Abstract: Abstract: the article considers the problem of correlation between the democracy and authoritarianism in post-Soviet and contemporary Russian politics. Relying on the researches of Russian political scientists, sociologists and social philosophers, the author demonstrated that the origins of authoritarianism may be found in the political practice of the middle of 1990th. It is also shown that the far evolution of political regime depended upon a failure of social-economical reforms of 1990th, but at the same time it got its own way because of the deep transformation of social structure of Russian society.

Keywords: politics, power, society, modernization, reform, democracy, authoritarianism, conservatism, legitimacy.

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Abstract: Abstract: the article is devoted to the meaning of life for human being and the society. Based on Bernadsky’s teaching about biosphere describing how plants transform solar energy into biological energy, the author is talking about the meaning of animal world and humankind in the entire process of the world development. The meaning of life is determined as the process of transformation of the bodily into the spiritual. The spiritual is viewed as a specific form of human activity. In his article the author based on data from various branches of culture such as mythology, science and religion.

Keywords: meaning, life, person, bodily, spiritual, culture, religion, mythology, science, philosophy.

Abstract: Abstract: the author of the article analyzed Kant’s and Paul Tillich’ views on symbols. Special attention is paid to concrete functions of symbols. The author also distinguished the sign from the symbol and described religious symbols and their role in history.

Keywords: philosophy, religion, sign, symbol, learning, language, Protestantism, Catholicism, Scholasticism, reason

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Abstract: Abstract: the article is aimed at answering the question what made Carl the Great to declare himself an imperator and to revive the empire in the West and what that empire was like. The author is analyzing contradictory data and points of views on that event. It is concluded that Frankish empire was potentially universal because it was based on the idea of the Christianand the Roman empires altogether. The author suggested that Carl accepted the Roman tradition even though his Carolingian idea of empire had other elements as well. In conclusion the author also described the three “roots” of the Roman idea of empire which determined the historical development of the West.

Keywords: carl the Great, empire, “revival of the Rome Empire”, Carolingians, Christian empire, Frankish idea of empire, Roman idea of empire, histosophy, Pope.

Abstract: Abstract: based on original sources, the author of the article revealed the main peculiarities of religious knowledge in Orthodoxy such as: the leading role of faith and Holy Scripture (the Bible), the principle of learning “the like” (soul and God), introspection (self-learning), equal meaning of the words “knowing” and “possessing” and etc. The author showed the same nature of the religious knowledge and God learning and described the main methods, forms and ways to learning God created during the very first centuries of Orthodoxy.

Keywords: philosophy, religion, Orthodoxy, epistemology, culture, theology, patristic, self-learning, God learning.

Abstract: Abstract: In the article, culture of constitutionalism is viewed as an axiological and space category reflecting the level of constitutional development in the country. According to the author, constitutional culture is both the result of social and political processes in the country and the factor determining these processes through integrating politics, law and government.

Keywords: philosophy, politics, culture, constitutionalism, law, society, power, function, consciousness, value.

Abstract: Abstract: the article is devoted to the pseudomorphosis as a specific mechanism of development in the Russian history. The author identified the two forms of pseudomorphosis, the classical form described by Spengler and the “organic” form, the unique mirror reflection of the former. Special attention is paid to the role and place of disciplinary technologies in the structure of speudomorphic drivers in the government. In particular, the author showed that despite Spengler and a number of his followers, the government in Russia was characterized by the macro technological structure dominating over weak European disciplinary mechanisms.

Keywords: pseudomorphosis, civilization, disciplinary technologies, inversion, civil society, Spengler, Florensky, Tsymbursky, Ahieze.

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Abstract: Abstract: selected extracts from H. Marcuse’s work “Reason and Revolution” in which the author analyzed Hegel’s dialectics and Hegel’s views on human as the subject and the object of social processes.

Keywords: philosophy, history, object, subject, dialectics, logics, Hegel.

Abstract: Abstract: the author is viewing the on-going process of globalization, its social, political, religious and cultural aspects. The author underlines that fragile cultural borders between nations stop the world development and result in historical “failures” and crisis.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, religion, civilization, globalization.

Abstract: Abstract: Editorial Board is greeting Valentin Ivanovich Tolstyh, PhD in philosophy, professor, chief researcher at Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, editor and author of numerous works in philosophy, on his 80th birthday.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, intelligentsia, Valentin Ivanovich Tolstyh.

Abstract: Abstract: the article considers the issue of a certain philosopher representing the core of the Russian philosophy. According to the author, such a representative of the Russian philosophy is F. M. Dostoevsky. The author analyzed the origins of the opposite opinion that Solovyev, Berdyaev and Shpet were the three people representing our philosophy. It is also shown that Dostoevsky’s ideas influenced Einstein when he created his relativist physics as well as the

Keywords: philosophy, Russian philosophy, Dostoevsky, Solovyev, Berdyaev, Shpet, Einstein, relativistic physics, devil, legend.

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Abstract: Abstract: Valentin Ivanovich Tolstyh’s article about the “soviet person” phenomenon, its nature, peculiarities and general personal traits.

Keywords: philosophy, culture, society, soviet person.

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Abstract: Abstract: the article is aimed at finding the adequate interpretation of the famous Vedantic myth about the demon Vritra. The author is showing how weak usual “cosmic” interpretations of this myth are. Instead he has suggested the “chthonian” approach which allows to us to see that the myth reflected actual “earthly” events. The author compared the myth with the results of archeological and geomorphological (i.e. scientific) researchers and identified those events as actual referents of the myth. The article also contains description of certain paradigms and methods which were used by the archaic mind when constructing such a myth.

Keywords: mythological thinking, mythological image, mental construction, fiction, paradigm, subjectivism, interpretation, research, referent, scientific view.

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