Abstract: The article examines the problems in developing approaches for the description and stylistic interpretation of antique masonry, as well as the issues in their stylistic dating. The task of dating construction remains belonging to the 7th century B.C.E. to the turn of the era, has attracted the scholarly attention of the scientific community since the 1940s and has been considered by both foreign and Russian researchers. The article's research object is the construction remains of Greek civil and military architecture in the Mediterranean and the Northern Black Sea regions - territories considered to have been the center and periphery of the Greek Oikumena. The study applied the comparative-typological method, the synchronization of objects in time and space, and dating by analogy. Both in Russian and foreign studies a significant amount of data has been collected for the analysis and construction of appropriate conclusions regarding the distribution and popularity of certain masonry in particular periods of time. However, due to the presence of many factors affecting the ancient construction and stone-carving craft, a number of exceptions due to local natural, economic, raw material, and administrative factors can be distinguished in the observed patterns. Thus, the whole picture of the formation of the construction and stone-carving craft (with the allocation of the corresponding types of masonry in a certain historical period) can be reconstructed only with a comprehensive examination of all of them. As the most interesting objects in this regard, the article cites a number of architectural remains belonging to the monuments of the distant chora of Tauric Chersonesos dating to the second half of the 4th century B.C.E.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31816

Abstract: The article presents an analysis of the causes for the unsatisfactory conservation state of the Upper Paleolithic wall image of a two-humped camel in the Kapova cave (South Ural, Republic of Bashkortostan). The work in revealing the monument's original colorful painting without a preliminary scientific examination of the layered calcite crusts, the absence among the organizers and participants of restoration specialists, archaeologists and karstologists with extensive work experience in the Kapova Cave - an archaeological monument of national significance, led to the corrosion of these unique images' colorful layers. The karstological and archaeological studies of the "Horses and Signs" panel in the Chaos Hall were undertaken in 2009 by the article's authors and are still ongoing. The discovery of the two-humped camel image and its significance for studying the culture of the Upper Paleolithic has pushed to the background the significant issue of preserving this image. The article presents the first review of the causes for the unsuccessful exposure of the monument's drawing. The modern state of the Chaos Hall in the Kapova Cave provides unfavorable conditions for the preservation of these drawings, exposed from beneath calcite crusts, which have acted as a natural preservative. The main factor of destruction is tied to the abundant focal infiltration of karst waters, which have variable physical and chemical parameters due to the high permeability of the rock mass. At the same time, there are no tested methods of protecting paint layers of exposed images in caves, which puts the Kapova Cave drawings at risk of rapid degradation. At the present stage of cave exploration, new clearing of drawings is unacceptable and may lead to their destruction.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31931

Abstract: The article's subject is one of the most controversial issues in the historiography concerning the activities of the Holy See during the Second World War. The author focuses attention on the issue of the Catholic Church's activity on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia during the early years of its existence, as well as on the question of the Roman pontiff Pius XII's knowledge of the religious situation on the territory of this new state. The aim of this study is to present a picture of the complex religious relationships on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia in 1941-1942, as well as to study the degree of the Holy See's awareness of the situation. The author applies the historical and comparative methods, also the historicism method is used to consider the conditions surrounding the events under study, and the critical analysis method is used for its potential to give an objective assessment of the problem under consideration. As a result of the conducted study, the author concludes that the Holy See did not officially recognize or support the Croatian government. At the same time, it was aware of the urgent religious issues that had come up in the new state, but did not actively intervene in resolving the conflict.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31750

Abstract: The research subject of this study is the educational work of the Moscow printery in 1615-1700, the effectiveness of which is assessed through the prism of its preparation and publication of educational books. Upon writing this article, the author applied the historical-comparative and historical-typological methods, as well as undertook a cliometric analysis of archive data. The paper presents the results of a study conducted over the course of many years and based on the material from the Office of Book Printing (Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, collection 1182) concerning textbook printing in Moscow in the 17th century, including Alphabet books, Horologions and Training Psalters. Based on the discovered documents, it was possible to compile the first, and at the moment most complete and reliable, repertoire of publications made by the Moscow printery in 1615-1700, which includes 631 titles. The author documented 60 editions of Alphabet books, 72 - Horologions and 58 - Training Psalters. Together they make up about a third of all publications by the Moscow printery in the studied period. Their total print number amounted to 640,366 copies, which were sold at affordable prices to a wide range of people. This has allowed the author to uncover the real aims and methods of Moscow book printing, which fully furbished Russian society with books for literacy and education. The article also analyzes the “Directions for the Teacher”, which is a methodological tool for teaching children the Russian language, and the Grammar Book of Meletius Smotrytsky, both published by the Moscow printery in the middle of the 17th century. These publications laid the foundation for the study and teaching of the Church Slavonic language in the indicated period of Russian history.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31977

Abstract: The subject of this article is the problem of the relationship between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Jerusalem Patriarchate in 1948-1953 in the context of Soviet-Israeli relations. The specified chronological framework was not chosen by chance, since it was during these years that significant events took place in the development of bilateral relations: the formation of the State of Israel, the establishment of diplomatic relations, the drafting of the statute on Jerusalem, and the severance of diplomatic relations. The ROC was involved in the Soviet Middle East policy, the purpose of which was to strengthen ties between the Moscow Patriarchate and the Eastern Patriarchates. The methodological basis of the research is the principle of historicism, which assumes taking into account the specific historical conditions and events in which the development of the process of interest to us took place. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that the previously unexplored process of the relationship between the Moscow Patriarchate and the Jerusalem Orthodox Church during this period has been studied. The source base of the research is unpublished documents of the Foundation of the Council for Religious Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis of archival materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, it is concluded that, on the one hand, contacts between the ROC and the Jerusalem Patriarchate were maintained through the Soviet diplomatic mission in the State of Israel. Therefore, the state of bilateral relations influenced the relationship between the Churches. On the other hand, after the rupture of diplomatic relations in February 1953, the situation of the RDM in Jerusalem worsened, but contacts between the Moscow and Jerusalem Patriarchies were not interrupted. Representatives of the Jerusalem Church had the right to freely cross the border, as a result, they could visit the Mission despite the state of Soviet-Israeli relations.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.29916

Abstract: The article presents an analytical review of the main regulatory and legal documents in the sphere of mass housing constructions in 1955-1969 with the aim to identify their impact and effect on the construction industry in the period under review. The research object of this study is the regulatory legal acts in the field of mass housing constructions in 1955-1969. Based on the study of regulatory legal acts on this issue, it was possible to identify their influence on the development of the construction industry and mass housing constructions in the USSR during the studied period, which is the research subject of this study. The author analyzes all the major laws that were important for the development of mass housing constructions and highlights the features of each of them. This research is based on the principle of historicism. Its implementation allowed the author to consider mass housing constructions as a process taking into account specific historical facts in its development. In addition, the author used the problem-chronological method to consider the topic in its historical sequence. The novelty of this study lies in the fact that for the first time in historiography the author makes an attempt to comprehensively systematize the regulatory and legal documents developed and adopted at the highest level in the field of mass industrial housing constructions in order to assess their impact and effect on the state housing policy of the USSR.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31958

Abstract: The article presents an analysis of the changes in core reduction models at different stages of the Upper Paleolithic in the Northwest Caucasus. The broad chronological framework of this study (40 thousand - 12 thousand years ago) makes it possible to trace the changes in the preferred models for the use of cores. The correlation of the change dynamics in the main core reduction models along with a change in the metric and morphological features of the chips allowed the author to trace the development of stone knepping technology throughout the entire Upper Paleolithic era in the Northwest Caucasus. Methods. The work is based on an analysis of core morphology. All the cores from the collections were divided into several categories: core-shaped pieces, prismatic cores, edge-faceted cores, karenoid cores, and residual core fragments. Upon analyzing the morphology, the author takes into account the number of cleavage systems and their relative position. Based on the analysis of core morphology, the author determined the main reduction models. The identification of core reduction models is correlated with a change in the metric features of preformed chips. The author's analysis of core morphology revealed a number of trends. 1. There was a shift from the knepping technology, which includes two reduction models (knepping from prismatic and edge-faceted cores in the Early Upper Paleolithic (layer 1C of the Mezmay Cave), and in the first stage of the Late Upper Paleolithic) to primary splitting of prismatic cores in the late period of the Late Upper Paleolithic and in the Epipaleolithic. 2. The change in core reduction models was accompanied by a change in the metric features of the plate chips (an increase in the average value of the chip width and a decrease in the average value of the relative chip thickness).

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31740

Abstract: The article's research is centered on the transcripts of industrial conferences, meetings and reunions of the Moscow Automobile Plant named after I.A. Likhachev (AMO ZIL). The aim of this study is to determine the information potential of the transcripts taken during factory meetings concerning production issues and to use them as a source for studying the socio-psychological aspects of the history of industrial enterprises. The author examines in detail many aspects of the topic, including the transcripts' reflection of the views of enterprise managers, unit leaders, engineering and technical workers and workers in the production process, the features of the business culture, and the motivation of production participants. In working with transcripts, the author applied the socio-psychological and illustrative methods to a comprehensive analysis of sources. The research revealed a high saturation of information contained in the transcripts of production meetings, showing the possibilities of their use for studying the socio-psychological aspects of the history of industrial enterprises, in particular, the economic culture, the mentality of organizers and production participants, the atmosphere within the team, the views of managers and employees on the production process, their work motivation, as well as other issues. The author introduces into scientific circulation previously unexamined archival materials.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31883

Abstract: The subject of this research is the phenomenon of heterogeneity among the world's oldest Armenian diaspora. The research object is the modern Armenians living in Moscow. The author examines in detail the concept of “heterogeneity”, its essence and the need to use this term in order to comprehend the basic components of the national and cultural identity of the Armenians and its binding foundations. To describe the multi-layered nature of the Armenian diaspora, which was formed as a result of migrations for centuries, the author examines the particularities and the general formation process of the Armenian diaspora in Russia and particularly in the capital. The empirical basis of this study is the "field" materials from the year 2018 that were collected within the framework of the project “The Formative Features and the Development of the Armenian Diaspora in Moscow at the End of the 20th - Beginning of the 21st Centuries”, supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant No. 18-59-0500718. The survey of participants, representatives of the Armenian diaspora of different sex, age, place of birth and social status, was carried out in the form of a questionnaire with elements of a formalized interview. Based on the survey, the author provides a classification of the Spyurk into national-cultural subgroups, as well as a currently relevant analysis of the specifics of the Armenian diaspora's functioning in Moscow. As a result of this study, the author made a number of preliminary conclusions about the most relevant assimilation and integration trends among representatives of Moscow Armenians.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31909

Abstract: The article discusses the activities of Russian humanitarian, professional and public organizations in determining the legal status of Russian migrants in Europe and providing legal assistance to refugees and Russian legal entities in exile in 1917 - 1920s, as well as the trade unions of Russian lawyers in exile and their activities of legal assistance to their compatriots. The author examines the foreign policy of different states concerning the legal discrimination of Russian refugees and the geopolitical context in which the legal integration of Russian emigration took place in the societies of host countries. The study views the Russian humanitarian and legal activity as a factor in preserving the civic identity of these emigrants. The methodological basis on which this research is based is the principles of historicism and systematicity, which imply the application of the chronological method in the research process, as well as the methods of retrospection, periodization and actualization. The article explores for the first time in historiography the little-studied page in the history of Russian emigration: the creation in Germany in the 1920s of an effective system of humanitarian and legal assistance to Russian refugees aimed at clarifying their legal status and restoring the legal existence of Russian commercial enterprises in exile. For the first time in historiography, the author examines the ability of the emigrant community to self-organize in order to assert its rights in a foreign language and foreign culture society.The factors that significantly complicated the Russian emigrants' humanitarian and legal status, thereby also hindering their integration into European society, included: the long irresolution of their legal status; the significant number of legal obstacles; the ineffectiveness of officials with respect to the refugees' actual lack of rights; the legal conflict in international law that arose with the emergence of the Russian emigration phenomenon; and the unprecedented humanitarian and legal crisis of the post First World War period in Europe. Under these conditions, the Russian emigrant community nonetheless managed to develop effective mechanisms to help its compatriots in the legal sphere.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31811

Abstract: The subject of this research is the military operations during the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878 on the territory of Sochi's Black Sea coast, in particular: the repulsion of Turkish landings near Adler and Sochi; the local military clashes during reconnaissance missions of ungoverned territory south of the river Kherota in the Sochi department; the relationship between the administration of the department and the mountain population of the Kichmay and Krasno-Aleksandrovsky aulys; the issues of the evacuation of the civilian population and the damage of civilian private property by the rebel Abkhazian population, soldiers and Cossacks deployed on the territory of the department; and the impact of the war on the peaceful development of this Black Sea territory. The author used the traditional scientific principles of historicism and objectivity in this research, as well as the traditional methods of analysis and synthesis, the narrative method and the methods of concretization and generalization. This has made it possible to comprehensively study and analyze the source material and to identify causal relationships. A source analysis has allowed the author to conclude that although the war was notable for its small number of military clashes and casualties, the peaceful colonization of the new outskirts of the Russian Empire was temporarily interrupted. After this, it was revived with renewed vigor in the post-war period.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.32110

Abstract: The research subject of the article is the ideas that the peoples of the Middle Volga region had about the human life cycle in the 19th century - processes of birth, initiation, marriage and death. The aim of the article is to identify the general (typical) and particular (unique) in these perceptions as categories that unite and at the same time separate the inhabitants of the region. The general expresses the universal features inherent in all ethnic cultures of the Middle Volga region. The particular describe the local properties that act as markers of the identity of each ethnic group. The boundaries between the general and the particular in the Middle Volga region have a symbolic designation, since the region had for several centuries a complex synthesis of the interactions between Western, Russian and Eastern traditions. The article's research methods are based on the principle of historicism. The author uses structural and typological analysis to determine the general and particular in the Volga peoples' ideas about the life cycle, as well as the comparative-historical, logical and retrospective methods. The novelty of this study lies in the culturological comprehension of their ideas about the human life cycle in the regional culture, formed under the influence of paganism, Christianity and Islam. An important role in preserving the ethno-confessional values of the inhabitants of the Middle Volga region was played by the peasant community. The author concludes that the spread of Christianity and Islam in the region under the pressure of state power and as a result of intercultural interaction had made it possible to develop the universal requirements for human living. In this case, the particular was preserved at the level of individual rites. The source materials used in the article can be useful for scholars, culturologists, teachers, students and specialists developing programs in the field of preserving the cultural heritage of the region.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.30503

Abstract: The first "Great Awakening" took hold of all British colonies in North America in the 1730s-1750s and developed contemporaneously with the Enlightenment movement, which had a significant impact on all aspects of life in the colonies, influencing religion, politics and ideology. The inhabitants of the colonies, professing different religious views, for the first time experienced a general spiritual upsurge. The colonies had never seen anything like the Great Awakening in scale and degree of influence on society. This was the first movement in American history that was truly intercolonial in nature, contributing to the formation of a single religious and partially ideological space in British America. The beginning of the Great Awakening in British America was instigated by both the colonial traditions of religious renewal (the so-called "revivals") and new ideas coming from Europe, hence this religious movement cannot be understood without considering its European roots nor not taking into account its transatlantic nature. The development of pietism in Holland and Germany and the unfolding of Methodism on the British Isles greatly influenced Protestant theology on both sides of the Atlantic. This article explores the differences in understanding the nature of the Great Awakening by its two leaders - J. Edwards and J. Whitefield.

DOI: 10.7256/2454-0609.2020.1.31896

Abstract: The article's research subject is the life of the Orthodox community around the Life-Giving Spring Church in Tsaritsyno at the end of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The research object is the dachniki (summer residents) who became members of this Orthodox community.The Central State Archive of Moscow has preserved the metric books of this church. Based on this type of source, the author has compiled a list of the dachniki in Tsaritsyno who became parishioners of the Life-Giving Spring Church. The dachniki becoming part of the Tsaritsyno community was identified by the author through the evidence that they turned to the church's priests to perform various religious celebrations: baptisms, weddings and funeral services. Obviously, these celebrations are not indicative of the active participation of a specific dachnik in the life of the church, but in the author's opinion, this can still be indirectly used to analyze the relationship between country life and church life in Tsaritsyno. The author applied the historical method to analyze the archival materials collected at the Central Historical Archive of Moscow and the structural method to create a comprehensive picture of Russian life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.The choice of this topic for scientific research is based on the fact that in the 1990-2010s the process of an Orthodox revival had begun, which also turned out to be partially tied to the modern dacha movement. On the example of a number of monasteries near Moscow, one can trace the growth of Orthodox communities in the opened monasteries thanks to the dachniki living nearby. Due to this, the historical experience of this interaction can contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the processes taking place in modern Russia.