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Abstract: The article describes the results of a detailed analysis of Emile Durkheim’s and Robert Merton’s theories about the phenomenon of social anomia. The author analyzes why this term tends to be used mostly in a negative meaning. As a result of the research, the author concludes that there is a direct dependence of the general use of the term ‘anomia’ and meaning of the term ‘norm’. The author proves the need in understanding the latter as a dynamically developing category which directly depends on the social system of values and established rules of behavior prevailing in this or that society. The author also analyzes the reasons of establishing the traditional understanding of anomia at all levels of the Russian social system. Based on the reports of non-government international organizations and independent Russian mass media and social organizations the author makes a conclusion about a stable authoritarian tendency of development of the Russian society. As a result, the author concludes that the traditional ‘free of norms’ status of the term ‘anomia’ has been offset in Russian social reality. The author proves that there is a need in a completely new approach to the term ‘anomia’. Based on the example of a modern Russian society, the author offers an approach based on which the new order as disintegration of social and political system, suppression of the process of development of civil society institutions and deliberate suppression of civil activity at a social level and atrophy of individual consciousness at a personal level. So it is concluded that the new anomia should be involve prevention of further decomposition of socio-political system, on one hand, and active growth of civil society institutions, on the other hand. As one of the ways of realizations of the new anomia project, the author suggests that we should pay attention at the development of so-called the ‘third sector’.

Keywords: social studies, anomie, civil, activity, authoritarianism, solidarity, norm, absence of norms, deviant, behavior.

Abstract: Reflection is a unique phenomenon that explains not only Darwinism but also some philosophies such as Sufism. Within the framework of our world uniqueness is not absolute. Similarity creates the grounds for interactions when one turns into the other and the other is returned in the same proportion to the interacting party. Biosphere is built on reflection, too, when organisms give birth to other organisms and interact with one another. This is the cardinal problem of science.

Keywords: philosophy, reflection, ‘one’ and the ‘other’, general – existence, Kant, Avicenna, Sufism, dialectics, uniqueness, similarity.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the transformations of social status of a university lecturer. The author shows the factors that make Russian university teachers feel worse with their social status. The author also uses the market criteria for evaluating the status of University teachers and underlines the connection between their social status and public opinion and stereotypes of behavior strategies of adaptation of teachers to modern socio-economic environment. The author also offers her own interpretation of tendencies and transformations of a teacher’s social status in mid-term perspective.

Keywords: social studies, status, education, consistency, lecturers, adaptation, market, society, stereotypes, strategies.

Abstract: The article investigates the subject of the philosophical reflection from the close of the 19th century till the beginning of the 21st century. The possibilities of the reconsideration of the Eurasian civilization are revealed as a stabilizing constituent of the Eurasian socium. The continuity of the ethnic composition is established as a form of social organization in the post-Soviet society. The growing effect of globalization is characterized and it is focused on by social metaphysics as the dynamics of the consciousness of socium. It is indicated that under present-day conditions of growing radicalism the destruction of the integrative cultural basis and the emergence of a new socium in Eurasia is accompanied by crises, wars, disasters among millions of people. A new accent in interpreting the Eurasian – Russian civilization is pointed out taking into account the integration of sociocultural processes and the political development in perspective. Different approaches to interpreting the Eurasian idea are investigated. Its sociocultural aspect is exposed in the light of time concerning the formation of the Eurasian civilization as well as speeding up degradation and the illusion of the sociocultural domination of the West all over the World and from the aspect of globalization as a phenomenon.

Keywords: philosophikal reflection of the 19th – 21st centuries, reconsideration of the Eurasian civilization, sociocultural processes of the 21st century, the Eurasian sociointern.

Abstract: The article contains the research of the main directions in foreign policy of Spain during XX-XXI centuries within the framework of global and intra-state transformations. The author of the article analyzes the country’s modern foreign policy as a part of consecutive legislative assemblies of the National Party (1996-2004), Spain Socialists’ Working Party (2004-2012) and return of the National Party in October 2011. The author also describes conceptual approaches lying in the basis of new foreign policy priorities and directions. The analysis of the main approaches to the leading political parties of the country in the sphere of foreign policy as well as their peculiarities allows to create the picture of modern foreign policy in Spain.

Keywords: history, Spain, foreign policy, priorities, state institution, party, legislative assembly, workers, socialists, features.

Abstract: The article analyzes the grounds of Soviet federalism that played an important role in formation of the Russian state institution from the point of constitutional paradigm. The study of the forms and models of federalism during the USSR and RSFSR period allows not only to create an adequate description of its dynamics in the past and preset, its experience and history of development, but also allows to develop the conception of modern federalism and help to perceive it as a specific political system that is based on the Russian history and rich traditions.

Keywords: law studies, federalism, federation, sovereignty, federative agreement, Constitution of Russia, centralization, decentralization, political conflict, consensus.

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Abstract: The article is devoted to the concept of political development. The author describes the nature, stages, ways, grounds and forms of such development. He also shows the indissoluble connection between political development and political life and proves the assumption that political life is one of the elements of political development which is characterized as political evolution. Based on studying the structure of political development, the author provides definitions of grounds and forms of political life as well as its breaking factors.

Keywords: political studies, politics, political existence, political life, political dynamics, political transformations, political development, political evolution, political process, political progress.

Abstract: The author views modern problems of involving youth into political modernization of Russia through new socialization mechanisms. The author also shows the role of a state youth policy in solving tasks of political education of young generation, restoring values that were lost in 1990’s and raising youth as an actor of political process.

Keywords: political studies, politics, modernization, socialization, youth, participation, electorate, process, technologies, society.

Abstract: EU energy law has been generally studied by the EU law science. Nevertheless, there are still certain gaps in their studies such as the issues of supplying nuclear power organizations with energy carriers and investing into nuclear energy. The author of the article stresses out that the supply issue belongs to the topic of safety in the sphere of nuclear power, while the issue of investments into nuclear power is a rather new aspect in this sphere because it means participation of private persons in the sphere of nuclear power production where the role of public entities is dominating.

Keywords: EU law, EU energy law, EU law in the sphere of nuclear power, EUROTOM Supply Agency, investments, research activity, supply, ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor).

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Abstract: The article is devoted to the description of spiritual needs as the main drivers of spiritual and social activity in all spheres of social life, social nature of public consciousness and individual consciousness of individuals as the individual peculiarities of perception of certain phenomena, social life and, in the long run, their individual views, interest and values All forms of public consciousness – political, legal, moral, esthetical, religious and others – are interacted and inter-related because these spheres of social life interact, too. Thus, social consciousness is viewed as some kind of an integrity reproducing the integrity of social life itself and shown in all social indissoluble connections.

Keywords: philosophy, values, images, thoughts, ideas, theories, views, moral, consciousness, experience.

Abstract: Based on Yulia Latynina’s views, the author of the article analyzes peculiarities of one of the types of social and political discourses. The author criticizes the term ‘state dependence ’ introduced by Latynina because it makes everyone feel like a social addict, i.e. someone who leads a wrong life or has a disease. The author also views the conditions for the possibility of social and political discourse: logic of reasoning, its grounds and proving methods. The author also considers the two forms of logic used by Latinina. One of them is almost Marxian: there are general social and cultural patterns followed by people whenever people realize it or not The other, subjective logic, is usually defined by a social actor’s beliefs and values. Based on examples in history (Mexican prince Tlacaelel, our tsar Ivan the Terrible, medieval struggle for the power in Europe between Popes and civil authorities), the author analyzed the connection between these two types of logic. It has turned out that on one hand, relations between personality, society and community plays an important role, and on the other hand peculiarities of the leading type of sociality and general social life conditions are important, too.

Keywords: philosophy, discourse, sociality, anomie, justice, state dependence, crisis, personality, society.

Abstract: The purpose of the article is to show the difference between conciliarism and globalism that sometimes remains undistinguished by politicians, social activists and humanitarians. At the same time, the author uses theological and culturological approaches to studying the problem. It expands the evidential base and creates a didactic effect for all church and society people. From the ontological point of view, conciliarism is the higher principle of unity because it is created by the ideal beginning. Globalism is the method of uniting based on the material beginning. Different ontology is the feature of connections in these systems, too. In global studies only mechanic and organic connections exist. Conciliarism creates the highest organic hierarchic system. Global connections are mostly material. But the main difference is that conciliarism is the unity made by the ‘God’s till’ while globalism is the unity made by the \'‘Prince of Peace’\'.

Keywords: cultural research, society, ‘subtle’ policy, theology, national unity, globalism, ontology, union, connection, fundamental nature.

Abstract: All the variety of external conditions for perception of space is viewed from the point of view of natural law approach. Objective legal reality is described as the combination of ideal factors (God, Logos, mind, justice, freedom, distance) and real factors (social and living conditions, prevailing type of industrial relations). It is concluded that conceptions of natural law approach draw out the special picture of philosophical and law concepts where vertical and horizontal elements are crossed. Principles of formal inequality and equality, ontological unity of divine mind and human society sets the direction of cogitation and defines peculiarities of external objective conditions for philosophy and law perception of space.

Keywords: philosophy, perception, space, natural law, law, activity, God, Logos, equality, inequality.

Abstract: The article is devoted to intellectual discussions in Italy during the second half of XX century which were dedicated to the problems of autonomy of culture. Among numerous disputes and intellectual speeches the author stresses out the debates between Italian communists and a representative of liberal social philosophy, follower of Gobetti and Rosselli, Turinese professor in the spheres of philosophy of law and philosophy of politics, Norberto Bobbio who presented his original conception about intellectuals and political tasks under the conditions of cold war and growing block opposition.

Keywords: political studies, intellectuals, liberalism, culture, policy, bias, organic intellectual, negative freedom, liberalism, socialism.

Abstract: The authors view the question about possible death of humankind that has been often raised and discussed by many other philosophers and scientists. At the same time, the authors discuss Tsiolkovsky’s views on possibility of eternal progress of the society that was born and has been developed on our planet as a result of space exploration. The authors study numerous global and cosmic threats and dangers that may arise before human in the course of his development. The authors also estimate the possibility of the hypothesis of social immortality. They analyze the assumption about the principle possibility to create a higher stage of the material evolution which would be called the post-social (or supra-social) stage.

Keywords: philosophy, apocalypse, geocosmic safety, death of humankind, global catastrophes, cosmology of spirit, cosmic catastrophes, post-social stage of evolution, social immortality, trans-humanism.

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