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Abstract: the article deals with basic ideas about the historical document and its’ transformation from the beginning of XIX century to the present.

Keywords: history, theory, source, certificate, text, methodology, Ranke, Michel Foucault, positivism, post-structuralism.

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Abstract: the articles describes old facilities for transportation on water — bugouts. Author highlights the history of its’ creation, geography of distribution and use. The main attention is given to the blocksingle- log boats. Author brings the evidence of archeological findings of such boats and tells about the unique exemplars, found and studied during the historical and ethnographic researches in Dedinovo village in the Moscow region.

Keywords: history, archeology, ethnography, researches, findings, boatbuilding, dugout, block-single-log boats, tools, masters.

Abstract: the article investigates the problems of creation of the military intelligence of the People’s Revolutionary Army of the Far Easter Republic, their organizational and stuff changes and the organization of residency of military intelligence in China, Mongolia and Primorye region in 1920–1922.

Keywords: history, Far Eastern Republic, People’s Revolutionary Army, military intelligence, Political Inspection department, Intelligence Agency, residency of military intelligence, Kalnin-Ezeretis K., Misker Ya., Pshenitsin K.

Abstract: the article studies the role of the Life peerages Act 1958 in means of the House of Lords of the British parliament reform in order to make it more effective element of the legislative system. It analyses the specific moments of preparation and discussion of the reformation plan, advantages and disadvantages of the different plans, offered by representatives of the ruling party and opposition. The main attention is driven to the parliamentary debates and attitude of the leading political UK forces and public associations towards the Act. Author gives en evaluation of the impact made by the Act acceptance on changing the membership of the House of Lords and quality of its work, determines the nature of the reform and its relationship with previous attempts to modernize the House of Lords.

Keywords: history, reformation of the House of Lords, the Conservative Party, the Labour Party, the parliamentary debates, the cabinet, opposition, life peerages, the Marquis of Salisbury, “the guests of the backwoods”.

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Abstract: the article deals with the problem of suicide in among the peasants in late XIX – early XX century. It covers the legal side of this question, as well as attitude of the villagers towards the facts of voluntary withdrawal from life, tells about methods and motives of peasants’ suicides. Based on ethnographical materials and police reports author makes the analysis of the dynamics of village suicide, reasons for voluntary withdrawal from life, gender characteristics.

Keywords: history, legislation, peasants, village, statistics of suicides, motives of suicides, gender factor, the Church, ordinary perception of suicide, modernization.

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Abstract: the article shows key milestones of the biography of a professional architect and amateur philologist Webb J., shows the feature of his world of thinking, which can be described as an exotic universalism — a search for the ideal culture not only in classical sources, but also in very unexpected spheres, as well as ways to solve on of the key questions of British architectural culture of the XVII century — the question of the primacy of the classical or natural ideal.

Keywords: history, history of British architecture, Jones I., Webb J., exotic universalism, Stonehenge, “Antiques of China” by Webb J., art “protolanguage”, “architectural” mentality, fatigue of the domination of the classical ancient origin.

Abstract: the question of redemption of captives in Early Middle Ages is viewed in this article in connection with the forming of a new ideology of war and a new attitude to the man in the era of Christianity, as well as in connection with the formation of new practices. The redemption of captives is seen as a part of charitable activity of bishops, as well as the consolidation of political power of the barbarian kings. The article covers both ideological aspect of redemption of captives (the preaching of releasing from captivity, redemption of captives as a part of the image of the ideal bishop) and social and historical aspect (approval of the bishops regional patronage, participation of the secular power in the charitable activities of the Church). The main attention is given to the activities of Epiphanius Titsinsky and Caesarius of Arles.

Keywords: history, Early Middle Ages, history of Western Church, hagiography, the episcopate, the redemption of captives, patronage, charitable activity, Epiphanius Titsinsky, Caesarius of Arles.

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Abstract: Latin America is not just a geographical term. It is a civilization of specific, borderline type, which is also the type that Russia belongs to. To recognize the status of a borderline for this regions is to come to the path of understanding their essence, their “special stand”, which is not by chance was noted both Russian and Latin American thinkers. Next comes the analysis of what, how and why. This article is a particular exercise in such analysis. Indeed, both Russia and Latin America are not actually live its’ own reality but attempt to build it.

Keywords: Latin America, Russia, borderline, civilization, imagination, self-making, the picture of the world, identity.

Abstract: the article deals the theme of “the incident in Fiume” – with a very popular in today’s media and Internet space, as well as in the popular literature, which is a typical example of a social myth. It is clear that positive reform of Russian society can not be properly carried out under similar conditions.

Keywords: documents, reports, log book, incident in Fiume, “the honor of the flag”, media, Internet, popular scientific literature, social myth, positive reformation of society.