaboration. As a result, many human sciences suffer from reductionism. Reductionism is when complex processes are reduced to simple ones. For example, biology as a study of human nature often generalize particular conclusions. This leads to a simplified concept of human. In her research Egorova analyzes the problem of reductionism based on biology and etc. Today’s biology, anatomy and physiology provide enormous empiric data about the functioning of a human body. In her research Egorova has used the methods of philosophical anthropology that views human both as an animal and non-animal. Based on the researcher, a simple application of facts regarding the natural world does not create a complete understanding of human. The novelty of the research is caused by the fact that the researcher suggests we should view the phenomenon of reductionism again. Long ago philosophers proved that method to be ineffective in explaining different phenomena. However, reductionism has grown popular over the last decades again. Reductionism is particularly denied by philosophical anthropology because it creates an incomplete and incorrect picture of human.

Keywords: philosophy, psychology, biology, reductionism, science, method, philosophical anthropology, physiology, genetics, hierarchy.