Abstract: The article is devoted to the study of the development of the transport network of one of the largest regions of Russia on the example of mapping land routes in different historical periods. The relevance of the research topic is due to the lack of research, among the available historical and geographical works related to the study of the history of mapping the transport network of Yakutia. The purpose of this work is to study the history of the development of the transport network of Yakutia from the XVII to the beginning of the XXI centuries based on the analysis of various cartographic sources. To achieve this goal, the domestic experience of transport mapping was investigated; on the basis of identified published and unpublished sources, multi-time maps showing land routes of communication were selected and analyzed; on the basis of the analysis, the main stages of mapping land transport in Yakutia were identified. The study was conducted using a systematic approach, historical-comparative, cartographic and geoinformation methods. Due to the fact that this research is at the junction of a number of sciences, the work is based on an integrated approach. As a results of the study, the authors identified the stages in the history of mapping the transport network of Yakutia: the first stage (XVIII – late XIX centuries); the second stage (the first half of the twentieth century); the third stage (mid–twentieth century - 1990s); the fourth stage (post–Soviet period - to the present). Currently, a new information environment for the development of historical and geographical sciences is being created. GIS technologies enable access to historical maps, as well as the emergence of new ways to extract historical information from them. There are opportunities to detect previously hidden information, extract it and process it. The practical significance of the presented work is connected with the possibility of using its results to determine the directions of development and optimization of territorial aspects of the functioning of transport networks of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39032

Abstract: The article is devoted to the main historical and historiographic researches of Professor P.A. Kuzminov. It conventionally singles out several main blocks of research by the scientist, including works devoted to the historiographic study of the liberal reforms of the 1860s–1870s. in the North Caucasus, the processes of implementing reforms in the region, its socio-economic and political and legal development; works that analyze the methodological and organizational problems of modern Caucasian studies, the scientific and social activities of individual pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern historians, etc. The article also considers the work of P.A. Kuzminov on the collection and publication of historical sources on the history of the development of the North Caucasus at the end of the 18th - 19th centuries. The novelty of the article lies in the fact that in modern Caucasian studies there are no works devoted to the scientific biographies of individual scientists who, in their works, determine the course of development of research on certain problems of historical science. According to the authors, in the course of studying the biography of a scientist, it is possible only not to find interesting information about the life of an individual, but also to better understand the course of the organizational, institutional and methodological development of all science. The authors come to the conclusion that P.A. Kuzminov, on the basis of modern theoretical and methodological approaches, conducted a comprehensive historical and historiographical analysis of various problems of modern Caucasian studies. Most of the scientists works are devoted to the history and historiography of the liberal reforms of the 1860s-1870s. in the North Caucasus, various socio-political and agrarian issues of the development of the region during its integration into the Russian Empire.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39150

Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of issues of cooperation between the USSR and the PRC in the field of personnel training for the healthcare sector in the 1949-1960-ies. Based on the analysis of archival data, sources and literature on this topic, the authors came to the conclusion that after the establishment of diplomatic relations between the countries in 1949, intensive interaction began in various sectors of the economy and public life. The research focuses on the features of building the healthcare system as a whole, as well as training personnel for this area at the initial stage of development of the Chinese state and its healthcare system. It is revealed that despite the short historical period of active cooperation, China, with the help of the USSR, was able to integrate the Soviet model into the national health system, which allowed solving one of the acute social problems in the specified historical period. In addition, the Soviet model of public health made it possible to deal in a timely manner with the threats of the spread of diseases, including those of a mass nature, up to the present time. The authors concluded that the development of cooperation in the field of healthcare between our countries can be divided into five main stages. The period 1949-1960 is the most effective, since it was at this time that comprehensive assistance was provided by the USSR.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39173

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to characterize the development of traditional forms of Yakut farming – cattle breeding and horse breeding in the Kolyma region of Yakutia against the background of socio-political transformations in the first third of the twentieth century. It is noted that the geographical isolation of the region from the rest of Yakutia has led to its autonomous development and conservation of the local economic model of life activity focused primarily on transport animal husbandry, including horse breeding. It is revealed that in the twentieth century, priorities began to shift towards the development of cattle breeding and the transition from horse breeding as the main type of economic activity. The use of historical-comparative, historical-system and statistical methods became the methodological basis of the publication, which allowed analyzing socio-economic processes in the north-east of Yakutia. An important result of the study was the assumption that it was the movement of the rural population fleeing from the war from the central regions of Yakutia, where cattle breeding had long prevailed over horse breeding, to the quieter and previously inhabited north-eastern regions, that became the main reason for changes in the economic structure of the Kolyma district in the 1920s. As a result, the number of farms and the number of cattle has increased significantly, affecting the way of life and the structure of the local economy by expanding the area of northern cattle breeding in the Arctic region. Thus, the first third of the twentieth century in the Kolyma district became a time of impulsive transformations of the traditional way of life of the local population caused by the political and socio-economic crisis that followed the 1917 revolution.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39165

Abstract: This article is devoted to the study of the perception of the phenomenon of nihilism by the well-known socio-political figure and conservative journalist M. N. Katkov, whose ideas became quite widespread among the students of the second half of the XIX century. The article analyzes the material of the most famous socio-political journalistic publications of M. N. Katkov – the newspaper "Moskovskie Vedomosti" and the magazine "Russian Bulletin". The anti-nihilistic views of M. N. Katkov are the subject of this study. Russian students' nihilism according to M. N. Katkov is the task of this article to reconstruct the concept of nihilism of Russian students according to M. N. Katkov, by identifying the main factors called by the latter as the reason for the spread of nihilism among Russian students of that time, as well as highlighting the main methods of combating this phenomenon proposed by M. N. Katkov. Within the framework of this study, the key features of M. N. Katkov's anti-nihilistic concept are highlighted by analyzing his articles published in the journal "Russian Bulletin" and the newspaper "Moskovskie Vedomosti" from the late 50s to the mid-80s of the XIX century. The main causes of radicalization of the consciousness of students in the Russian Empire of the second half of the XIX century according to M. N. Katkov are determined, as well as the main countermeasures proposed by Katkov to combat the above process. The novelty of this study lies in the detailed analysis of each of the above-mentioned factors and the study of Katkov's perception of the role of each of these factors in the process of radicalization of young people.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39238

Abstract: The article is devoted to the bright memory of the permanent head of archaeological funds, chief curator of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography of the Institute of Ethnological Research named after R. G. Kuzeev, Honored Worker of Culture of the Republic of Bashkortostan, archaeologist, Candidate of Historical Sciences Natalia Georgievna Rutto, who died prematurely 15 years ago in May 2007. The publication examines the main stages of N. G. Rutto's life path (1946-2007). Special attention is paid to the period of her work at the MAE, where she worked her way up from laboratory assistant to deputy director for accounting, storage and exposition of museum funds (1977-2007). Analysis of archival documents and scientific publications, written, among others, by Natalia herself, indicate that she was at the origins of the acquisition of the museum collection of the MAE, made a huge contribution to the formation of archaeological funds and to the development of the exposition and exhibition activities of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography. N. G. Rutto was not only engaged in accounting and storage, but also cataloguing the museum collections of the MAE. In addition, she went on various expeditions and replenished the funds of archeology with new materials. Natalia Georgievna conducted successful research activities. Studying the Srubno-Alakul interaction in the Southern Urals in the Late Bronze Age, in 2000 she defended her PhD thesis, published several dozen scientific articles and a monograph. This publication is based on documents from the Scientific Archive of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, many of which are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, as well as personal memoirs of the author.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39342

Abstract: The subject of the study is the degree of severity of stratification of the urban population in pre–revolutionary Russia. The authors set the task to calculate the decile coefficient and identify other indicators useful for understanding the degree of inequality among the citizens of two large Western Siberian cities of the early XX century. For this purpose, rarely used sources are taken, some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The advantageous difference between apartment tax documents is that they allow you to estimate the income of citizens for the period when there was no income tax in Russia yet. The advantage of the "Statements of homeowners on apartment tax" in comparison with other sources on this tax is that they contain information not only about rich citizens (tax payers), but also about those who were exempt from tax due to poverty. The authors conclude that the decile coefficient indicators in two large Western Siberian cities work rather in favor of the pessimistic tradition that considers inequality in pre-revolutionary Russia to be high. The difference between Tomsk and Barnaul was revealed by the following characteristics: the gap in apartment prices between homeowners and tenants ("housing scissors"), the share of tenants among citizens, the share of householders living "on the settlement" with tenants. These differences are associated with a higher level of development of the rental housing market in Tomsk, which can be explained by its greater attractiveness as an economic, cultural and administrative center. The authors consider it useful to study living standards as one of the ways to study inequality.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39366

Abstract: The purpose of the study is to analyze archival materials of the State Archive of the Altai Territory and the State Archive of the Tomsk Region for the possibility of studying differences in wages of mining workers and employees based on them. The prospect of studying the archival funds of the Kemerovo region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory is also indicated. The subject of the study is the information potential of archival sources of these archives. The chronological framework of the study covers the period from 1861 to the beginning of the XX century. The relevance of the study is justified by the need to expand the range of sources for a broader study of the topic of income inequality in the regional dimension. The paper considers and analyzes archival materials containing information on the salaries of full-time employees and the earnings of freelance workers at various enterprises and institutions of the Altai Mining District, as well as at private and state-owned gold mines and fisheries of nearby Siberian territories. Conclusions were drawn about the different information potential of the considered sets of sources, about their suitability in aggregate for studying the issues of wage inequality for different types of activities, categories of employees or positions, at different enterprises and territories, and the shortcomings of the identified materials were identified.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39355

Abstract: The paper characterizes the location, density (density), economic and socio-cultural development of the network of rural settlements of the Ostyako-Vogul and Yamalo-Nenets national districts according to data for 1935-1936. The subject of the study is the rural settlement network of the named districts, the object is the location, density of the settlement network, its industrial, economic and socio-cultural infrastructure. In the study, statistical data collected by the Omsk Regional Department of National Economic Accounting (OBLUNKHU) were used as the main source Gosplan of the USSR on key indicators of economic and cultural development of the administrative-territorial units of the region, including the districts of North-Western Siberia. The dependence of the density of the settlement network on the natural and climatic zone, the peculiarities of the management of the local population is shown. The territories of sparse and relatively dense settlement within the boundaries of the national districts under consideration are determined, indicators of economic and socio-cultural development of settlements are presented. As results of the study author presents the conclusions about the dispersion of settlement in the polar tundra zone, the presence of territorial concentrations of rural settlements in the forest tundra and taiga zones not around administrative and economic centers, but along important transport arteries, the role of which in the north of Western Siberia was mainly performed by rivers. The predominance of the simplest industrial associations as the most common form of collective farms in the region is noted, positive changes in the development of the socio-cultural infrastructure of rural settlements of the region are recorded.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39320

Abstract: The subject of the research in the article is the problem of transformation of the way of life of the Old Believers of Buryatia before and in the 1920s and their reactions to the increasingly increasing intrusion into the life of the structures of Soviet power. The object of the study is the Old Believer population of the Verkhneudinsky district of the Trans-Baikal region (since 1923 - the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR). The article considers such aspects of the topic as: comprehension of the decline of the spiritual life of the Old Believers, noted by researchers until the 1920s (the tendency of the transition of religion into a heterogeneous complex of household rituals, the increasing rejection of prohibitive practices) and the study of the degree of real influence of the Soviet government on the objectively changing worldview of the Old Believers since the beginning of the XX century. The comparative-historical method necessary for comparing the sides of various phenomena and highlighting the common and special was necessary when analyzing the unequal attitude to the Soviet government on the part of the Old Believers of different settlements. The historical-genetic method used to study changes in the phenomenon over time was used in the analysis of the transformation of the Old Believer identity in the XIX – early XX centuries. The main conclusions of the study are as follows. For the Old Believers of Buryatia, the 1920s were a time of crisis of their religious identity caused by the gradual transformation of its meanings, their adaptation to the reality in which it was difficult to maintain their foundations from generation to generation in an unchanged state. The Soviet government and its concept of atheization and the "cultural revolution" in the countryside became only an additional factor for the identity crisis. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that information from archives and newspapers are introduced into scientific circulation, allowing to show the indirect nature of the actions of the Soviet government in relation to the decline of the traditional way of life of the Old Believers.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39386

Abstract: Тhe article discusses the information potential of sources related to the problems of wage inequality in Russia in general, and in the Central Industrial District (CID) in particular. Chronological framework of the study is 1910s – 1920s. The purpose of the study is to analyze archival materials of the State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), the State Archive of the Tver Region (GATO), the State Archive of the Tula region (GATO), allowing to identify features in the study of wage differentiation in industry. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of a structured description of archival sources of wages in the specified period. The analysis of sources is done taking into account the representativeness of the results of archival heuristics carried out on the basis of scientific reference apparatus and documents from the funds of federal and regional archives. The archival materials considered in the work contain information about the wages of various categories of employees, their distribution by regional and professional principle, as well as changes in these indicators over time. The author comes to the conclusion that the degree of completeness of the source base varies for different categories of workers throughout the chronological framework under consideration, but this fact does not prevent the solution of certain issues related to wage inequality.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39404

Abstract: The subject of the study is the internal processes in the USPD (Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany), as well as external factors from the spring of 1921 to the summer of 1922, which led to a change in the party's strategy and, ultimately, to its unification with the SPD (Social Democratic Party of Germany). Special attention is paid to discussions on the party's strategy in the conditions of crisis for the Weimar Republic, namely, left-radical and right-radical threats, the difficult foreign policy situation and instability of the party-political system. The research methodology is based on the tools of historical and political sciences. In particular, it is important to use a psychological approach in party science, which implies the study of the NSDPG based on the subjective vision of political and socio-economic processes by individuals, a group of individuals or the whole collective, which allows us to analyze the motivation of the actions of independents. The study demonstrates that in the conditions of the extremely unstable situation in the Weimar Republic and competition with other left-wing parties, the NSDPG's action program became unviable, as a result of which the party became closer to the SPD on many key issues. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that, unlike the Social Democrats and Communists in Germany, the history of the NSDPG has been studied to a much lesser extent. Of course, there is a fairly extensive historiography, however, the authors paid close attention to the reasons for the separation of the party in 1917 and the issues of its split due to the issue of joining the Third International in 1920, while the process of rapprochement between the NSDPG and the SPD was considered superficially.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39428

Abstract: The article is dedicated to the study of the Jewish lobby and its influence on the U.S. foreign policy decision-making in 1952-1954. The methods applied by Jewish lobbyists to defend the interests of Israel in the U.S. administration and Congress during the stated period are revealed. The assessment of the effectiveness of these methods as the ruling party changed was carried out. The research starting point is 1952, when the U.S. presidential election took place, D. Eisenhower won and that created the need for the Jewish lobby to adapt itself to the new administration. The upper research limit was 1954, a period when relations between the countries cooled down because of the desire of the U.S. to establish a dialogue with Arab states, as well as the aggressive foreign policy of Israel itself. The article analyzes the materials of the State Archive of Israel, which were not previously used by Russian historians in the study of this topic. Conclusions are drawn that in 1952-1954 the Jewish lobby only entered the stage of its consolidation as response to the changes in the US foreign policy agenda. Previously, it was represented by disparate organizations, in which only the leaders, due to common interests, used a single approach to lobbying. The Israeli government used the lobby for informal contact with the American side in case of conflict situations with Arab countries, as well as to defend its interests in matters related to financial and military assistance provided by United States. The emerging crisis in relations between Israel and United States in 1954 showed that under the administration of D. Eisenhower the Jewish lobby had to transform the lobbying mechanism to effectively demonstrate that cooperation with Israel was more in line with US foreign policy interests in the region.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39417

Abstract: The object of this article is Russian Sinology The subject of the study is the process of spreading university studies in the Far East. The goal is to reveal the main directions and activities of educational contacts, to show their role in the spread of Sinology in the Far Eastern region of the Russian Federation. The author used the methods of scientific cognition in the article, followed the principles of conceptual consistency in the presentation of the material. Today, the expansion and deepening of scientific and educational contacts between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China as the most important factors of interaction between countries in various fields. Unfortunately, the issues of analyzing the activities of regional scientific and educational complexes in the field of Chinese studies are not sufficiently reflected in modern scientific literature. In this article, for the first time in Russian historiography, an attempt is made to specifically investigate educational contacts in the Far East. The author examines the main directions and important achievements of their interactions and summarizes the historical experience of cooperation between neighboring regions of the two countries during this period. Thus, thanks to their active interaction in order to increase educational competitiveness, many useful exchange programs for students, teachers and co-education have been implemented in the field of education. Groups of Chinese language learning in the Russian Far East region and Russian language learning in the Northeast of China have become widespread.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39493

Abstract: The memoirs of GULAG prisoners are an underestimated source on the history of repression in the USSR, although written and oral memories allow a deeper understanding of what prisoners had to go through and complement the dry and incomplete data from official sources. In this study the memoirs of prisoners published on the resource of the Sakharov Center "Memories of the GULAG and their authors" and transcripts of video interviews with the repressed of the project "My GULAG" of the GULAG History Museum were used as a source. The paper analyzes the features of working with written and oral memories. The comparison of the results of content analysis in groups by gender as well as by the form of fixation of memories - written (memoirs) and oral (interview materials) – was carried out to identify various gender characteristics of perception and broadcasting of camp life. The analysis suggests that despite the gender differences in the perception and translation of the camp stage of life by men and women in written and oral memories the global view of former prisoners on the period of repression does not depend on gender or on the form of fixation of memories. The more texts of memoirs and transcripts of memories there are in the group, and the larger the group of texts is studied, the more common features of the perception of camp life appear. This confirms the hypothesis about the massive nature of large arrays of thematically similar texts.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39231

Abstract: This study deals with the causes of the crisis of municipal banks in the Russian Empire in the 1880s. The focus is on the most difficult years of 1882–1887, when 39 banks were closed. In total, 60 out of 287 banks (more than 20%) left the market between 1878 and 1893. Municipal banks were accountable to city councils, which were responsible for these banks’ operations; therefore, their success or failure had a serious impact on cities’ fortunes. This study is based on the public accounting statements of municipal banks from 1877–1894. Through a financial analysis, it proves that the crisis was largely caused by the weak stability of the banks’ operations. Many banks did not employ sufficient care to insure the risks of their operations in case of a possible crisis, throwing an excessively large proportion of their highly liquid assets into circulation. This behavior left them virtually defenseless against a panic withdrawal of deposits. Similar trends were observed in many banks, but the surviving banks were on average more conservative than those that eventually closed during the crisis. By the mid-1890s, the financial stability of municipal banks had markedly improved, which was largely the result of tightening regulations.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.38987

Abstract: The subject of research is the history of the Central Department Store as a memorable object of the Battle of Stalingrad. Today the building belongs to historical monuments of federal significance, as well as to architectural monuments of regional significance. The central department store is part of the ensemble of the Square of the Fallen Wrestlers - the main square of the city. The choice of the subject of research is due to the need for historical analysis of the architectural objects of the main Square for the subsequent computer modeling of iconic historical and cultural objects of the pre-war and military Stalingrad based on the application of the methodology of 3D reconstruction of structures. Systematic and interdisciplinary approaches were used as the methodological basis of the study. The source base is represented by periodicals (newspapers, scientific journals), historical documents and reference publications. During its work, the Stalingrad Central Department Store has established itself as one of the best in the union. It is known that in terms of its indicators, SCDS was among the advanced and was very quickly able to win the status of Indicative. During the Battle of Stalingrad, the building was partially destroyed. In October 1942, the headquarters of the 71st Wehrmacht division was located in its basements. Later, in January 1943, the basements of the department store were occupied by the headquarters of the 6th Army and its commander, Field Marshal Friedrich Paulus, where he was captured on January 31 by soldiers of the 38th motorized rifle brigade of the Soviet 64th Army.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39044

Abstract: This article is devoted to the two topics: priorities of the Russian Federation's socio-economic development through the plans of the Russian government from 1992 to 1997 and realization of the radical Yeltsin's economic reform. During this period, the Russian Government approved three country's development programs – 1993, 1995 and 1997. The study showed that the first three medium-term development programs continued the vector set by Boris Yeltsin at the 5th Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR. The last studied program of 1997, adopted by the Chernomyrdin government, stated the actual completion of Yeltsin-Gaidar's radical economic reform (privatization, liberalization and the end of the stabilization). By 1997, the economy was developing mainly under the influence of market rules, which suggests that the steps described in the government programs of the 90s led the country to the end of the transformational period and, as a consequence, the implementation of Gaidar's reforms.