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Abstract: As the authors note, the key difficulty in classifying the participants of the administrative violations cases is the large number of criteria on which the classifications may be based. This article is devoted to the comparative study of various classifications offered by such legal scholars as L.V. Koval, V.D. Sorokin, D.N. Bakhrakh, E.N. Renov, A.B. Ivanyuzhenko, A.P. Korenev, V.A. Lorya, S.I. Kotyurgin, A.P. Shergin. The authors also offer their own classification.

Abstract: This article by E.R. Shaikhislamov contains a systemic study of the correlation of terms “federalism” and “decentralization”, of mechanism of decentralization and models of decentralization in various democratic states. The goal of this study is to find out why, contrary to a popular opinion, federal state does not always go hand in hand with massive decentralization of state power. The author studies the causes of the problem and offers his solutions.

Abstract: The history of development of the society and social relations shows that the youth have always been the social group, which concentrated the force and energy of social transformation. Currently all-Russian youth organizations are implementing their activities in more than a half of the constituent subjects of the Russian Federation. What are the types of youth organizations and perspectives of their development?

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Abstract: Formation of the political leader, its psychological features is influenced by various factors and one of them is the age. Aging of the political leader in many cases is accompanied by change of reformatory or revolutionary style of political activity with a more conservative style. For the young political leader it is necessary to be bright, courageous, assured of the words and acts, to be one step away ahead of all, to be well informed about new styles, news, to possess the knowledge not accessible to others. One more distinctive feature of the young political leader – ability to be non-standard, original, even orthodox, to present standard thoughts in unusual way and, of course, an important position occupies an ability to motivate others on realization of these ideas.

Keywords: age, psychological, features, political, young, leadership, subjectivity, theories, aging

Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of liability of norms created by the government, in the context of the political commitment theory. The author criticizes the idea of a prior commitment of the civil law in the light of such values as freedom and private autonomy.

Keywords: law, commitment, presumption, legitimacy, legality, constitution, violence, monopoly, autonomy, enforcement.

Abstract: When studying the path of development of international legal norms, which are related to protection of civilian objects during armed conflicts, one should take history into account. The history shows, that from the ancient times on, the measures were taken to preserve sacred places and the works of art, and other civilian objects (as we call them now). This work by Y.V. Dugina is devoted to the study of this issue from the ancient time to the present days.

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Abstract: Unlike in some other states, voting in Russia is voluntary. This characteristic feature of the Russian voting, together with the general political apathy of the people leads to mass bsenteeism and manifestly less demoractic character of the elections, or to derangement of both state and municipal elections. What are the possible ways to solve this problem. This article offers particular ways to work with the electors, the young people and other participants of the election process both during elections campaigns and between these campaigns.

Abstract: The right to private life is provided for in Art. 23 – 24 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and is aimed to ensure the autonomy of a person. However, while its importance is obvious, there is no generally recognized definition of what a “private life” is…

Abstract: As the author of this article points out, when one analyses ethnical problems, religions have to be taken into account. In many states of this world religion plays a bigger part in people’s life than their ethnic affiliation. Even in some developed European states, there are serious social conflicts based upon religion. For example, in the Northern Ireland, there’s an ongoing conflict between the Catholic Irish and the Protestant Ulster people (descendants of English and Scottish settlers). In many Asian and African states, especially, the Islam states, religious factors are more socially important than ethnical factors…

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Abstract: The illegal turnover of falsified medications in the Russian Federation is evaluated at 250 – 300 million dollars annually, and about 10% of falsified medications are produced in the CIS and the Baltic States, 60% are made in Russia, and 30 to 50% come from the further foreign states, such as India, China, other Asian countries. The falsified medications include both expensive and cheap ones, neurological, gastrological, cardiac medications, pain-killers, etc.

Abstract: These comments by Professor R. Slovenko are also devoted to the criticism of the decision of the Supreme Court of the USA in the case of Atkins v. Virginia and of the above-mentioned practical guidelines of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) on mental retardation and capital punishment due to application of the Atkins v. Virginia case of 2002, as developed by Professor R. Bonnie.

Abstract: Currently the practice of surrogate motherhood causes a number of legal and moral problems. At the same time this method is applied more and more often, which, in turn, calls for a serious approach to the relevant problems, creation of detailed legal standards and clear formulations, so no double standard could be used. Surrogate motherhood should not be used for fraud, illegal profits and blackmail. The author reviews foreign practice in the sphere of surrogate motherhood, as well as the situation in the modern Russian law. He also touches upon a number of issues related to legal status of a child, who was born as a result of the surrogate motherhood.

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Abstract: This article by V.A. Ilyichev is devoted to the problem of the need for the more precise legislative regulation of a number of issues on advocates’ practice. In particular, as the author notes, it is not acceptable to allow persons, who have previous convictions, to become advocates, and the provision prohibiting the advocates to accept and implement illegal requests of their clients needs clarification. Another issue in need of more detailed regulation is advocates’ ethics…

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Abstract: The article determines the role of A. Kosygin in the solution of national objectives during his occupation of the following posts: Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of People’s Commissars, Deputy Chairman of the Council for Evacuation, Chairman of the RSFSR Council of People’s Commissars. The article considers the work done by him to evacuate defense plants from Moscow and Moscow Region; to perform the duties of an authorized representative of the State Defense Committee in Leningrad under siege; to supply the Red Army with engineering products; and to restore the national economy in the areas liberated from the Nazi forces.

Keywords: War, evacuation, defense, business, blockade, commissariats, economy, logistics, a patriot.

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Abstract: Comparing different politicians, discussing their role in history, we often see the general line, which seems to guide them. It sometimes seems to us that the leaders blindly follow their destiny, and it seems that we can identify the mistakes of the leaders, which tried to avoid the stereotype. As Jung noted, one cannot lead the masses without relating to the specifics of a social hero’s life. But why did this topic regain importance now?

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DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.8.2488

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DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.8.54114

Abstract: There are over 23 officially registered traditional religions in the USA. Some of them directly control the system of parish school, but if any of these were to be introduced into the public schools, the existing conflicts would escalate. Therefore, it is considered that the general civil religion, which representatives of any religious denomination should follow, is a basically adapted version of the “good courtesy” in communications with God for the schoolchildren.

Keywords: political science, religion, secularization, system, precedent, legislation, America, court, races.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.9.2487

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DOI: 10.7256/2454-0684.2013.9.54128

Abstract: Modern China is paying much attention at the reform of managing the system of education and regulation of education structure, in particular, promotion of the basic education, restriction of general education and improvement of vocational and secondary technical education. Peculiarities of economic and social development and, consequently, another level of professional competence of employed population (compared to the 9th and 6tth grades in a city and a village) create a completely different relation between general education and vocational training. While European countries already aim at unifying these and creating a general full secondary education, in China they will be existing as two different ‘flows’ for quite a long period of time.

Keywords: law studies, China, education, system, politics, law, legislation, sources, education, acts.