DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.13437

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.65784

Abstract: Much is written about psychoanalytical heritage of Wilhelm Reich. His views on unconsciousness have been analyzed and his concepts of body psychotherapy and body psychoanalysis have been underlined. Researchers have also pointed out Reich’s contribution to the character analysis. Reich saw a great health potential in spontaneous manifestations of psyche. However, Pavel Gurevich believes that the social meaning of Reich’s teaching has not been discovered yet. In the years when Reich started to become famous, classical psychoanalysis already began to give place to Neo Freudianism. Karen Horney and Erich Fromm focused on the role of social factors in diagnostics and treatment of patients. They criticized Freudianism for ignoring the role of social and cultural factors in personality development. In response, adherents of classical psychoanalysis blamed Neo Freudians for underestimating the role of intrapsychic and biological factors in individual development. Wilhelm Reich managed to stay uninvolved in those discussions. However , he created an interesting three-element personality model. In his research Pavel Gurevich applies methods of social psychology allowing to define the role of the social environment in diagnosing symptoms of neurosis. At the same time, the author of the article has also use the methods of historical analysis of the problem. In particular, Reich’s teaching is viewed in terms of that period in the psychoanalysis development when classical psychoanalysis was gradually giving place to Neo Freudianism. The novelty of the research is in the analysis of the three-element personality model offered by Reich. This model demonstrates that Reich gave the priority to the social and cultural topics. Being an orthodox adherent of Sigmund Freud, Wilhelm Reich nevertheless approached to understanding the doubtless significance of politics and culture in the personality development. According to Pavel Gurevich, in this respect Wilhelm Reich even preceded Karen Horney and Erich Fromm although Reich did not manage that deep social and cultural analysis that Neo Freudianism offered. Wilhelm Reich changed the concept of personality structure offered by Freud. In fact, Freud created the model of psyche without giving focusing on the cultural factor. Freud’s general provisions about the role of super ego, parental prohibitions and moral self-condemnation were later developed in Wilhelm Reich’s model.

Keywords: psychology, psychoanalysis, Neo-Freudianism, personality, personality model, unconsciousness, human health, reality, sexuality, sociality.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.12738

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.65785

Abstract: The article is devoted to the relation between the level of civil identity and psychological component of social capital. Social capital is a term used to describe social intercourse and institutionalized relations based on mutual recognition. The basis of social capital is the basic positive characteristics of interaction between people and different social groups including trust, honesty, cohesion and solidarity. Distrust and dishonesty as well as the absence of a natural feeling of solidarity in human relations hinder cooperation and destroy he entire system of human and social relations. Psychological characteristics of social capital play an important role in the development of civil identity that is realized through special civil practices based on free choice, personal responsibility and their inclusion in the structure of social relations in a civil society. The hypothesis of the present research is that there is a linear relation between psychological components of social capital and the level of civil identity. According to the authors, this relation demonstrates that adoption of civil society attitudes creates grounds for the individual intensity of social capital. To diagnose characteristics of the civil identity, the authors have used the projective technique ‘Civil Identity’ offered by M. Akimova and E. Gorbachev. The stimulus material included 27 pictures of everyday situations. Interpretation of these situations allowed to say whether a person accepts or rejects values of civil society. To evaluate social capital, the authors have used the three questionnaires for trust-based relations, legitimization of dishonesty and solidarity. Social capital can be viewed as a consequence of civil identity of individuals while identity should be used as a factor of consolidation of social ties and regulation of individual’s behavior and social standards, attitudes and values adopted by the individual. This is explained by the fact that one’s identification with a social group does not only mean to be a member of the group, but also to accept the main attitudes and values of the social group as well as to understand whether these attitudes and values are acceptable for that individual. The comparative analysis of the two group of students (aged 19 – 22), from Moscow (n-27) and Orekhovo-Zuevo (n=50) has revealed that students from a Moscow University have higher results according to all methods compared to the students from Orekhovo-Zuevo. At the same time, while high results in civil identity, trust-based relations and solidarity tests create a positive image of Moscow students, high points received in the legitimization of dishonesty test mean that Moscow students more often allow themselves to be dishonest in their relations with the others (i.e. ‘legitimize’ dishonesty). However, the authors of the present article do not focus on the analysis and interpretation of these data because the main purpose of the present article is to prove the relation between the level of civil identity and psychological aspects of social capital. To statistically process the obtained data, the authors have used the Spearmen’s correlation analysis. The research has determined a statistically significant positive relation between the level of civil identity and trust and solidarity in both groups of students and a statistically significant negative relation between the level of civil identity and legitimization of dishonesty in case of Moscow students. This means that the more students identity themselves as members of the civil society, the more they trust one another, they more solidarity they have and the less acceptable they find dishonesty towards other members of the civil society.

Keywords: civil identity, civil practices, civil society, civil rights, social capital, components of social capital, trust-based relations, legitimization, solidarity, cohesion.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.12973

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.65786

Abstract: The subject under research is the process of degradation of Dorian Gray from an angel-like person to a devillike criminal. According to the author, this process is related to transcendence as an indicator of moral principles of the main hero. When these moral principles are destroyed, transcendence in Dorian Gray’s mind takes a concrete shape and expresses a catastrophic expectation of moral punishment. In this regard, the author of the article focuses on Dorian’s transformation into a devil. Such a metamorphosis is possible due to a typical European phenomenon of doppelganger that is based on the binary archetype. In his research Konson has used the integrated approach which includes ethic-philosophic, psychological, literary and musicological analysis. The scientific novelty of the research is in creation of a new research framework when Dorian Gray is interpreted as a source of the binary archetype of human-devil when human is turning into a monster and appears to be even a greater threat than his doppelganger (twin) and his pan estheticism is turning into esthetics of cruelty. Moreover, the novelty of the article is also shown in the musicological interpretation of the development of Dorian’s image which, according to the author’s intent, reveals the external ‘unchanged’ image of the hero (the content plane) and the internal image that has gone through cardinal transformations (the expression plane). As a result of his analysis, Konson comes to the conclusion that Dorian is a complete ahrimanic personality, a killer-loner with the ‘false bottom’, esthete fulfilling himself in vice while being known as a dandy in a society (a form of a superman) who was first shown as a neglect criminal and then a ‘professional’ murderer and a cruel extrapunitive person.

Keywords: The Portrait of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde, prince charming, twin, beauty and estheticism, dandyism, human, devil, sell soul to the devil, murder / murderer.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.12920

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.65787

Abstract: The subject of the research is the phenomena of the human world (anthropocosm) and wild life as an example of such a phenomenon. Anthropocosm is studied as a transcendental field where these phenomena occur. Within the framework of the present article, wild life is analyzed as a phenomenon of anthropocosm that has a high level of complexity and can be described from different points of view: science, everyday life, art and philosophy. Complexity of wild life as an anthropocosmic phenomenon means inclusion of the unexplored into the structure of wild life. Being part of the human life phenomena, the unexplored becomes a subject of the present research as well. Methodology of the present article includes the analysis of the definition of anthropocosmos and conduction of the interdisciplinary research of the mind and science and determination of connections between them using phenomenological methods. The term ‘anthropocosmos’ is offered by the author. Morkina believes this term to have a heuristic meaning for the phenomenological research of the human world. Anthropocosmoc includes conceptualization of the human world understood as the entire humanity. The author shows that taking into account the fact that consciousness of the humankind consists of individual consciousnesses of all people as empiric subjects, we can say that anthropocosm of the present time will include all the phenomena created by the minds of all people at the present time. The author describes how anthropocosm changes with time as our views and perception of the world are hanged and, consequently, so re the phenomena constituted by the human mind (in general transcendental meaning). For the first time in the academic literature the author shows that science obtains the ‘incomplete phenomenon’ because it does not take into account the irrational component of the human mind.

Keywords: anthropocosm, complexity, interdisciplinarity, phenomenon, cognition, unexplored, rationality, irrationality, science, biology.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.12816

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.65788

Abstract: The article is devoted to the issues of perinatal psychology. Theoretical and experimental research carried out by the author of the article is based on the hypothesis that human a) is a self-developing creature whose consciousness stores all the emotions experienced by him during his fetal period of development; b) being in the altered state of consciousness, he can recall the mental states experienced by him during the perinatal period of fetal development. The purpose of the research is: 1) to study scientific and yoga literature on the problem of the unity of consciousness, spirit and material in the perinatal period of an individual’s life; 2) to carry out an experimental research of emotions, perception and cogitation of an individual at different periods of perinatal development. The object of research is the altered state of consciousness. The subject of research is the peculiarities of perception, cogitation and emotions of an individual’s consciousness a) before the moment of meeting with a fertilized ovum, b) at the moment and after the moment of zygote formation c) in the first days of a child’s life. The author uses the integrated technology of learning and self-knowledge (ITLSK) in the awake and altered states of consciousness (ASC). The ASC was achieved in several steps according to a special procedure using the following self-knowledge methods: setting, concentration, music, meditation, suggestion, self-suggestion, prayer, mantra and cosetting. This is the first research in Russian science to receive data about peculiarities of perception, cogitation and emotions in the perinatal period of fetal development through achieving the altered state of consciousness. Meditation allows to consciously perceive ‘the other’ reality and accept one’s inner world and surrounding reality as the single entity. Deep focus on oneself allows to achieve the state of calmness, harmony, knowledge and purity and fills one’s consciousness with strength and energy. One’s internal world is the reality for our mind just as the external world is. Meditation can be used for self-investigation and self-learning according to set goals as well as to study theory and practical application of psychology and pedagogy, anatomy and physiology and other disciplines at a University.

Keywords: perinatal psychology, individual consciousness, meditation, universal consciousness, perinatal experience, altered state of consciousness, conception (beginning of pregnancy), embryo, spirit, setting.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.13438

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.65789

Abstract: The essay is focused on the growth of the scientific interest of the modern Western culture in play as a phenomenon and metaphor. The phenomenon of play is viewed as a theory (there is a great number of play theories). However, these theories are often used in practice because the metaphor of play has proved to be heuristically useful. They offer a modern system of views that can be used in research. The author of the essay tries to trace back the process of changes in the scientific interest in the concept of play and the process of developing the concept of play as a phenomenon and a metaphor of contemporary (post) modern Western culture. Contemporary Western culture is defined by Lourens Minnema as the (post) modern culture. From this point of view the author of the essay compares this culture with a game, a combination of games without an overall aim, play without a transcendent destination but with particular rules observed by players. According to the author of the essay, Western scientific interest in play as a phenomenon and a metaphor is characteristic of the way in which contemporary (post)modern culture sees itself. Today it is impossible to imagine the Western discourse in any sphere of research without the phenomenon of play, even in such spheres as the theories of culture, economics, politics and etc. (Post) modern culture can be described in terms of play, therefore, (post) modern culture can also express itself through play.

Keywords: game, play, culture, modernism, post-modernism, play theory, theory of culture, metaphor, human nature, individualization, transcendentia.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.12968

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.65790

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of describing the axis of mental time in the system of procedural analysis of mental states. The purpose of the article is to define the spheres of mental past and mental future which resources can be used by a mental intention. The author also analyzes the conceptual relations between the spheres of mental future and mental past as well as what resources both spheres contain. Based on graphic and mathematical factors the author also analyzes the variety of movements of mental intentions which, according to the author, is supposed to show whether this system is applicable for describing all the variety of mental states. Psychological modeling is one of the main methods used in this research. Psychological modeling allows to study how the dynamics of mental intentions are presented in the system of mental time an biological time axes. As a result of the research, the author has defined the four spheres of mental time and mental future. Each pair of these spheres describe mental skill of an individual in quality and in quantity. Mental skills are a final parameter of a mental state. The norm is defined by a rigorous frequency, symmetry and regular alternate movements of mental intentions. Pathology is defined by a chaotic asymmetry of movements of mental intentions.

Keywords: amplitude and frequency, mental past, mental future, sphere of mental intentions, genius, pathology, fluctuation, mental intention, mental resource, axis of the mental time.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.13195

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.65791

Abstract: The article reveals specifics of the motivational activity of clients in the process of individual psychological counseling depending on the degree of their responsibility. The purpose of the practical research is to analyze correlation relationships between internality and motivation at the beginning and the end of counseling. The researcher shows the growth of social motivation, motives for self-fulfillment and self-respect, desire to decrease the tension in a difficult life situation and achieve a goal. These indicators depend on the effectiveness of a counseling session. The researcher proves that responsibility is a necessary and required condition for psychological counseling because it guarantees the motivational involvement of a client in the counseling process and the success of the session. Methodologically the research is based on the main provisions of the subjective approach to activity as a source of responsibility and personal self-determination. It has been experimentally proved that the rise in internality as a parameter of personal responsibility creates changes in self-respect, self-fulfillment and intention to achieve a goal. The growth of responsibility most of all depends on the degree of self-respect that a person retains in a difficult life situation. The proven fact that responsibility is directly related to motivation creates the need for elaboration of the activity principle of a client in psychological counseling.

Keywords: responsibility, self-determination, motivational involvement, personal activity, psychological counseling, social support, self-fulfillment, self-respect, tension in a need state, goal achievement.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.13378

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.65792

Abstract: The subject under review is the synaesthesia as a system attribute of thinking. The author of the article tries to prove that in the Middle Ages the esthetic expressiveness of an artistic image was defined by the ability of all elements of the sacred art to act as a stimulus for sensory pathways and arising emotional resonance. The author establishes that the synaesthetic perception of cathedral arts comes with a synergetic effect created by the liturgical image which is viewed as a symbol, sacral bearer of divine energy and spiritual power of a prototype, sacral ontological phenomenon or spiritual archetype see by worshippers. Methodological base of the article consists of the general scientific method of generalization and comparison (to prove the integral nature of synaesthesia as an example of the principle of holism) and particular historical method allowing to define the main ideological factors that had an influence on the development of art during the Medieval Age. The article is devoted to the analysis of synaesthetic grounds of artistic thinking of the Middle Ages. This is the first research to view art from the point of view of synaesthesia as a system attribute of thinking and esthetic perception. The author proves the hypothesis that the esthetic perception of cathedral arts was defined by the fact that art and theology were mutually correlating poles that create the image of culture as a spiritual energetic field. The author also underlines the importance of interoceptive senses in the process of esthetic perception.

Keywords: synaesthesia, synaesthesia of artistic thinking, spiritual feelings, spiritual vision, spiritual eyesight, psychology of creativity, theology, Medieval art, cathedral art, esthetic perception.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.13211

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.65793

Abstract: The subject under research is the peculiarities of the development of functional units of the brain (according to Alexander Luria’s theory). Children aged 5-7 years with general speech underdevelopment of the 1st, 2d and 3d levels living in the Republic of Mari El were studied. The three functional units of their cognitive activity were studied: the unit of programming, regulating and verifying mental activity, the unit of obtaining, processing and storing information and the ‘energy’ unit regulating cortical tone or waking. Peculiarities of the serial programming of movements and actions were evaluated based on the analysis of neuropsychological tests for dynamic praxis and telling a story with pictures. Programming and control of voluntary actions were evaluated based on the analysis of the results of such tests as the choice experiment and putting pictures in order. The unit of obtaining, processing and storing information was evaluated based on the results of the following tests performed by children with speech dysfunction: the test for processing kinesthetic information (finger pose praxis), the test for processing verbal information (verbal memory), the test for processing visual information (perception of crossed out images) and the test for processing visual-spatial information (redrawing a picture). The energy unit was evaluated based on the results of the tests for reciprocal coordination, dynamic praxis and graphomotor test. Methodological base of the research includes the main concepts of neuropsychology on the structure and brain organization of higher mental functions (Luria, Vizel, Simernitskaya, Tsvetkova, Shklovsky and others). Neuropsychological approach to the analysis of speech dysfunctions is one of the most promising approaches because it allows to study speech pathology at the level of interaction of brain systems and functions. This, in its turn, allows to provide a better understanding of speech as a higher mental function and predict its further development. Researchers have used the neuropsychological diagnostics program including famous neuropsychological tests offered by Luria and modified by Akhutina, Inshakova, Vizel and Semenovich. The scientific novelty of the research is in defining typical distinctive features of the development of functional units of the brain of children with speech dysfunction based on the comparative analysis of the results of neuropsychological diagnostics in terms of the age and severity of the speech underdevelopment. Conclusions: 1. Children with speech dysfunctions, in particular, general speech underdevelopment of the 1st, 2d and 3d levels demonstrate insufficient functioning of all the three units of the brain: the unit of programming, regulating and verifying mental activity, the unit of obtaining, processing and storing information and the ‘energy’ unit regulating cortical tone or waking. 2. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results of particular tests show irregularity in the distribution and diversity of dysfunctions of particular functional units both in case of preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment of the 1st and 2d levels and in case of preschoolers with general speech underdevelopment of the 3d level. 3. Comparison of different levels of speech underdevelopment shows that children with general speech development of the 1st and 2d levels had more difficulties with programming, regulating and verifying mental activity, obtaining, processing and storing information and energy unit than children with general speech underdevelopment of the 3d level. 4. Analysis of the results of tests performed by children with speech dysfunction in terms of age shows that preschoolers aged 6-7 years with general speech underdevelopment of the 1st and 2d levels have more difficulties in functioning of all the three units of the brain.

Keywords: neuropsychological analysis, general speech underdevelopment, functional units of the brain, neuropsychological tests, neuropsychological diagnostics program, speech pathology (dysfunction), conditional age norm, cross section method, dextrocerebral (right hemisphere) problems, sinistrocerebral (left hemisphere) problems.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.13118

Abstract:

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0722.2014.11.65794

Abstract: The authors of the article provide a description of a set of methods for recording individual features of teenagers. This set of methods has been developed especially to be used as a part of the technology for establishing the value of life and prosocial orientation of teenagers aged from 14 to 17 who are active Internet users. The set of methods include psychometric methods, in particular, the tests ‘Semantic Research of Social Attitudes’, ‘’Personal value profile’ and ‘Your Value of Life’, the system of data processing and provision of recommendations for the individual psychological influence on the mental structure of teenage personality and a structured system of Internet applications. The Life Value and Prosocial Orientation Technology is based on the use of famous Internet applications: Vkontakte (social network), ooVoo video chat community, YouTube video service, Google Docs as well as e-mail service and a specially designed website www.ìîÿòåìà-ìîÿæèçíü.ðô. The main approach applied to the development of the system for recording individual features of teenagers when developing their value of life and increasing their prosocial orientation is based on the combination of the ideographic and nomothetic methods. This approach allows to base the research on general theories of psychic phenomena as well as general principles of psychology including principles of determinism, holism, activity, development, systems approach, causation and positivity. Theoretical grounds of such record include: rigorous psychological theory that make good use of mathematical tools and results of the analysis of theories and concepts of behavioral modification. This is the first research to develop and verify a set of Internet applications and psychometric methods especially developed for diagnosing individual features of teenagers and allowing to receive information about the semantic structure of teenager’s attitudes, his personal value profile and drivers of increasing of their value of life. The set of methods include psychometric methods, in particular, the tests ‘Semantic Research of Social Attitudes’, ‘’Personal value profile’ and ‘Your Value of Life’, the system of data processing and provision of recommendations for the individual psychological influence on the mental structure of teenage personality and a structured system of Internet applications. The results of the experiment proved the efficiency of the combination of general and individualized influence on a teenager. The researchers have also discovered durable prosocial attitudes in the psychic structure of personality of a teenager. Experience in implementing the technology at relevant organizations has shown that these organizations are much interested in the technology. The authors of the article give master classes on how to use the aforesaid technology and the set of psychometric methods.

Keywords: value of one’s own life, personal value profile, semantic research of attitudes, life value increasing, prosocial orientation, Internet technology, teenage Internet users, rigorous psychological theory, theories of behavioral modification.